LAW RELATING TO TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN-

NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES

CONTENTS

Chapter I
INTRODUCTION 1-13
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Significance of Study 3
1.3. Objectives of Study 4
1.4. Hypothesis 4
1.5. Review of Literature 5
1.6. Research Methodology 10
1.7. Plan of Study 11
1.8. Plan of Study (Brief) 11

Chapter II
HUMAN TRAFFICKING-CAUSES AND EFFECTS-HISTORICAL
ASPECTS 14-49
2.1. Introduction 14
2.2. Definition of Trafficking 14
2.3. A Historical Aspect of the Concept 17
2.4. Classification of Trafficking 20
2.4.1. Commercial Sexual Exploitation 20
2.4.2. Begging and Involvement in Criminal events 20
2.4.4. Forced Labour 21
2.4.5. Exploitation in Armed Forces and Conflict 22
2.4.6. Forced Marriage 23
2.4.7. Illicit Adoption 24
2.4.8. Organ Removal 25
2.4.9. Camel Jockeying 25
2.5.0. Essential factors of trafficking 26
2.5.1. Social factors 26
2.5.1.1.Caste and Class structure 26

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2.5.1.2. Gender-Based Discrimination 27
2.5.2. Cultural factors 28
2.5.2.1. Religion and Tradition 28
2.5.3.Economic factors 29
2.5.5. Political factors 30
2.5.6. Environmental Factors 31
2.5.7. Other Factors 31
2.5.7.1. Adoption 31
2.5.7.2. Organ transplant 32
2.5.7.3. Trafficking for marriage 32
2.5.7.4. Debt bondage 33
2.6. 0.Migration vis-à-vis Trafficking 33
2.6.1. The influence of migration trends on trafficking 41
2.6.2. Trafficking v. Smuggling 43
2.6.3. Trafficking as a Human Rights Issue 44
2.6.4. Trafficking during Covid-19 effect 46

Chapter - III
TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN AND CHILDREN: GLOBAL SCENARIO 50-115
3.1. Introduction 50
3.2. Trafficking in Women and Children: Global Scenario 50
3.2.1. Tier placement 50
3.2.2. A guide to the tiers 52
3.2.3. Funding restrictions for tier 3 countries 54
3.3.0. Asia 59
3.3.1. BANGLADESH 62
3.3.2. NEPAL 67
3.3.3. PAKISTAN 72
3.3.4. SRI LANKA 77
3.3.5. BHUTAN 80
3.4.0. EUROPE 88
3.4.1. THE UNITED KINGDOM 89
3.4.2. GERMANY 91
3.5.0. NORTH AMERICA 93

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3.5.1.USA 93
3.5.2. CANADA 97
3.6.0.AFRICA 99
3.6.1. SOUTH AFRICA 99
3.7.0.AUSTRALIA 101
3.8.0. Effects of the covid-19 pandemic on women and children 103
3.8.1. Effects of the covid-19 pandemic on victims of trafficking 105
3.8.2. The effects of the covid-19 pandemic on frontline Warriors (organizations) 106
3.8.2.1. Frontline organizations have experienced planning and coordination
challenges 106
3.8.2.2. Reduced staff capacity to prevent and combat trafficking and protect
victims 107
3.8.2.3. Staff exhaustion and burn-out 107
3.8.2.3.4. Access to justice hindered 107
3.8.3.0. Effects of the pandemic on the characteristics of trafficking in persons 108
3.8.4.0. Cross-border trafficking 108
3.8.4.1. Domestic trafficking 109
3.8.5. Trafficking of Women and Children during the pandemic-UNDOC 109
3.8.5.1. The effects of the pandemic on women and girls 110
3.8.5.2. The effects of the pandemic on Children 112

CHAPTER IV
LEGAL MECHANISM FOR COMBATING TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN
AND CHILDREN-GLOBAL SCENARIO 116-151
4.1. Global Scenario 116
4.2. Universal instruments relating to human trafficking 116
4.2.1. International Agreement for Suppression of White Slave Traffic, 1904 116
4.2.2. International Convention for Suppression of White Slave Traffic, 1910 118
4.2.3. Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic of the Women and Children,
1921 119
4.2.4. Slavery Convention, 1926 120
4.2.5. International Labour Organization Forced Labour Convention, 1930 121
4.2.6. International Convention for Suppression of Traffic in Women of full age,
1933 122

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4.2.7. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 123
4.2.8. Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and the
The exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, 1949 124
4.2.9. Obligations of States with Respect to Trafficking in Perspective of
International Scenario. 125
4.2.10. Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, Slave Trade and
Institutions and Practices of slavery, 1956 126
4.2.11. Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, ILO, 1957 127
4.2.12. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 129
4.2.13. International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(ICESCR) 1966 129
4.2.14. Convention Concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment,
1973 130
4.2.15. Convention on the Elimination of all forms of discrimination against
women, 1979, (CEDAW) 130
4.2.16. United Nations Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984 131
4.2.17. Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 132
4.2.18. Convention of protection of Rights of Migrant Workers, 1990 132
4.2.19. The ILO Convention 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labour, (1998) 134
4.2.20. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination against Women, 1999 135
4.2.21. UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons,
Especially Women and Children, 2000 136
4.2.22. The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Right of the Child, on the
Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography 2000 136
4.2.23.United Nations Conventions against Transnational Organised Crime and
the Protocol Thereto 2000 138
4.2.24. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 139
4.3.0.Regional Scenario 139
4.3.1.1 SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women
and Children for Prostitution, 2002 140
4.3.1.2.SAARC Convention on Regional Arrangements for the Promotion of Child
Welfare in South Asia, 2002 142

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4.3.2.Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) 143
4.3.3. Organization of American States (OAS) 144
4.3.4.African Union (AU) 144
4.3.5. European Union (EU) 145
4.4.0. Problem of Human trafficking in South Asia 146
4.5.0. Global overview of anti-trafficking legislation 147
4.6.0. UNO Fund for Victims of Trafficking 149

CHAPTER-V
NATIONAL LEGAL MECHANISM FOR COMBATING TRAFFICKING IN
WOMEN AND CHILDREN 152-204
5.1: Introduction 152
5.2. 0.The Constitution of India, 1950 154
5.3.0. Indian Penal Code, 1860 155
5.3.1Trafficking of person (Sec, 370) 155
5.3.2. Exploitation of Trafficked Person (Sec.370A) 157
5.3.3. Kidnapping/Abduction (Secs.359-368) 157
5.3.4 Kidnapping from India (Secs. 360,363) 158
5.3.5. Kidnapping from lawful guardianship (Sec 361) 158
5.3.6. Abduction (Sec.362) 159
5.3.7. Unlawful compulsory labour (Sec.374) 160
5.3.8. Habitual dealing in slaves (Sec.371) 160
5.3.9. Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention (Sec.34) 160
5.3.10. Abetment of offences (Secs.107-120) 161
5.3.11. Criminal Conspiracy (Secs.120A&120B) 162
5.3.12. Criminal Force/Assault (Secs.349-355) 162
5.3.13. Cheating (Secs.415-419) 163
5.3.14. Criminal trespass (Sec.441) 163
5.3.15. Criminal intimidation (Secs.503-509) 163
5.3.16. Sexual Assault: (Sec 375) 164
5.3.17. Punishment for sexual assault (Sec.376) 165
5.3.18. Unnatural Offences (Sec.377) 167
5.3.19. Hurt (Sec.319-338) 168
5.3.20. Causing Miscarriage (Secs.312-318) 168

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5.3.21. Attempt to commit offences (Sec.511) 169
5.3.22. Importation of girls from a foreign country (Sec.366B) 169
5.4.0. Some relevant important acts 169
5.4.1. Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 169
5.4.2. Employment of Children Act, 1938 170
5.4.3. The Foreigners Act, 1946 170
5.4.4. The Factories Act, 1948 170
5.4.5. Minimum Wages Act, 1948 171
5.4.6. The Citizenship Act, 1955 172
5.4.7. The Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act, 1956 172
5.4.8. Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act 1956 173
5.4.9. The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 182
5.4.10. The Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and
Conditions of Service) Act,1979 183
5.4.11. The child labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 183
5.4.12. The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition)Act, 1986 184
5.4.13. The prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 185
5.4.14. The Scheduled Castes and the Schedules Tribes (Prevention of
Atrocities) Act, 1989 185
5.4.15. The Transplantation of Human Organ Act, 1994 186
5.4.16. The Immigration (Carrier’s Liability) Act, 2000 188
5.4.17. The Information Technology Act, 2000 189
5.4.18. The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 189
5.4.19. The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 189
5.4.20. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 190
5.5.0. Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Care and Rehabilitation) Newbill, 2021 191

CHAPTER VI
TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN and REHABILITATION
MEASURES IN INDIA 205-265
6.1. Introduction 205
6.2. Trafficking of women and children 205
6.3.0. Some Major Hot Spots of Trafficking in India 212
6.3.1. North East Areas (NEA) 212

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6.3.2. Andhra Pradesh 214
6.3.3. Telangana 222
6.3.4. Maharastra 222
6.3.5. Delhi 223
6.3.6. West Bengal 224
6.3.7. Bihar 225
6.3.8. Jharkhand 228
6.3.9. Haryana 229
6.3.10. National Highways Trafficking 230
6.4.0. Current scenario of human trafficking in India-NCRB 231
6.5.0. Rehabilitation measures of Women and Children Affected by
Trafficking in India 236
6.5.1. The Government Initiatives 237
6.5.1.1. Institutional Services 238
6.5.1.2. Shelter Homes 238
6.5.1.3. Children’s Homes 238
6.5.1.4. Observation homes 239
6.5.1.5. Anti-human trafficking units (AHTU) 239
6.5.1.6. National Health Policy, 2 017 239
6.5.1.7. National Child Labour Project Scheme 242
6.5.1.8. The Rashtriya Mahila Kosh 242
6.5.1.9. Swadhar Greh Scheme 243
6.5.1.10. Comprehensive Scheme for Combating Trafficking (Ujjawala) 244
6.5.1.11. prayas hope for children 247
6.5.1.12. prayas institute of juvenile justice 248
6.5.2.0. Initiatives of Non-Government Organizations 249
6.5.2.1.Apne Aap Women Worldwide (India) 251
6.5.2.2. Prajwala 251
6.5.2.3. Sakhi: Empowering fishing communities to prevent trafficking 258
6.5.2.4. SANLAAP 259
6.5.2.5. Bhoomika Vihar 262
6.5.2.6. Rescue Foundation 262
6.5.2.7. Guria (Chuntu Gudiya) 263
6.5.2.8. International Justice Mission 265

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Chapter VII
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 266-280
7.1. Conclusion 266
7.2. Testing of Hypotheses 274
7.3 Suggestions 279

BIBLIOGRAPHY 281-288

APPENDIX 289-326

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