1.

Synonyms and Antonyms

I.Choose the right synonym for the given words.
1) Abundant
a) Scarce b) Plentiful c) Insufficient d) Limited
2) Advocate
a) Opponent b) Promote c) Deny d) Criticize
3) Benevolent
a) Cruel b) Kind-hearted c) Malevolent d) Indifferent
4) Candid
a) Deceptive b) Honest c) Reserved d) Secretive
5) Comprehensive
a) Incomplete b) Extensive c) Partial d) Limited
6) Concur
a) Disagree b) Argue c) Agree d) Protest
7) Controversial
a) Unchallenged b) Disputable c) Calm d) Harmonious
8) Conventional
a) Unorthodox b) Traditional c) New d) Experimental
9) Defy
a) Obey b) Challenge c) Ignore d) Accept
10) Diligent
a) Lazy b) Hardworking c) Unmotivated d) Passive
11) Enigma
a) Clarity b) Puzzle c) Simplicity d) Transparency
12) Fragile
a) Strong b) Weak c) Resilient d) Durable
13) Genuine
a) Fake b) Real c) Fabricated d) Artificial
14) Gratify
a) Displease b) Satisfy c) Offend d) Upset
15)Impeccable
a) Flawed b) Perfect c) Faulty d) Incomplete
II.Choose the right Antonym for the given words.
1) Affluent
a) Poor b) Wealthy c) Rich d) Lavish
2) Authentic
a) Genuine b) Counterfeit c) True d) Real
3) Bizarre
a) Strange b) Ordinary c) Unusual d) Peculiar

4) Candid
a) Secretive b) Open c) Honest d) Frank
 5) Compliant
a) Obedient b) Defiant c) Cooperative d) Submissive
6) Conspicuous
a) Obvious b) Hidden c) Noticeable d) Clear
7) Diminish
a) Increase b) Lessen c) Decrease d) Subtract
8) Dismal
a) Cheerful b) Gloomy c) Bleak d) Dreary
9) Diverse
a) Varied b) Similar c) Different d) Mixed
10) Elaborate
a) Simple b) Complicated c) Detailed d) Extensive
11) Erratic
a) Predictable b) Unstable c) Irregular d) Random
12) Fortunate
a) Lucky b) Unlucky c) Prosperous d) Successful
13) Hasty
a) Cautious b) Quick c) Rash d) Fast
14) Hostile
a) Friendly b) Antagonistic c) Bitter d) Aggressive
15) Ignorant
a) Informed b) Unaware c) Knowledgeable d) Clueless

2.Tense forms
Tense Present Past Future
Simple He drives a car He drove a car He will drive a car
Continuous He is driving a car He was driving a car He will be driving a car
Perfect He has driven a car He had driven a car He will have driven a car
Perfect He has been driving a He had been driving He will have driving a car
Continuous car since morning the car since 7.am. at 6 am tomorrow.

Exercise: Construct a sentence using the given tense phrase:

1. (a) will contribute (b) was promoted
Answer:
(a) She will contribute her ideas to the new project starting next month.
(b) He was promoted to the position of manager after years of hard work.
2. (a) had forgotten (b) is organizing
Answer:
(a) I had forgotten to send the email until my colleague reminded me.
(b) She is organizing a fundraiser for the local animal shelter.
3. (a) will recognize (b) has damaged
Answer:
(a) The company will recognize his achievements at the annual awards.
(b) The storm has damaged several buildings in the city center.

4.(a) was cooking (b) will encourage

Answer:
(a) She was cooking dinner when the power went out.
(b) The coach will encourage the players to improve their teamwork.
5. (a) has completed (b) were watching
Answer:
(a) She has completed all the assignments ahead of the deadline.
(b) They were watching the game when it suddenly started raining.
6. (a) had requested (b) is planning
Answer:
(a) He had requested an extra day off before the holiday season.
(b) She is planning to visit her family over the weekend.
7.(a) will achieve (b) was preparing
Answer:
(a) The team will achieve their target by the end of the year.
(b) He was preparing his presentation when his laptop crashed.
8. (a) has released (b) will arrange
Answer:
(a) The company has released a new version of its popular software.
(b) She will arrange the meeting for next Tuesday.
9. (a) was organizing (b) has announced
Answer:
(a) He was organizing his files when he found an important document.
(b) The CEO has announced a new initiative for environmental sustainability.
10. (a) had resolved (b) is traveling
Answer:
(a) They had resolved their issues before starting the project.
(b) She is traveling to London for a business conference next week.
 Modal Verbs

Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are
special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs
like "work, play, visit..." They are used to indicate modality. They give additional
information about the function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great variety
of communicative functions.

Use of modal verbs:

Modal verbs are used to express functions such as:

1. Permission
2. Ability
3. Obligation
4. Prohibition
5. Lack of necessity
6. Advice
7. possibility
8. probability

A list of modals
Here is a list of modals:

Modal Verb Meaning Expressing Example

must to have to 100 % obligation I must stop when the traffic lights
turn red.
to be very logical conclusion He must be very tired after such
probable (deduction) enormous work
must not not to be allowed prohibition You must not smoke in the
to hospital.
can to be able to ability I can swim
to be allowed to permission Can I use your phone please?
it is possible possibility Smoking can cause cancer !
could to be able to ability in the past When I was younger I could stay
up all night and not get tired..
to be allowed to more polite Excuse me, could I just say
permission something?
it is possible possibility It could rain tomorrow!
may to be allowed to permission May I use your phone please?
it is possible, possibility, It may rain tomorrow!
probable probability
might to be allowed to more polite Might I use your phone please?
permission
 it is possible, weak possibility, I might come and visit you in
probable probability America next year, if I can save
enough money.
need necessary necessity Need I say more?
need not not necessary lack of I need not buy any tomatoes.
necessity/absence of There are plenty in the fridge.
obligation
should/ought used to say or ask 50 % obligation I should / ought to see a doctor. I
to what is the have a terrible headache.
correct or best
thing to do
to suggest an advice You should / ought to revise your
action or to show lessons
that it is
necessary
to be very logical conclusion He should / ought to be very tired
probable (deduction) after such enormous work
had better to suggest an advice You 'd better revise your lessons
action or to show
that it is
necessary

Sample sentences with modal auxiliary.

1. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge. You needn't buy any.
2. It's a hospital. You mustn't smoke.
3. He had been working for more than 11 hours. He must be tired after such had work.
He may prefer to get some rest.
4. I could speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Morocco. But after we
moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost
everything I knew as a child. Now, I can just say a few things in the language.
5. The teacher said we can read this book for our own pleasure as it is optional. But
we can read it if we don't want to.
6. Can you stand on your head for more than a minute? No, I can't.

1. If you want to learn to speak English fluently, you need to work hard. .
2. Take an umbrella. It might rain later.
3. You shouldn't leave small objects lying around . Such objects may be swallowed by
children.
4. People mustn't walk on grass.
 5. Drivers must stop when the traffic lights are red.
6. May I ask a question? Yes, of course.
7. You needn't take your umbrella. It is not raining.
8. Can you speak Italian? No, I can't.

Modal Verbs Exercise 1- Choose the right modal verb and fill the blank.
Q1. I didn’t feel very well yesterday. I ..... eat anything.
Cannot , couldn’t , mustn’t

Q2. You ..... look at me when I am talking to you.

Could, should, would

Q3.I was using my pencil a minute ago. It ..... be here somewhere!

Can, could, must would

Q4.You really ..... be late again.

must not, don’t have to be

Q5.If you don’t start working harder, you ..... repeat the course next year.
have to, must, will have to

Q6.His parents spoil him. He’s always ..... to do whatever he wants.

been able, been allowed

Q7.Phone her now. She ..... home by now.

has to be, must be, would be

Q8.You ..... forget your sun cream. It’s going to be very hot!
don’t have to, mustn’t, needn’t

Q9.I ..... be able to help you, but I’m not sure yet.
Might, would
Q10. Entrance to the museum was free. We ..... pay to get in.
needn’t didn’t need to

Q11. Already as a child Mozart ..... play the piano beautifully.

Could should would

Q12. Which sign are you more likely to see at an airport: Bags ..... not be left
unattended.
Can must may

Q13. I really ..... try to get fit.

 May must would

Q14. ..... take a photograph of you?

Am I allowed to May I

Q15. Students ..... borrow up to 6 books at any time.

are allowed to could

Q16. Whose is this bag? - I don’t know, but it ..... belong to Yuta.
Could may should would

Q17. ..... I go to the bathroom, please?

May Must Would

Q18. His excuse ..... be true, but I don’t believe.

Can may

Q19. It’s very important to ..... speak more than one language.
Can be able to

Q20. I don’t like ..... get up early on a Sunday.

being able to having to

Q21. ..... you speak French? - Only a few words, but my Russian is pretty good.
Can Could

Q22. ..... you help me move this table? (Both answers are possible. Choose the more polite
request.)
Can Could

Q23. I ..... talk already before I was two years old.

Could should would

Q24. I ..... help you, but I don’t want to.

Can could would

Q25. ..... you open the window, please.

Can May

Q26. I ..... move the table. It was too heavy.

couldn’t mustn’t shouldn’t wouldn’t

Q27. You ..... not put your feet on the cafeteria tables.
 must not do not have to

Q28. If you continue to practise so hard, you ..... beat me before too long!
Can could will be able to

Q29...... you swim? (Both are possible. Which is better?)

Are you able to Can

Q30.You ..... eat so much chocolate. It’s not good for you.
don’t have to mustn’t shouldn’t

Q31.I’m afraid I ..... play tennis tomorrow. I’ve got a dentist appointment.
can’t couldn’t would not be able to

Q32.You can come to the meeting if you want but you ......
have to don’t have to mustn’t

Q33.What do you want to do? - Well, we ..... have a picnic, but it looks like rain.
Can could should would

Q34. I’m so hungry I ..... eat a horse!

Can could must should

Q35. The test starts at 10.30. You ..... be late.

don’t have to mustn’t

Q36. Why didn’t you tell me? I ..... you!

could help could have helped was able to help would help

Q37. How did you do in the test? - Ok. It ..... worse!

could be could have been might be would have been

Q38. He ..... broken the classroom window. He wasn’t even in school today.
couldn’t havemustn’t shouldn’t have

Q39. You ..... tired. You’ve only just got out of bed!
don’t have to be can’t be mustn’t be

Q40. She ..... be very pleased with herself. She got the best grades.
has to must cannot
INTRODUCTION THE PASSIVE VOICE
 The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense as the
active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active verb becomes
the ‘agent’ of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is mentioned it is
preceded by by and placed at the end of the clause.

Active: My grandfather planted this tree.

Passive: This tree was planted by my grandfather.

PASSIVE VERB TENSES

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
Present Simple He delivers the letters. The letters are delivered.
Past Simple He delivered the letters. The letters were delivered.
Future Simple He will deliver the letters. The letters will be delivered.
Present Continuous He is delivering the letters. The letters are being delivered.
Past Continuous He was delivering the letters. The letters were being delivered.
Going to He is going to deliver the The letters are going to be delivered.
letters.
Present Perfect He has delivered the letters. The letters have been delivered.
Past Perfect He had delivered the letters. The letters had been delivered.
Infinitive He has to deliver the letters. The letters have to be delivered.
Modals He must deliver the letters. The letters must be delivered.

Leslie took this photograph yesterday.

SUBJECT ACTIVE VERB OBJECT TIME COMPLEMENT

This photograph was taken by Leslie yesterday.

SUBJECT PASSIVE VERB AGENT TIME COMPLEMENT

SUBJECT OBJECT
I ←→ me SUBJECT OBJECT
You ←→ you We ←→ us
He ←→ him You ←→ you
She ←→ her They ←→ them
It ←→ it

EXERCISES
1. Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present
Simple.
a. English (speak) in many countries.
b. The post (deliver) at about 7 o’clock every morning.
c. (the building/use) any more?
d. How often (the Olympic Games(hold)?
e. How (your name/spell)?
f. My salary (pay) every month.
g. These cars (not make) in Japan.
h. The name of the people who committed the crime (not know).
i. His travel expenses (not pay) by his company.
2. Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple.
a. My car (repair) last week.
b. This song (not write) by John Lennon.
c. (the phone/answer) by a young girl?
d. The film (make) ten years ago.
e. When (tennis/invent)?
f. The car (not damaged) in the accident.
g. The original building (pull) down in 1965.
h. Where (this pot/make)?
i. When (this bridge/build)?

3. Change the following sentences into passive sentences using the words in brackets.
a. We sell tickets for all shows at the Box Office. (Tickets for all shows/sell/at the Box Office)

b. Thomas Edison invented the electric light bulb. (The electric light bulb/invent/by Thomas Edison)

c. Someone painted the office last week. (The office/paint/last week)

d. Several people saw the accident. (The accident/see/by several people)

e. Where do they make these video recorders? (Where/these video recorders/make)

4. Rewrite these sentences in the passive voice.

a. Someone built this house 200 years ago.

b. A thief stole my purse.

c. The police will arrest the robbers.

d. They produce cars in this factory.

e. They serve breakfast at eight o’clock every day.

f. People throw away tones of rubbish every day.

g. They make coffee in Brazil.

h. Someone stole Jim’s bike lat night.

5. Rewrite these sentences in the passive voice.

a. They will build a new bridge next year.

b. Brian Brody directed The Ultimate Space Adventure.

c. Pierre Matie will design her costume.

d. Someone found my wallet.

e. One of the students broke the window.

6. Turn from Active to Passive.
a. Someone is helping her with the housework.

b. The mail-order company sent Mrs Green a parcel.

c. My friend sent me an invitation.

d. The secretary has given Mrs Jones some letters.

e. The traffic warden had already given him a ticket for illegal parking.

f. John gave Elizabeth that beautiful ring.

g. Her students have sent her flowers.

h. He must give the message to the right person.

i. We teach our students English and French.

j. Someone bought flowers for the bride.

k. They showed the tourists the sights of Athens.

l. They pay her an excellent salary.

m. They paid the artist £1,000 for his painting.

7. Rewrite these sentences in the passive voice.

1. They sell oysters in the shop next door.

2. They haven’t delivered the food yet.

3. Shakespeare wrote King Lear.

4. They have to answer the questions on this sheet.

5. Has anybody put the cases upstairs?

6. Someone should take this rubbish away.

7. They’ll ask you a lot of questions.

8. Someone’s going to send her some flowers.

9. They didn’t pay me much for that job.

10. Have they offered him a better job?

11. They told us a secret.

12. Would they lend me their car?

13. People should send their complaints to the head office.

14. They had to postpone the meeting because of illness.

15. They are going to hold next year’s congress in San Francisco.

16. The bill includes service.

17. People don’t use this road very often.

18. They cancelled all the flights because of fog.

19. Somebody accused me of stealing the money.

20. They are building a new ring-road round the city.

21. I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation.

22. They have changed the date of the meeting.

23. Brian told me that somebody had attacked and robbed him in the street.

24. You should open the wine about three hours before you use it.

25. Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit.

26. We use this room only on special occasions.

27. In some districts farmers use pigs to find truffles.

28. John gave Elizabeth that beautiful ring.

29. They have offered Sarah a very good job.

30. The estate agent showed the house to the young people.

31. We will pay the gardener a lot of money.

32. Someone is going to repair the roof next week.

33. They can’t find Joanna.

34. They should decorate the room with flowers.

35. Archaeologists have discovered an ancient temple.

Degrees of Comparison
Adjectives change in form when they show comparison.
Positive Degree: An adjective is said to be in the positive degree when there is no comparison.
Comparative Degree: An adjective is said to be in the comparative degree when it is used to
compare two nouns/pronouns.
Superlative Degree: An adjective is in superlative degree when it is used to compare more
than two nouns/pronouns. We use the article 'the' before the superlative degrees.

Formation of Comparative & Superlative Degrees of Adjectives

Adjectives usually form their comparative and superlative degrees:

1) by addition of '-er' and '-est' to the positive degree

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

bright brighter brightest
black blacker blackest
bold bolder boldest
clever cleverer cleverest
cold colder coldest
fast faster fastest
great greater greatest
high higher highest
kind kinder kindest
long longer longest
rich richer richest
small smaller smallest
strong stronger strongest
sweet sweeter sweetest
tall taller tallest
thick thicker thickest
young younger Youngest
2) by addition of '-r' and '-st' to the positive degree ending in 'e'

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

brave braver bravest
fine finer finest
large larger largest
nice nicer nicest
noble nobler noblest
pale paler palest
simple simpler simplest
wise wiser wisest
white whiter whitest
3) When the positive ends in 'y' and has a consonant before it, we change 'y' into 'i' and
then add 'er' and 'est'.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

costly costlier costliest
dry drier driest
easy easier easiest
happy happier happiest
heavy heavier heaviest
lazy lazier laziest
wealthy wealthier wealthiest
4) when the positive degree ends in a consonant with a vowel before it, we double the
consonant & then add '-er' and '-est'

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

big bigger biggest
dim dimmer dimmest
fat fatter fattest
hot hotter hottest
thin thinner thinnest
5) by addition of '-er' and '-est' to the positive degree when it ends in '-y'

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

gay gayer gayest
grey greyer greyest
6) by placing 'more' and 'most' before the positive form

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

active more active most active
attractive more attractive most attractive
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
brilliant more brilliant most brilliant
careful more careful most careful
courageous more courageous most courageous
cunning more cunning most cunning
difficult more difficult most difficult
famous more famous most famous
faithful more faithful most faithful
important more important most important
proper more proper most proper
popular more popular most popular
 splendid more splendid most splendid
suitable more suitable most suitable

7) Some adjectives do not follow any of the rules explained earlier. They are compared
irregularly. Here are the different forms of such adjectives.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

bad worse worst
evil worse worst
good better best
ill worse worst
far farther farthest
well better best
late later latest (time)
late latter last (position)
little less least
much more most
many more most
old elder eldest

Adjective in sentences in 3 forms:

 Very few countries in the world are as large as China. (Positive)

 China is larger than most other countries in the world. (Comparative)
 China is one of the largest countries in the world. (Superlative)

 No other man was as strong as Hercules. (Positive)

 Hercules was stronger than any other man. (Comparative)
 Hercules was the strongest man in the world. (Superlative)

 No other boy in the class is as intelligent as James. (Positive)

 James is more intelligent than any other boy in the class. (Comparative)
 James is the most intelligent boy in the class. (Superlative)

 Very few Indian saints were as popular as Vivekananda. (Positive)

 Vivekananda was more popular than most other Indian saints. (Comparative)
 Vivekananda was one of the most popular Indian saints. (Superlative)

Exercises:

I. Convert the given adjectives into their comparative forms and frame a sentence.
1.(a) efficient (b) comprehensive
 Efficient → more efficient
Sentence: The new system is more efficient than the previous one, saving us valuable time.

Comprehensive → more comprehensive

Sentence: The report is more comprehensive than last year’s, covering all aspects of the project.

2.(a) generous (b) comfortable

Generous → more generous

Sentence: She is more generous with her time than anyone else on the team.

Comfortable → more comfortable

Sentence: This chair is more comfortable than the one in my office.

3.(a) reliable (b) elegant

Reliable → more reliable

Sentence: Our new supplier is more reliable than the previous one.

Elegant → more elegant

Sentence: The design is more elegant now, with simpler lines and colors.

4.(a) robust (b) cautious

Robust → more robust

Sentence: This model is more robust, handling extreme conditions without issues.

Cautious → more cautious

Sentence: He has become more cautious after his last business setback.

5.(a) innovative (b) fortunate

Innovative → more innovative

Sentence: The new version is more innovative, introducing cutting-edge features.

Fortunate → more fortunate

Sentence: She felt more fortunate than ever after landing her dream job.

II. Change the degree of comparison

Read the following sentences and change them as directed.

1. Amy is as brave as Penny. (Comparative degree)

2. Gold is the most expensive of all the metals. (Positive degree)
3. Ramu is stronger than Shamu. (Positive degree)
4. China has a higher population than India. (Positive degree)
5. Riya is the laziest girl in the class. (Positive degree)
6. Minu is the sweetest girl in the class. (Positive degree)
7. Indore is the cleanest city in India. (Comparative degree)
8. Very few students in the class are as intelligent as Tina. (Superlative degree)
 9. This knife is not as sharp as the other. (Comparative degree)
10. Uday is the heaviest of all the boys. (Positive degree)

Answers for Exercise 1

1. Penny is not braver than Amy.

2. No other metal is as expensive as gold.
3. Shamu is not as strong as Ramu.
4. India’s population is not as high as China’s.
5. No other girl in the class is as lazy as Riya.
6. No one in the class is as sweet as Minu.
7. Indore is cleaner than any other city in India.
8. Tina is one of the most intelligent students in the class.
9. The other knife is sharper than this one.
10. No other boy is as heavy as Uday.
 REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED) SPEECH. INTRODUCTION
There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and
indirect. In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words:
He said, “I have lost my umbrella.”
Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas, and a comma is placed immediately before
the remark. Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in quotations.
In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the
speaker’s exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.
There is no comma after say in indirect speech. that can usually be omitted after say and tell + object.
But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect
speech is normally used when conversation is reported verbally, though direct speech is sometimes here
to give a more dramatic effect.
When we turn direct speech into indirect, some changes are usually necessary.

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

A. Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows:

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

today that day
yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the next day/the following day
the day after tomorrow in two day’s time
next week/year etc. the following week/year etc.
last week/year etc. the previous week/year etc.
a year etc. ago a year before/the previous year

DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

SPEECH
Simple Present Simple Past
“I never eat meat”, he explained. = He explained (that) he never ate meat.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
“I’m waiting for Ann”, he said. = He said (that) he was waiting for Ann.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
“I have found a flat”, he said. = He said (that) he had found a flat.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
He said, “I’ve been waiting for ages”. = He said (that) he had been waiting for ages.
Simple Past Past Perfect
“I took it home with me”, she said. = She said (that) he had taken it home with her.
Future Conditional
He said, “I will/shall be in Paris on Monday”. = He said (that) he would be in Paris on Monday.
Future Continuous Conditional Continuous
“I will/shall be using the car myself on the = She said (that) she’d been using the car herself
24h”, she said. on the 24th.
Conditional Conditional
I said, “I would like to see it”. = I said (that) I would like to see it.
 EXERCISES
1. These people are saying these things. Report them, using says that.
a. Paul: “Atlanta is a wonderful city.”
b. Ruth: “I go jogging every morning.”
c. Anna: “Jenny isn’t studying for her exams.”
d. Andrew: “I used to be very fat.”
e. e.- Jim: “I can’t swim.”

2. People made these statements. Report them, using said.

a. “Mary works in a bank”, Jane said.
b. “I’m staying with some friends”, Jim said.
c. “I’ve never been to Russia”, Mike said.
d. “Tom can’t use a computer”, Ella said.
e. “Everybody must try to do their best”, Jill said.
f. “Jane may move to a new flat”, Rachel said.
g. “I’ll stay at home on Sunday”, Bill said.

3. Report what the guests said at a wedding last Sunday.

a. Miss Moore: “They’ll make a lovely couple.”
b. Mr Smith: “They’re going to live in Brighton.”
c. Mrs Jones: “The bride and the groom are very nice young people.”

d. Mr Roberts: “The bride is wearing a beautiful wedding dress.”

e. Mr Clarke: “The couple’s parents look happy.”

f. Miss Mayall: “The bride’s father has bought them a big flat.”

4. Change the following statements into the reported speech.

a. “I have something to show you”, I said to her.

b. “I’m going away tomorrow”, he said.

c. “I’ve been in London for a month but I haven’t had time to visit the Tower”, said Rupert.

d. “I’ll come with you as soon as I’m ready”, she replied.

e. “We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work”, they said.

f. “I must go to the dentist tomorrow”, he said.

5. Write these sentences in indirect speech.

a. “I’m very tired”, she said.
b. “I’ll see them soon”, he said.
c. “I’m going to the cinema”, she said.
d. “I see the children quite often”, he said.
e. “I’m having a bath”, she said.
f. “I’ve already met their parents”, she said.
g. “I stayed in a hotel for a few weeks”, she said.
h. “I must go home to make dinner”, he said.
i. “I haven’t been waiting long”, she said.
j. “I’m listening to the radio”, he said.
k. “I’ll tell them the news on Saturday”, she said.
l. “I like swimming, dancing and playing tennis”, he said.
Reading Techniques

Skimming

Skimming is used to quickly gather the most important information or gist. We run the eyes over
the text with the purpose of getting only main ideas and a general overview of the content and
noting important information. Skimming is used to quickly get up to speed on a current business
situation.

Examples of skimming

 The Newspaper (quickly to get the general news of the day)

 Magazines (quickly to discover which article you would like to read in more detail)
 Business and Travel Brochures (quickly to get informed)

Steps in skimming

 Read the title

 Read the introduction
 Read the first paragraph completely
 Read the other paragraphs and get main ideas
 Then read the final paragraph completely

We use 1000 words per minute while skimming the text.

Scanning

Scanning is used to find a particular piece of information. We run the eyes over the text looking
for the specific piece of information. Scanning is used to read schedules, meeting plans etc. in
order to find the specific details we require. It is also useful for finding a specific name, date,
statistics or fact without reading the entire article

Examples of Scanning

 A train and airplane schedule

 A conference guide
 Looking for TV programmes in newspaper

Steps in Scanning

 Run the eyes over the text thoroughly

 Identify the exact data and read widely
 Then read in depth by reading every word
 Refer dictionary if word is difficult and extract whole information

We use 1500 words per minute while scanning the text

Instructions

Instructions are written in a clear, concise, and structured format to help users
understand and perform a task accurately. These instructions use imperative
sentences, specific terminology, and step-by-step sequencing, often with numbered or
bulleted lists.

How to Write Instructions?

1. Use the direct imperative form.

2. Begin each step with an action word.
3. Frame each step in such a way that it focuses on a single task.
4. Number the steps and ensure the correct order of the procedure.
5. Use sequence words if necessary.

1.Write a set of eight important instructions to prevent our environment.

Introduction:
Our environment is the foundation of life, providing us with air to breathe, water to
drink, and land to cultivate. However, rapid industrialization, deforestation, pollution,
and climate change have put our natural world at significant risk. The urgency to
prevent further harm to our environment has never been more critical. By adopting
sustainable practices, reducing waste, and making conscious lifestyle choices, we can
collectively work towards preserving and protecting our planet.
Set of Instructions to prevent our environment :

1. Minimize waste by practicing the three Rs. Reduce consumption, reuse items when
possible, and recycle materials like paper, plastic, and glass.
2. Turn off lights, appliances, and electronic devices when not in use. Use energy-
efficient appliances and consider alternative energy sources such as solar or wind
power.
3. Conserve water by fixing leaks, using water-saving appliances, and being mindful of
water usage. Collect rainwater for non-potable uses like watering plants.
4. Opt for eco-friendly transportation options such as walking, biking, carpooling, or
using public transportation. Consider electric or hybrid vehicles.
5. Choose native plants for landscaping, as they require less water and support local
ecosystems. Avoid the use of harmful pesticides and fertilizers.
6. Make informed choices when purchasing products. Choose items with minimal
packaging, made from sustainable materials, and support companies with
environmentally friendly practices.
7. Stay informed about environmental issues and spread awareness within your
community. Encourage others to adopt sustainable practices and participate in
local conservation initiatives.
8. Aim to produce less waste by composting organic materials, avoiding single-use
plastics, and opting for products with minimal packaging. Consider participating in
community recycling programs.

2. Write a set of eight important instructions for washing clothes in a washing

machine.
Answer:
Introduction:
Washing clothes in a washing machine is a convenient and efficient way to clean
your laundry. With modern washing machines offering various settings and cycles,
it's important to understand how to use them effectively to ensure optimal results.
The process involves sorting clothes, selecting the right detergent, choosing the
correct wash cycle, and maintaining the machine for consistent performance.
Proper instructions can help avoid common mistakes like overloading, using
incorrect settings, or damaging fabrics, ensuring your clothes come out clean, fresh,
and well-maintained.
Set of Instructions to wash clothes in a washing machine:
1. Sort your clothes by color and fabric type.
2. Check labels for specific washing instructions.
3. Place your clothes in the washing machine drum.
4. Add the appropriate amount of detergent based on the load size.
5. Select the correct wash cycle and water temperature based on fabric type
(e.g., cold wash for delicates, warm for regular).
6. Close the lid or door and start the machine.
7. Once the cycle is complete, remove clothes promptly to prevent wrinkles or
mildew.
Sample Questions:
1.Write a set of instructions for providing detailed instructions on how to prepare a
classic vegetable soup.
2. Write a set of instructions for booking a flight ticket online.
3. Write a set of instructions for tracking personal expenses using a mobile app.
4. Construct a set of instructions for making a cup of hot coffee
Recommendations
Recommendations are suggestions or advice given to guide actions or decisions in a
particular situation. They are typically based on analysis, experience, or expertise and
aim to help individuals or organizations improve, solve problems, or make informed
choices. Recommendations can be made in various contexts, such as business,
education, healthcare, and personal development, and often include proposed
solutions or actions to achieve desired outcomes.
It makes use of the model verbs, should be, must be, ought to be, need to be, could be,
and have to be.
Expressions like
It is necessary that
It is suggested/ recommended/ advised
It is important
It is necessary to
It is imperative
It is mandatory
It is desirable
It is essential are also used while writing recommendations

Example 1
Write a set of eight recommendations to save water.
Answer:
Introduction:
Water is one of the most essential resources on Earth, supporting life, agriculture,
industry, and sanitation. However, despite its crucial role, freshwater resources are
limited, and many regions around the world face water scarcity. The importance of
conserving water cannot be overstated, as it ensures the sustainability of our
ecosystems, reduces the strain on natural reserves, and helps in providing access to
clean water for all. Saving water is not just an individual responsibility but a collective
effort that can lead to long-term benefits for both the environment and society. By
adopting water-saving practices in daily life, we can contribute to a future where
clean and accessible water is available for generations to come.
Set of Recommendations to save water :
1. Restaurants could save water by using paper plates and napkins to avoid using
water for cleaning
2. When we don’t need water, we should turn the tap off and not leave it running
3. It is advised to check the pipelines periodically to plug in the leakages if any
4. It is suggested to construct more dams to save water we get during rains.
5. It is necessary to install roof-top rain harvesting, to recharge the underground
water – table
6. It is important to construct check dams across the canals and waterways.
7. We should learn to use water judiciously.
8. We should always remember that water is the elixir of life.
Example 2:
Write a set of eight recommendations to save petrol.
Introduction:
Petrol is a crucial energy source that powers vehicles, machinery, and numerous other
applications in modern society. However, its excessive consumption has led to rising
fuel costs, environmental degradation, and the depletion of natural resources. As
petrol prices continue to soar, and with the increasing concerns over climate change
and air pollution, it is essential to explore ways to conserve petrol. Saving petrol not
only reduces financial burdens on individuals but also helps to lessen the
environmental impact, contributing to a more sustainable future. This topic highlights
practical tips and strategies to use petrol more efficiently, from driving habits to
vehicle maintenance, and emphasizes the importance of alternative energy sources in
the long run.
Set of recommendations to save petrol:
Petrol is becoming dearer day by day. It is truly said, ‘waste not, and want not.’ We
should not waste petrol. We should take all possible steps and precautions to save
petrol.
1. For fuel economy, we should keep the engine in good condition.
2. A vehicle should be fitted with an engine that gives a high mileage.
3. We should not keep the engine running when the vehicle is not in motion.
4. Frequent change of gear should be avoided to save petrol.
5. Tyres should be inflated at an optimum level of air pressure
6. We should change the engine oil periodically.
7. The vehicle should be serviced regularly, as ill maintained vehicle consumes more
petrol.
8. Clutch driving should be avoided.
Sample Questions:
1. Write eight recommendations to maintain a computer in good working condition.
2. Write eight recommendations that must be followed on how to plant a small tree in
your backyard.
3. Write a set of eight recommendations to ensure safety while driving.
4. What recommendations would you give for reducing plastic waste in urban areas?
5. What are your recommendations for maintaining a balanced diet in a busy lifestyle?
6. What recommendations would you give for improving public transportation systems
in crowded cities?
Formal Letter of Job Application for the Position of Cryptographer
11 Nov 2024

Ms.Veena Subramaniam
589/22, Srilakshmi Nagar Block 3
Coimbatore

The HR Manager
Anton Technologies
Electronic City
Bangalore – 560012

Respected Sir,

Subject: Job application letter for the position of Cryptographer

This is with reference to the job posting on LinkedIn for the position of Cryptographer in
your esteemed organisation I have browsed through your official website to understand
the kind of work you do, and I am interested in working with you.
I am an MSc Electronics graduate, and I have completed multiple diploma courses in
Cyber Security. I have hands-on experience of working in the field of cyber security for
five years. Planning and executing various security means, analysing and documenting
security systems, rebuilding and making arrangements for the safety of the security
system, writing and developing security codes are some of the areas I have good
experience with. I believe that I will be a good fit for the role in your company and that I
can do justice to the responsibilities I will have to take up.
I have enclosed my resume and work samples for your kind review.
Thank you for your time and consideration. Hoping to hear from you.

Encl: Resume

Yours sincerely,
Signature
Veena
Industrial Visit permission letter to a company:

Mr.Raghu Krishna
Associate Professor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology,
Pollachi, Tamil Nadu.

The Managing Director

TCS Pvt Ltd.,
Bangalore

Subject: Request for Permission for Industrial Visit

Dear Sir,

I am writing on behalf of Mechanical Engineering at Dr. Mahalingam College of

Engineering and Technology, to request your permission for an Industrial Visit to your
esteemed company, Tata Consultancy Services. The visit is planned for 20.11.2024 and will
be a valuable educational opportunity for our students.

The primary objective of this visit is to provide our students with practical exposure in
manufacturing processes which complements the theoretical knowledge they have acquired in
the classroom. This visit will enhance their understanding of real-world applications and
industry practices.

Details of the Visit:

 Number of Participants: 60 students

 Faculty Accompanying: Dr.Robert
 Date of Visit: 20.11.2024
 Time: 10:00 AM to 1:00 PM
 Duration: 3 hours
 Purpose: To learn about manufacturing processes

We kindly request you to allow our students and faculty members to visit your facility on the
specified date. We would also appreciate it if a senior member of your team could guide us
through the tour and provide a brief overview of your company’s operations, products, and
services.

Please let us know if there are any formalities or requirements we need to complete before the
visit. We are more than happy to comply with any safety regulations and other protocols in
place at your company.

We look forward to your positive response and thank you in advance for your cooperation
and support in making this educational visit a success.

Yours sincerely,

Mr.Raghu Krishna
Associate Professor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Internship Permission Request Letter
Sample:
Mr.Raghu Krishna
Third Year Mechanical Engineering
Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology,
Pollachi, Tamil Nadu.

The Managing Director

TCS Pvt Ltd.,
Bangalore

Dear Sir/Madam,
Subject: Request for Permission to Pursue Internship
I am Raghu Krishna a third year student in the department of Mechanical Engineering at
Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and Technology. I am writing to seek your kind
permission to undertake an internship at TaTa Consultancy Solutions, Bangalore as part
of my academic requirement.
I am particularly interested in the Automotive Engineering field at your esteemed
organization due to its excellent work area. I believe this internship will provide me with
invaluable hands-on experience and deepen my understanding of design, development, and
testing of vehicles and their components.
As part of the internship program, I am required to complete 8 weeks of practical training,
starting from 01 Nov 2024 to 30Nv 2024. During this period, I will be actively involved in
various tasks and projects, as per the company’s requirements. I am eager to apply the
theoretical knowledge I have gained at university to real-world scenarios, contributing
positively to your team’s goals.
I assure you that I will be dedicated, hardworking, and punctual throughout the internship
period. Furthermore, I am available for an interview or any further steps necessary for the
approval process. Please let me know if you require any additional information or
documentation to facilitate this request.
I look forward to the opportunity of contributing to the company and learning from your
experienced team. Thank you for considering my application, and I hope to hear from you
soon.
Yours sincerely,
Mr.Raghu Krishna
Third Year Mechanical Engineering, MCET
Email Question 1
You work for a logistics company. A client has emailed to inquire about a delay in
their shipment. Write a response explaining the reason for the delay and reassure
the client that you are taking steps to ensure the shipment arrives as soon as
possible.
Response:
Subject: Update on Your Shipment – Apologies for Delay
Dear Mr.Pradeep,
Thank you for reaching out regarding the delay in your recent shipment. We
sincerely apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused. Unfortunately, due
to an unexpected delay at the port caused by customs processing, your order has
been held up.
Our team is actively monitoring the situation and working closely with customs
officials to expedite the release of your shipment. We expect it to be cleared within
the next two days and will arrange for immediate delivery to you once released.
Please feel free to contact me directly should you have further questions. We
appreciate your understanding and patience.
Warm regards,
Name, Position
Company Name
Contact Information

Email Question 2
You are a sales manager for a software company. A potential client has requested
information about your product’s pricing and a demonstration. Write an email
response to provide the necessary details and schedule a time for the
demonstration.
Response:
Subject: Pricing Information and Demonstration Request – Refrigerator
Dear Mr.Robin,
Thank you for your interest in Refrigerator. I’m pleased to provide you with the
pricing information and to arrange a demonstration at your convenience.
Our product packages are designed to suit a range of needs. For a more
personalized experience, we suggest a demonstration where we can showcase the
specific features that would benefit your team.
Could you let me know your availability this week or next for a 30-minute session?
We’ll ensure a seamless introduction to our product and answer any questions you
may have.
Looking forward to our discussion!
Warm regards,
Name
Sales Manager
Company Name
Contact Information

Email Question 3

You are a customer service representative at Fast Solutions, a logistics company.

One of your clients, GreenWorks Ltd., has inquired about a delay in the delivery of
their order. Write an email to explain the delay and provide an expected delivery
date.

Model Answer:

Subject: Update on Delivery Delay for Order #456789

Dear Mr. Robinson,

Thank you for reaching out to us regarding the delivery status of Order #456789.
We apologize for the delay and understand how important timely deliveries are for
your business operations.

The delay was due to unforeseen circumstances at our distribution center, where a
technical issue temporarily impacted our dispatch process. I am pleased to inform
you that the issue has been resolved, and we have prioritized your order to
minimize further delays.

We expect your order to arrive at your facility by [insert date]. We will keep you
updated if there are any changes and provide you with a tracking link shortly.

Please don’t hesitate to contact me if you have further questions or require any
additional support. We value your patience and understanding in this matter.

Warm regards,
Sarah Thompson
Customer Service Representative
Fast Solutions Ltd.
Phone: (123) 456-7890
Email Question 4:

You work in the accounts department at BrightTech Solutions. One of your clients,
Johnson Supplies, has missed the due date for their last invoice. Write an email to
politely remind them of the outstanding payment and offer assistance if needed.

Model Answer:

Subject: Reminder: Outstanding Payment for Invoice #987654

Dear Mr. Johnson,

I hope this message finds you well. We would like to gently remind you that the
payment for Invoice #987654, which was due on [insert due date], has not yet been
received.

We understand that unexpected issues can sometimes cause delays, and we want to
support you in resolving this as smoothly as possible. Please let us know if there’s
anything we can do to assist you with the payment process.

Once payment has been completed, kindly inform us so we can update our records.
If you have already processed this payment, please disregard this reminder.

Thank you for your attention to this matter.

Best regards,
Emily Sanders
Accounts Department
BrightTech Solutions
Phone: (123) 555-7890

Email Question 5:
You are a sales representative at Innovate Inc., and one of your clients, Fresh
Produce Co., frequently orders a specific item. Due to an upgrade, the item will have
a new feature but also a slight price increase. Write an email informing the client of
the update and offering them a discount on their next order.

Model Answer:

Subject: Update on [Product Name] Features and Pricing

Dear Ms. Brown,
I am reaching out to inform you of an exciting update to the [Product Name] that
Fresh Produce Co. regularly orders. Beginning next month, the item will include a
new feature: [describe the feature, e.g., enhanced durability, increased capacity].
This upgrade brings added value to the product but will involve a slight increase in
price. As one of our valued clients, we would like to offer you a 10% discount on
your next order as an appreciation of your continued partnership.

Please feel free to reach out with any questions, or let me know if you would like
additional details on the new features. We look forward to helping you make the
most of these improvements.

Warm regards,
James Lee
Sales Representative
Innovate Inc.
Phone: (123) 789-6540

Email Question 6:
You work for Metro Marketing and have been assigned to manage a promotional
campaign for a new client, Star Electronics. You need additional information about
their target audience and product features. Write an email to the client requesting
these details.

Model Answer:

Subject: Request for Additional Information on Campaign for Star Electronics

Dear Ms. Chen,

Thank you for choosing Metro Marketing to support your upcoming promotional
campaign. To ensure we capture the right audience and highlight the best features
of your products, could you kindly provide us with more details?

Specifically, we would appreciate any information you have on your target

demographic, as well as a list of the key features you would like to emphasize. These
details will allow us to craft messages that resonate with your audience and align
with your brand’s strengths.

Thank you for your assistance. Please let me know if you would like to discuss this
further in a call.

Best regards,

Laura Garcia
Project Manager
Metro Marketing
Phone: (123) 321-6540
Report Writing Questions and Answers
Question:
1.Your company, SwiftTech Solutions, provides IT services to corporate clients. Recently, several
clients have expressed concerns about delays in customer support response times, which has
affected customer satisfaction. The CEO has asked you to prepare a report analyzing the issue
and proposing solutions to improve response times and customer satisfaction.
Sample Answer:
Report on Improving Customer Support Response Times
Introduction
This report addresses the recent feedback from clients regarding delays in customer support
response times at SwiftTech Solutions. Given the impact on customer satisfaction, an analysis of
the problem and suggested solutions to improve response efficiency is presented here.
Current Situation

SwiftTech Solutions offers round-the-clock IT support, with an average response time of 45

minutes. However, in the last quarter, response times increased to an average of 90 minutes
during peak periods, with some clients experiencing delays of up to two hours. This has led to
negative feedback from key clients, affecting their overall satisfaction and posing a risk to client
retention.
The primary reasons identified for the delays include:
1. Understaffing During Peak Hours: There are not enough support agents available to
handle high volumes of support requests during peak business hours, leading to slower
response times.
2. Inefficiency in Ticket Prioritization: The current system does not adequately
prioritize urgent client issues, causing delays in addressing critical problems.
3. Training Gaps: Newer support agents lack sufficient training on complex issues, leading
to extended resolution times and increased demand for senior support agents.
Proposed Solutions
1. To address the staffing shortage, it is recommended that SwiftTech Solutions temporarily
hires part-time agents or reallocates staff from other departments during peak times.
This will ensure that enough personnel are available to handle the increased volume of
client requests efficiently.
2. Introducing a more sophisticated ticketing system that can categorize and prioritize
support requests based on urgency will allow support agents to address critical issues
promptly. For instance, high-priority tickets for clients facing system-wide outages could
be addressed first, while routine inquiries are handled accordingly.
3. Developing a comprehensive training program that equips new agents with the skills
required to handle common and complex technical issues will reduce their dependence on
senior agents. Investing in interactive training modules and regular skill assessments
could ensure agents are well-prepared to handle various client scenarios, thereby
speeding up response times.
 4. Implementing AI-driven chatbots to handle initial inquiries can reduce the number of
tickets requiring direct human intervention. Chatbots can resolve simple queries,
allowing human agents to focus on more complex issues, which will likely improve overall
efficiency.
Expected Outcomes
By implementing these solutions, SwiftTech Solutions is expected to see a reduction in response
times to an average of 40 minutes. Improved response times and targeted support will enhance
customer satisfaction and potentially increase client retention by 15% over the next quarter.
Conclusion
SwiftTech Solutions must address the current inefficiencies in customer support response times
to maintain high levels of client satisfaction. By increasing staffing, implementing prioritization,
enhancing training, and utilizing AI chatbots, SwiftTech Solutions can ensure faster response
times, resulting in improved client satisfaction and long-term growth.
2. Question:
You are the marketing manager of a company that recently launched a new eco-friendly product
line. After six months, the sales figures have not met expectations. The company director has
asked you to write a report on the current situation, analyzing potential reasons for low sales,
and recommending actions to boost performance.
Sample Answer:
Report on Analysis of Eco-Friendly Product Line Sales
Introduction
This report aims to analyze the current sales performance of our eco-friendly product line, which
launched six months ago. Despite considerable efforts in promotion, the sales figures are below
expectations. The following sections will discuss possible causes of low sales and recommend
strategies to improve product performance in the market.
Analysis of Sales Performance
1. Market Awareness
Initial surveys indicate a general lack of awareness among our target audience regarding
the eco-friendly line. Our product messaging appears to have not reached the intended
audience effectively, as most potential customers seem unaware of the product’s unique
benefits. Despite a social media presence, our campaign did not achieve the desired reach
and engagement.
2. Pricing Concerns
The eco-friendly line is priced approximately 20% higher than our standard product line.
Many customers consider these products too expensive relative to traditional alternatives,
especially in a price-sensitive market. In customer feedback, some expressed that while
they appreciate the product’s environmental focus, the cost remains a barrier to
purchasing.
 3. Limited Distribution Channels
Currently, the product line is only available online and at select retailers. This limited
availability restricts customer access and convenience, which may have contributed to
lower sales figures. Additionally, our competitors offer similar eco-friendly products
through more widely accessible channels, gaining a competitive edge in distribution.
4. Customer Education and Product Benefits
Many consumers lack information on the tangible benefits of choosing eco-friendly
products. Our advertising strategy has focused on sustainability, but it has not effectively
communicated the long-term advantages to customers. As a result, potential buyers may
not fully understand the product’s value.
Recommendations
1. Enhance Marketing and Product Awareness
We should invest in a more robust marketing strategy to increase awareness. This could
include a mix of online ads, influencer partnerships, and targeted campaigns. Reaching out
through platforms like Instagram, YouTube, and green lifestyle blogs can help connect with
an eco-conscious audience and amplify product visibility.
2. Consider Adjusting Pricing or Offering Discounts
To address pricing concerns, we could explore strategies such as introductory discounts,
bundle offers, or a loyalty program for repeat buyers. This approach could incentivize
initial purchases, allowing customers to experience the product and fostering long-term
brand loyalty.
3. Expand Distribution Channels
Increasing product availability in more mainstream retail stores, supermarkets, and even
eco-friendly outlets would improve accessibility. Partnering with local eco-conscious stores
or pop-up events could also help tap into niche markets.
4. Improve Customer Education
A dedicated campaign highlighting the environmental and health benefits of our products
could resonate well with consumers. Content could include blog posts, video testimonials,
or sustainability reports to build trust and educate customers on the product’s impact.
Conclusion
In summary, low sales of our eco-friendly product line likely stem from limited awareness, high
pricing, restricted distribution, and a need for better customer education. Implementing these
recommendations could significantly enhance product performance by broadening our reach,
reducing price sensitivity, and increasing customer engagement. With these changes, we
anticipate improved sales figures in the coming quarters.
 3.Question:

You work for a retail chain, TrendMax, that recently piloted an online shopping service.
Early analysis shows mixed results in sales and customer experience. Write a report for
the management team summarizing the pilot results and recommending next steps.

Sample Answer:

Report on Online Shopping Service Pilot

Introduction:
This report provides insights from the recent online shopping service pilot and offers
recommendations for future actions based on customer feedback and sales performance.

Pilot Results:

The pilot program saw moderate sales growth and revealed key areas for improvement
in customer experience.

1. Sales Performance:

Although the service generated additional revenue, sales fell short of initial targets,
especially in high-demand categories such as electronics and fashion. Customers
cited limited product availability and slow delivery times as primary concerns.

2. Customer Experience:

Customer feedback highlights issues with website navigation and checkout. Many
users found the site difficult to browse and experienced delays during checkout,
contributing to a high cart abandonment rate.

Recommendations:

1. Expand Product Range: To increase sales, expanding the product range to include
popular categories would attract more customers. Additionally, securing
partnerships with suppliers could streamline inventory management and improve
availability.
2. Optimize Website Usability: Improvements to website design, including a
simplified navigation structure and a faster checkout process, will likely enhance the
customer experience and reduce abandonment.

Conclusion:
Enhancing product offerings and refining the website will help TrendMax meet customer
expectations and increase online sales. Implementing these improvements will be
essential for the success of the online shopping service in future phases.
4.Question:
Your company, ABC Electronics, has recently launched a new product – the Smart Speaker X100.
The Marketing Department has requested an evaluation report on the initial performance of this
product in the market to help guide future marketing strategies. Write a report based on the
following data:

 Launch date: Three months ago

 Units sold: 25,000
 Customer feedback: 60% positive, 30% neutral, 10% negative
 Major issues raised: Limited compatibility with other devices, occasional connectivity
issues
 Competitive products: Show higher compatibility and slightly lower prices
 Marketing strategy: Social media advertising and online reviews

Answer:

Report on the Initial Performance of Smart Speaker X100

Introduction
This report evaluates the market performance of ABC Electronics’ Smart Speaker X100, launched
three months ago, to guide future marketing efforts.

Sales Performance
Since its launch, the Smart Speaker X100 has sold 25,000 units. Sales have been strong, though
slightly below our initial projections, suggesting room for strategic adjustments.

Customer Feedback
Feedback has been largely favorable, with 60% of customers expressing positive opinions,
appreciating the speaker’s sound quality and design. However, 30% of feedback is neutral, and
10% is negative. The main issues highlighted include limited compatibility with other devices
and occasional connectivity problems.

Competitive Analysis
Competitors offer similar products with broader compatibility and marginally lower prices. This
difference in compatibility has been a point of concern among customers, potentially impacting
sales and brand loyalty.

Conclusion and Recommendations

To improve the product’s reception, we recommend enhancing device compatibility and
resolving connectivity issues. Additionally, a more diversified marketing strategy, potentially
including influencer partnerships and detailed online tutorials, could boost brand awareness and
consumer confidence. By addressing these areas, we anticipate a stronger position in the
competitive market.