DISSERTATION

POSSIBILITIES OF KOLLAM BEACH -

A WATERFRONT DESIGN GUIDELINE
MOHAMED SHAHAM- 7820

2020-2025
INTRODUCTION
Kollam beach is situated in kollam corporation which lies
in the low land of kollam district
Kollam beach has a coastline which stretches upto 1.6 km
and has a width of about of 0.14km.
Kollam beach comes under CRZ ii which includes areas
that are developed up to the shoreline and within
municipal limits, including established towns and villages.

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT ?
Kollam beach(6,71,405 SQM)
The location of Kollam beach is most ideal because is its
proximity to Kollam town. Port Mahatma Gandhi park
The excellent road connectivity and sufficient road area
for future development are major features of the beach. Car parking Residential settlement
Even though there are many beaches in Kollam, it is not as
developed as Kollam beach. Road Fishing Community
AIM
To manage the overcrowding at Kollam Beach and to provide beachfront design guidelines

OBJECTIVE
To understand the existing condition of the site
To understand different activity zones
Relevance of the site to the public realm
To propose guidelines that improves the quality of the site

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The Guideline that will be created as an outcome of the dissertation can only be followed throughout
the coastal regions of Kollam
the data collected for density mapping could change according to different conditions
such as weather ,time, seasons etc.
3
RESEARCH QUESTION

What type of developments could be brought to the site?

How can the organization of a crowd be structured to ensure no space is left unoccupied?
how can the quality of the kollam beach as a public space be maintained.

METHODOLOGY

ARCHIVAL STUDY OBSERVATION CASE STUDIES

RESEARCH PAPER ACTIVITY MAP MAP ANALYSIS

4
READING MATRIX

BOOK/ YEAR OF MAJOR THEME OF METHODOLOGY YOUR UNDERSTANDING FROM

SI NO TITLE
PAPER PUBLICATION THE PAPER USED READING

intense
deliberations, It is a set of guidelines by the
debate and Governments determine
Focuses on the discussions were and enact rules, activities, and
Kerala state growth of the design- assimilated and other processes necessary to
1 Paper 2024
design policy based economy of consolidated for support the building of
the state formulating the design capabilities in its various
design policy activities and organisations
consisting of
professionals

How placemaking becomes a

Project for The importance of
2 Article 2007 Case study tool in making a public space
public spaces place making
better

5
READING MATRIX

BOOK/ YEAR OF MAJOR THEME OF METHODOLOGY YOUR UNDERSTANDING

SI NO TITLE
PAPER PUBLICATION THE PAPER USED FROM READING

The use of 12 quality Observations of How people interact with each

Senses Scale
criteria for the the people, video other, how people interact
3 and 12 Quality Article 2015
improvement of documentation with spaces ,people behaviour
Criteria
public spaces interviews,survey patterns

Coastal zone
Field Mapping
management Draft Coastal zone Statistics of the CRZ status of
4 2023 and Map
for kollam report management Kollam District
Preparation
district

Activity
Field Mapping
Mapping in Activity in urban types of activity map, how
5 Article 2023 and Map
Urban Design design activity map becomes a tool
Preparation
READING MATRIX

BOOK/ YEAR OF MAJOR THEME OF METHODOLOGY YOUR UNDERSTANDING

SI NO TITLE
PAPER PUBLICATION THE PAPER USED FROM READING

Guidelines for
safe
recreational The primary aim of Different water environments
WHO Library
water the Guidelines is the have been mentioned in the
6 Book 2003 Cataloguing-in-
environments. : protection of public book its dangers mitigation
Publication Data
Coastal and health. methods, safety measures
fresh waters

Field Mapping Mapping of people, vehicle,

Ahmedabad Draft
7 2017 Activity map and Map animal in different time period
Mapping Projec report
Preparation in a day

The Social Life analysing human the behaviour of human beings

how human beings
8 of Small Urban Book 1980 behaviour in in public spaces and their
react with spaces
Spaces public space responses.
READING MATRIX

BOOK/ YEAR OF MAJOR THEME OF METHODOLOGY YOUR UNDERSTANDING

SI NO TITLE
PAPER PUBLICATION THE PAPER USED FROM READING

a study of
design to investigate the
elements and user’s behavior of
Activity map Different user groups in
users behaviour the public open
using 12 quality pattaya beach, the usage of
9 in public space: Paper 2003 space, a case study
criteria each spaces by users and their
a case study of of Pattaya
usage of time
pattaya beach beachfront public
road public space
space.

Observations of
Different elements in a city
Lynch, K, The the people, video
that is used to define vista, to
10 Image of the Book 1970 Wayfinding documentation
help locate and to provide
City interviews,survey
information.
LITERATURE STUDY
PATHS

Paths are channels along which the observer customarily,

occasionally/potentially moves maybe streets walkways, canals,
railroads.
Paths form an important element as people observe the city while
they move, and there would be environmental elements that are
arranged along these paths.
The importance of paths depends on the degree of familiarity with
the city.
Paths have been explained on the basis of Boston, where people
with the least knowledge tend to think of the city in terms of
topography, large regions, generalized characteristics, and broad
directional relationships.
On the other hand, people who knew the city better mastered the
part of the path structure and relied more upon small landmarks.
EDGES
Edges are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by
the observer.
Edges are barriers that are more or less penetrable, and edges are
lines along which two regions are related and joined together.
They are the boundaries of two different areas and act as lateral
references. Edges that are strongest are not only visually prominent
but also continuous in form and impenetrable to cross movement.
Many barriers have uniting seams rather than isolating barriers
Edges are often considered paths, too

PUBLIC SPACE

Public open spaces are areas that are open to public for various
functions such as recreational, social and cultural activities. These
public spaces are owned by Government or public entities. Public
spaces play an important role in enhancing the quality of life urban
and rural areas.
TYPES OF PUBLIC SPACES

PARKS

Parks are green spaces that are designed mainly for recreational
activities. Features of parks includes gardens, lawns, play grounds,
walking paths, picnic areas, playgrounds.

PLAZAS
Paved public space for citizens to gather for civic, religious, or
commercial reasons. Plazas often have significant buildings
surrounding them such as courthouses, city halls, churches,
performing arts centers, and markets.

PESTRIAN STREETS AND PROMENADES

Automobile free zones that are designed for shopping and

walking. Promenades are wide walkways along waterfront or river
side. Typically having a vibrant atmosphere pleasant walking and
recreational experiences.
WATERFRONTS AND RIVERFRONTS.

Waterfront areas along rivers, lakes &coastlines are developed as POS.

Mainly for recreational, relaxation & scenic views.
Waterfront spaces may include promenades, parks, marinas, fishing
piers, and recreational boating facilities.

CIVIC AND CULTURAL SPACES

Amphitheaters, performance venues, and museums are also

considered as POS. Designed for public gatherings, cultural
events, concerts, exhibition

NATURE RESERVES AND TRAILS

These are protected areas that allow the public to experience and
appreciate natural environments. Walking or hiking trails,
birdwatching areas, interpretive signage, and picnic spots.
STUDY OF COASTAL PUBLIC OPEN SPACES AND ITS CATEGORIES

BEACHES

The sandy areas along the coastline is one of the active POS in
coastal cities. Beaches carryout different recreational activities like
water sports and parks.

RECREATIONAL PIERS

Recreation piers are structures extending into the water that provide
opportunities for fishing, walking, and observing marine life.

WATERFRONT PROMENADES

Waterfront promenades are pedestrian pathways or boardwalks

along the coastline that offer scenic views of the water and the
surrounding area.
They are typically lined with benches, street furniture, and
landscaping, providing opportunities for walking, jogging, and
cycling.
COSTAL VIEWPOINTS

These are areas that offers panoramic view of the whole coastal
area. These spaces can be developed into commercial spaces to
attract travellers as in case of Varkala Cliff.

WAYS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITIES OF COASTAL PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

QUALITY OF OUTDOOR SPACES

If the outdoor areas are of poor quality, only necessary activities will
occur, and in outdoor areas of higher quality, necessary activities clearly
tend to take a longer time.
A wide range of optional activities as well as social activities will also
occur because a place and situation now invite people to stop, sit, eat, and
play.
Quality improvements can be made, like pedestrianisation of streets and
traffic-free zones. Streets with little traffic tend to have higher quality
outdoor spaces when compared to streets with more traffic.
CURRENT SOCIAL SITUATION

As discussed in "Life Between Buildings in Current Social Situations,"

sprawlings of suburbs, and criticism of functionalism, new urban areas tend
to destroy public spaces and their quality.
Direct meetings in public spaces have been replaced by indirect electronic
communication, which would lead to the abandonment of public spaces later
on.
The activity patterns also get disturbed

CLIMATE AND OUTDOOR ACTIVITY PATTERNS

The streets in Copenhagen was active majorly from January to July during
this period as winter changed to summer, the number of pedestrians
doubled and number of people standing tripled as a result more frequent
and lengthy stops.
Street performances, exhibitions and other events that were practically non
existent during the winters were active during the summers.
PLEASANT PLACE IN EVERY RESPECT

All the activities be it recreational, social or optional activities takes

place only when the external conditions are good and pleasant for
the people.
That is there should be maximum number of advantages when
compared to disadvantages are offered physically socially and
psychologically and when it is in every respect pleasant to be in the
environment.

PROTECTION FROM CRIME

Crime is a general problem that arises in open spaces, but as

discussed in Jane Jacob's treatment of planning problems in large
U.S. cities, Jacob has examined the relationship between activity
level and degree of safety on the street.
It addresses the fact that if there are many people in the open
space, there is considerable mutual protection, hence there would be
a reduction in crime in open spaces And hence natural surveillance is
a major factor in these coastal public open spaces.
PROTECTION FROM VEHICULAR TRAFFIC

A significant safety requirement is protection from vehicular traffic.

This would create a sense of discomfort for the children as well as
for the elders.
This implies that it is necessary to work carefully with both the
actual safety of traffic and the feeling of security with regard to
traffic.
Pedestrianisation of streets or roads near the open spaces would be
the best solution with regard to safety and a feeling of security.

HOW OFTEN SPACES ARE USED

The frequency of activities depends on how many people actually come.

Favorable conditions for moving and lingering in the space must also occur as well for those for participating
in a wide range of social and recreational activities.
DIMENSIONING OF STREETS

Degree of crowding is determined by the upper limit for an

acceptance density in streets and on side walks with two way
pedestrian traffic which is 10-15 pedestrian per minute per meter
street width.

WHEELED WALKING TRAFFIC

Special demands such as baby carriage, wheelchair etc.Considering

this traffic would generate more ample dimensioning than before.

SPACES FAVORABLE FOR WALKING

Important demand on a well functioning pedestrian system is to

organize pedestrian movement to follow the shortest distance
between the natural destination within an area.
ZONES FOR STAYING- THE EDGE EFFECT

Popular zones for staying are mostly along the façade of a building
or in the transitional zone between one space and the next where it
is possible to view both spaces at the same time.
In a study of preferred areas for stays in Dutch recreational areas,
the sociologist Derk de Jonge mentions a characteristic "edge
effect" that is the edges of forest, beach, group of trees are
preferred zones for staying while open plains or beaches were not
used until edge zones were fully occupied.

ACTIVITIES GROWS FROM EDGE TOWARDS THE MIDDLE

The edge zone offers a number of obvious practical and

psychological advantage as a place to linger.
Events grow from edges to the middle of the public spaces.
'A Pattern Language' by Christopher Alexander summarizes the
experience regarding the edge effect and edge zones in public
spaces, "If the edge fails then the space never becomes lively."
CHOICE OF SITTING PLACES

As previously discussed edge effect can also be observed in relation to peoples choice of sitting places.
Places for sitting along spatial boundaries are preferred than to sitting areas in the middle of a space. Sitting
places in niches, at the ends of the benches, and other defined spots and sitting place where ones back is
protected are preferred.

PLACEMENT OF SEATING

Placement of seating must be guided by the analysis of spatial and

functional qualities of the location.
Each bench or seating area should have an individual local quality
or should be place where they are.

TYPES OF SEATING

Demands for seating varies for different groups. Children and young people often place only modest demand
on the types of seating whereas for many other people a proper seat like a bench or chair is an essential
requirement for being able to sit.
Type of seating can be categorized into -Primary seating and Secondary seating
PRIMARY SEATING

A well equipped public space should offer different

opportunities for sitting in order to give all user groups
opportunities to stay.
Primary seating includes benches or chair for most demanding
categories of users where there is enough room, the best placed
and more comfortable seating are preferred.
Primary seating should be placed in carefully chosen and
strategically correct location.

SECONDARY SEATING

In addition to primary seating, opportunities for secondary

seating in the form of stairways, pedestal steps, low walls are
needed for times when demand for seating is particularly great.
PLACEMAKING THEORY

Placemaking means creating places and focuses on enhancing the public spaces to strengthen the connection
between the people and public spaces.
Placemaking theory helps in creating vibrant, functional, people oriented public spaces.
It emphasizes the need well designed and well connected public spaces that would improve the overall quality
of life, social interaction, and sense of belonging within a community.
Placemaking theory recognizes that successful public spaces are not only the physical environment but also
places that reflect the needs, aspirations, and identities of the people

THE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF PLACEMAKING THEORY INCLUDES:

1. Access and linkage

2.Comfort and image
3.Uses and activity
4.Sociability
Certain elements would play an important role in enhancing the Coastal Public Open Spaces These include
1. Natural Elements
(i) Topography and soil
(ii) Weather& climate
(iii) Vegetation

2.physical elements

1. Parks in coastal spaces- playgrounds, gardens, lawns, picnic

areas
2. Pathways- Pedestrian pathways, walking and jogging tracks
3. Waterfront Promenades-with recreational activities
4. Kiosks - Food kiosks, toy kiosks etc
5. Morphology
6. Landscaping - seating facilities, vegetation
7. Facilities in coastal public spaces - public toilets, changing
rooms
8. Lighting
9. Security features
3. Non-physical elements

Diversity of population
Cultural customs of community
Local economy
Activities
A STUDY OF DESIGN ELEMENTS AND USERS BEHAVIOUR IN PUBLIC SPACE: A CASE STUDY OF PATTAYA BEACH
ROAD PUBLIC SPACE.

This research aimed to investigate the user’s behavior of the public open
space, a case study of Pattaya beachfront public space, Chonburi
province, the second most visited city in Thailand, after Bangkok.
By studying the characteristic of landscape design elements, activities
and the surrounding context to analyze the relationship of the various
factors that affecting the use of the area, to find out the design
guidelines to improve the physical design of Pattaya beachfront public
space which based on the behavior and needs of users
the research uses 12 quality criteria for the design of good public space
which had been published in the book new city life.
the quality criteria are divided into 3 groups protection,comfort and
enjoyment.
the research methodology is the qualitative research which aims to know
the current quality of public space in a specific time frame’s activity
pattern.
they have divided entire beach into 7 areas for detailed study.
in which these areas have been studied using parameter to attain results.
ACTIVITY MAP

Activity mapping is a critical tool in urban design

for analysing and comprehending the patterns and
interactions of human activities in a city or town.
The technique entails mapping and visualising the
various activities that take place in a given urban
area, such as shopping, eating, working, and
recreational activities.
This data is then used to inform urban space
design, making them more accessible, functional,
and appealing to a diverse range of users.
Activity mapping is particularly useful in urban
design because it provides an in-depth
understanding of how people use and interact with
the urban environment.
Urban designers can learn more about the
patterns of human behaviour by visualising the
various activities occurring in a certain location.
METHODS USED TO CONDUCT ACTIVITY MAPPING

SURVEYS:

Surveys are one of the most common methods used to collect

information for activity mapping.
Surveys can be used to collect information about land use,
movement patterns, time-use patterns, social interactions,
accessibility, and environmental conditions.
This can include paper or online surveys, as well as in-person
interviews.

GIS:

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a powerful tool for

activity mapping.
This technology allows for the integration of spatial and non-
spatial data to create maps that visualize different types of
information.
GIS can be used to create land use maps, movement maps, time-
use maps, social maps, accessibility maps, and environmental
maps.
REMOTE SENSING:

Remote sensing is a method of collecting information about a given area

from a distance. This can include aerial photography or satellite imagery,
as well as other forms of remote sensing data.
Remote sensing can be used to create maps that visualize the physical
and environmental conditions of different parts of the city, such as
topography, vegetation, and climate.

CROWD SOURCING:

Crowdsourcing is a method of collecting information from a large number

of people, typically through the internet.
This can include online surveys or other forms of online engagement, as
well as mobile apps and other tools that allow people to collect and share
information.
Crowdsourcing can be used to collect information about land use,
movement patterns, time-use patterns, social interactions, accessibility,
and environmental conditions.
OBSERVATION:

Observation is a direct method of collecting information about a given area.

This can include on-site observations by urban designers, as well as more structured methods such as
pedestrian counts or vehicle counts.
Observation can be used to collect information about land use, movement patterns, time-use patterns, social
interactions, accessibility, and environmental conditions.

TYPES OF ACTIVITY MAPPING IN URBAN DESIGN

LAND USE MAPPING

This type of mapping focuses on the different types of land use in a

given area, including residential, commercial, industrial, and public
spaces.
The information is typically visualized on a map and can provide
insight into the distribution and intensity of different types of land
use, as well as the relationships between different uses.
MOVEMENT MAPPING:

This type of mapping focuses on the patterns of movement of people

and vehicles in a given area.
It can help to identify areas of high pedestrian traffic, as well as
areas where there are significant traffic congestion problems.
The information is typically visualized on a map and can provide
insight into the accessibility and efficiency of different parts of the
city.

TIME-USE MAPPING:

This type of mapping focuses on the different activities taking

place in a given area at different times of the day and week.
It can help to identify areas where there is a high concentration of
specific types of activities, such as shopping, eating, or working, as
well as areas where there is low levels of activity.
The information is typically visualized on a map and can provide
insight into the patterns of human behavior in different parts of the
city.
SOCIAL MAPPING:

This type of mapping focuses on the social patterns and interactions

of people in a given area.
It can help to identify areas where there are high levels of social
interaction, as well as areas where there are low levels of interaction.
The information is typically visualized on a map and can provide
insight into the social dynamics of different parts of the city

ACCESSIBILITY MAPPING:

This type of mapping focuses on the accessibility of different parts

of the city, including the ease of access to public transportation,
pedestrian and bicycle routes, and public spaces.
The information is typically visualized on a map and can provide
insight into the accessibility of different parts of the city, as well as
the potential for improvement in this area
ENVIRONMENTAL MAPPING:

This type of mapping focuses on the physical and environmental

conditions of different parts of the city, including topography,
vegetation, and climate.
The information is typically visualized on a map and can provide
insight into the environmental conditions of different parts of
the city, as well as the potential for improvement in this area.

POPULATION DENSITY MAP:

A population density map shows the number of people living in a

specific area, usually per square kilometer.
Population density is the ratio of people to physical space, and it
can help explain what living conditions will be like in a specific
area.
COASTAL REGULATION ZONE

The Government of India issued the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification in 2019, with a view to conserve and
protect the unique environment of coastal stretches and marine areas, besides livelihood security to the fisher
communities and other local communities in the coastal areas and to promote sustainable development based
on scientific principles taking into account the dangers of natural hazards, sea level rise due to global warming

CATEGORY-II (CRZ-II):

The areas that have already been developed upto or close to the shoreline.For this purpose, developed areais
referred to as that area within the municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas which is already
substantially built up and which has been provided with drainage and approach roads and other
infrastructural facilities, such as water supply and sewerage mains.
Construction of buildings for residential purposes, schools, hospitals, institutions, offices, public places, etc.
shall be permitted only on the landward side of the existing road.Provided that no permission for construction
of buildings shall be given on landward side of any new roads which are constructed on the seaward side of an
existing road
Reconstruction of the authorised buildings to be permitted subject to the existing FSI/FAR norms and without
change in the existing use
The design and construction of buildings shall
be consistent with thesurrounding landscape
and local architectural style.
Temporary tourism facilities shall be permissible
in the beaches which shall only include shacks,
toilets or washrooms, change rooms, shower
panels; walk ways constructed using
interlocking paver blocks, etc, drinking water
facilities, seating arrangements, etc.
however, a minimum distance of 10 meter from
HTL shall be maintained for setting up of such
facilities.

Development zone (3,81,528 SQM)

No development zone
WORLD HEALTH REGULATION

DROWNING AND NEAR-DROWNING PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS AND PREVENTIVE AND MANAGEMENT
ACTIONS
CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS

Alcohol consumption
Cold
Current (including rip currents, river currents, and tidal currents)
Offshore winds (especially with flotation devices)
Ice cover
Pre-existing disease
Underwater entanglement
Bottom surface gradient and stability
Waves (coastal, boat, chop)
Water transparency
Impeded visibility (including coastal configuration, structures and overcrowding)
Lack of parental supervision (infants)
Poor or inadequate equipment (e.g. boats or lifejackets)
Overloading of boats
Overestimation of skills
WORLD HEALTH REGULATION

DROWNING AND NEAR-DROWNING PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS AND PREVENTIVE AND MANAGEMENT
ACTIONS

PREVENTIVE AND MANAGEMENT ACTIONS

Public education regarding hazards and safe behaviours
Regulations that discourage unsafe behaviours (e.g., exceeding recommended
boat loadings)
Continual adult supervision (infants)
Restriction of alcohol provision
Provision of properly trained and equipped lifeguards
Provision of rescue services
Access to emergency response (e.g., telephones with emergency numbers)
Local hazard warning notices
Availability of resuscitation skills/facilities
Development of rescue and resuscitation skills among general public and user
groups
Coordination with user group associations concerning hazard awareness and
safe behaviours
Wearing of adequate lifejackets when boating
TEN DANGERS AT THE BEACH

RIP CURRENTS
Rip currents account for more than 80 percent of rescues performed by surf
beach lifeguards. They are powerful, channeled currents of water flowing away
from shore that quickly pull swimmers out to sea. Rip currents typically extend
from the shoreline, through the surf zone, and past the line of breaking waves.
The best way to stay safe is to recognize the danger of rip currents. If caught in
one, don't fight it! Swim parallel to the shore and swim back to land at an angle.
Always remember to swim at beaches with lifeguards.

SHOREBREAK

A shorebreak is an ocean condition when waves break directly on the shore.

Both small and high waves can be equally as unpredictable and dangerous and
typically form when there is a rapid transition from deep to shallow water. The
power of a shorebreak can cause injuries to extremities and the cervical spine.
Spinal cord injuries most often occur when diving headfirst into the water or
being tumbled by the force of the waves. Be sure to ask a lifeguard about the
wave conditions before going into the water.
LIGHTNING

There is no safe place outside when thunderstorms are in the area. When
thunder roars, go indoors! The safest places during lightning activity are
substantial buildings and hard-topped vehicles. Rain shelters, small sheds, and
open vehicles are not safe. Wait 30 minutes after the last thunder crack before
returning to the beach.

HEAT AND SUNBURN

Too much heat and sun can spoil a vacation. Heat is the leading weather-related
killer in the United States, causing more deaths than floods, lightning, tornados,
and hurricanes combined. Heat disorder symptoms include sunburn, heat
cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Spending the day at the beach can
lead to any of these disorders but the most visible is sunburn, which can take up
to 24 hours before the full damage is visible. Seek medical help right away if a
burn is severe, especially if it is accompanied by a headache, chills, or fever.
HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) (popularly referred to as red tides) are dense
populations or "blooms" of algae that form in coastal waters. A small
percentage of these blooms can be toxic to marine animals and humans. People
can get sick by swimming directly in the water and by eating contaminated
shellfish. If a sufficient amount of toxins are ingested, the results can be fatal.
Scientists can forecast the timing and location of blooms. This allows coastal
managers and public health officials to make decisions regarding shellfish
harvesting and beach closures to ensure the health of both residents and
visitors.

WATER QUALITY

Coastal beaches are among the most treasured natural resources in the nation,
but beach closures or advisories caused by poor water quality often prevent the
public from enjoying these resources. As water flows from land to coastal
waters, it is often contaminated by untreated sewage from boats, pets, failing
septic systems, fertilizers, and spills from hazardous substances. High levels of
bacteria and other chemicals in the water can cause gastrointestinal illnesses in
those who swim directly in the water. When visiting the beach, be aware of all
beach closures and advisories.
 BEACH WARNING FLAGS & SIGNS

Low Hazard Medium Hazard High Hazard Water closed to the

public

Dangerous marine life Safe to swim No swimming allowed

A STUDY OF DESIGN ELEMENTS AND USERS BEHAVIOUR IN PUBLIC SPACE: A CASE STUDY OF PATTAYA BEACH
ROAD PUBLIC SPACE.

This research aimed to investigate the user’s behavior of the

public open space, a case study of Pattaya beachfront public
space, Chonburi province, the second most visited city in
Thailand, after Bangkok.
By studying the characteristic of landscape design elements,
activities and the surrounding context to analyze the
relationship of the various factors that affecting the use of the
area, to find out the design guidelines to improve the physical
design of Pattaya beachfront public space which based on the
behavior and needs of users
the research uses 12 quality criteria for the design of good
public space which had been published in the book new
city life.
the quality criteria are divided into 3 groups
protection,comfort and enjoyment.
A STUDY OF DESIGN ELEMENTS AND USERS BEHAVIOUR IN PUBLIC SPACE: A CASE STUDY OF PATTAYA BEACH
ROAD PUBLIC SPACE.

the research methodology is the qualitative research

which aims to know the current quality of public space in
a specific time frame’s activity pattern
they have divided entire beach into 7 areas for detailed
study.
in which these areas have been studied using parameter
to attain results
ELEMENTS IN KOLLAM BEACH
NATURAL ELEMENTS

the natural elements have an impact on creating

coastal experience for the user.and hence, natural
elements are important factors that should be
looked into

OBSERVATION

the natural elements mainly consist of vegetative

spaces and sand
VEGETATION BEACH FRONTAGE

ANALYSIS

the vegetative spaces is now acting as land fill which consist of

waste from nearby residential community.
these spaces should be clean and maintained.
the beach front consist of potential for recreational,park and
open space developments which promotes tourism
PHYSICAL ELEMENTS
LANDSCAPPING

tree boxes have been given at different locations of

the site
different seating spaces have been provided which
consist of different view points towards the beach
resting unit have been built which provides seating
and shade to the people

ANALYSIS

as different seating spaces have been provided

people have different experience throught the beach.
the tree boxes and the trees existing outside have
been not regularly maintained
there are not enough trees to provide shading.
KIOSKS

food and toy kiosks can be seen in pedestrian

pathways which is one of the main economy
generators in the beach
these kiosks are either owned together or individual
and are opening at different timings

ANALYSIS

these kiosks are a great source of income and one of

the main attraction to the beach
they do not have specific placed in the beach and
mainly concentrated on one side
the food waste from the kiosk is not properly
chanelled
SECURITY FEATURES

there is a life guard tower which consist of rooms

and equipment
there is a signage which consist the information
about the deaths
there are 8 lifeguards which work in two shifts at
the kollam beach
10 years before the posting of lifeguard 72 deaths
have reported

ANALYSIS

kollam beach is considered as one of the dangerous

beach in kerala which consist a depth of 4 meters
near the coast
even though there are signages the people have not
given proper awareness
the lifeguards are equpped with whistles only and
proper safety measures should be implented
IMMEDIATE CONTEXT
Residential community mahatma gandhi park

fishing activity Jalakeli kids park

study area Marine Aquarium Kollam

commercial parking

beach orchid

FISHING ACTIVITY

the fishing activty is mainly done by the people

residing in pallithottam in which beach frontage
acts as a boat parking zone .there are no specific
timings for fishing it mostly depends on weather.
Saturday is considered a day off for these
people.sheds have been provided near the beach for
storing their fishing equipment.
RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY
the study area is mainly surrounded by residential community
towards the northwest which is known as pallithottam and
towards the southeast area that runs beside kollam paravur road.
The majority of people have fishing as their primary occupation
and sells their fish in the nearby market at auction

BEACH ORCHID

The Beach Orchid is a hotel that offers a view

towards kollam beach. it is the only high rise
building which consist of 10 floors in the context.
the hotel consists of swimming pool,restaurant/cafe
& bar
MAHATMA GANDHI PARK
it is one of the major parks near kollam beach.It runs daily from 8
AM to 8 PM, with an entry fee of 10 rupees.the park consists of
children’s park,rides,swimming pool and paid toilets. the ride
starts around 3 pm with additional charge. about 100-150 people
comes in weekdays & holidays. in working days about 50-80 or 80-
100 people comes around.

JALAKELI KIDS PARK

jalakeli is a children’s park which is situated near kollam thodu

which consists of an entry fee of 10 rupees
MARINE AQUARIUM KOLLAM
marine aquarium kollam is a building which comes under the
authority of kollam corporation. it consist of different indian
marine ornamental species . the entry fees of adult is about 25
rupees and and 15 for kids.

PARKING

the parking of the beach is undertaken by the kollam

corporation in which each vehicle has diffrent parking
fee.there are total 7 staffs in duty from 7am-7pm in which the
time frame for each staff may vary.upto 1000 is obtained by a
single staff and could be more in weekend. there is no time
limit in parking
1.ACCESS & LINKAGE
ACCESSIBLE
1.

1
2

2.
2

Vehicular acces and pedestrian access have been given from three roads
1.from the port road 2.the road between mahatma gandhi park & Marine Aquarium Kollam & 3.the road that leads to
kollam-paravur coastal road.
the access for parking have been given 2 ways 1.along the stretch of the road and 2.a parking ground at the end of the
beach.the entries have been given to scooter,car,minibus,tourist bus,ad vehicle & autorickshaw
ANALYSIS

there are no seperation between pedestrian and vehicle in the second and third entry roads.
the parking ground gets crowded in weekdays and there is isnt enough space for parking
the are no designated parking zones for different vehicles
there are no time limit for the parking of vehicles which results in a backlash of the kollam corporation.

CONNECTED

1 there are 3 main highways near the kollam beach that keeps it connected
to the public realm
1.kollam-elamboor road (9min-3.5km)
2 2.kottarakara kollam road(8min-2.6km) &
3.kochi-kanyakumari highway(6min-2.1km)

3
 the important secondary road that connects to the kollam beach are
1.port road
2.neendakara-chinnakada road
3.chinnakada road
2 4.reserve camp railway overbridge
3
5.kollam paravur road
1

ANALYSIS

kollam beach is connected with many primary,secondary & tertiary roads which makes it well connected with
road connection.
the traffic near the kollam beach could be maintained as there are 3 vehicular/pedestrian entries.
the entry and exit of the site is not properly utilized as there are no proper signages
WALKABLE
a pedestrian path has been provided along the length of kollam beach which is parallel to the beach and to the
road.the small height difference between these three makes it welcoming for these people.the path also consists
of food kiosks,seating space and vegetation integrated into it

12 M 3.3
PARK ROAD PEDESTRIAN PATH BEACH

ANALYSIS

the pedestrian path has also considered differently- abled people by giving ramps at different location from
the beach which connects from the road to the beach
the path has not been properly maintained which has led to its deterioration
some food kiosks have been placed in designated vegetation space, which could be displaced if any
development occurs in these space.
2.COMFORT & IMAGE
different seating spaces are provided in direct relationship with
the landscape and the pedestrian path.Some of the seating spaces have been
constructed directly on the sand of the beach. tree boxes have been placed
and several designated vegetation space is present

an overview of the seating spaces spaces

integrated with landscape

32M 1.6M 40 M
PARKING SEATING SPACE BEACH

SECTION OF THE SEATING SPACE PARALLEL TO THE PARKING

2.COMFORT & IMAGE
it is a stepped seating space which has lenghth of 98.6m. it is placed at
the end of the beach. it consists of a ramp which .a roof has been given
for shade. at the back of the seating space consist of designated
vegitation space.

ANALYSIS
there should be more shading systems installed along with seating.
vegetation space is not properly utilized and has no
function in current scenario.
if these spaces was integrated with seating spaces the
canopy of the trees would have provided shade and
Isometric view of the seating space made it more interesting.

18M 2.7M 131M

BEACH
PARKING
SEATING SPACE

SECTION OF THE SEATING SPACE NEAR THE ENTRANCE

 the seating space has a length of 12.5m.which is placed at the entrance
of the beach. it consits of tree box near it.

ANALYSIS

the seating space should be provided with shade.

more tree boxes should be intgrated for proper shelter.
it does contain any entrance point and has a height of 57cm which
makes it difficult for accessing
Isometric view of the seating space

this a square seating space which has a length of 8.8m and a height of
0.42m.it is paved with bricks and and a tree in centre of it.this space
has been directly built on beach

ANALYSIS

this space should have proper maintanence as most of these have

been destroyed
the trees should be beside seating so that it could give proper
Isometric view of the seating space shelter
 it is a circular seating space which consist of 9 bench with a length
1.1m.it is connected with pedestrian path.a single bench accomodate
upto 2-3 persons

ANALYSIS

these benches could act as a gathering space

these space could have proper shade
Isometric view of the seating space

it is a concrete bench that is built on the beach which has a length of

1m and a height 0.6m.this bench could accomodate 2 persons

ANALYSIS

these benches could be made sustainable material

these benches should not be fixed and should be easily movable.

Isometric view of the seating space

SAFE AND CLEAN

The beach has been equipped with waste bins and plastic
waste collectors for keeping it clean. there is regular
police patrolling especially at night.different lighting
systems have been provided creating a safer environment
in night

image of plastic waste collecter image of waste bin

ANALYSIS

Despite the availability of waste bins, there is still litter

on the beach.
there should be more lighting systems depending upon
different functions such as pedestrian lighting,vehicle
lighting,special lighting near the shoreline
it is safe at night due to patrolling of the police.
lighting tower street light
3.USER & ACTIVITY
4-6 PM AFTERNOON

built space humans autorickshaw

beach
car bus
mahatma gandhi park
scooter kiosks
commercial /house

parking
3.USER & ACTIVITY
7-8 PM EVENING

IMAGES OFT THE BEACH AT DIFFERENT TIMINGS

3.USER & ACTIVITY

1 8
2 3
5 7
4

6 9

ACTIVE
1. it is an active parking zone
2. a large amount of people has been identified in this region
3. 3,4,5-groups of people can be seen near the kiosks
4. 6.people tend to sit in the seating space.
5. an informal football ground which becomes active around 4-6 pm.
6. groups of people can be seen mainly fishing community.
7. it is an vehicular car zone and multiple autorickshaws can be seen.
3.USER & ACTIVITY

ANALYSIS

a lot of heavy traffic is observed at 1 and 9 zones as it consists of entry/EXIT TO THE BEACH
AND INTENSITY OF RICKSHAWS CAN BE FOUND AT THESE ZONES AS IT IS EASIER FOR THEM TO EXIT.
THE ZONE 2 IS THE MOST DENSE AREA IN TERMS OF PEOPLE AS IT IS CLOSER TO PARKING, CONSISTS OF A
LARGE SEATING SPACE AND MUTIPLE KIOSKS NEAR TO IT THAN THE REST OF THE THE SITE
THE ZONE 3,4,5 CONSISTS OF SMALL GROUP AS KIOSKS ATTRACT PEOPLE AND FISHING COMMUNITY CAN
SEEN IN ZONE 8 AS IT IS CLOSER TO THEIR HOMES AND THE WORKSPCE.
PEOPLE PREFER TO SIT WHERE SAND IS CLOSER TO THEM AND THE SEATING SPACE IN ZONE 6
IN ZONE 6 IT MAINLY BECOMES ACTIVE 4-6 PM AS IT IS THE TIME MOST JOBS,SCHOOLS FINISH AND IT
BECOMES DEAD AT NIGHT AS THERE IS NO PROPER LIGHTING FOR PLAYING.

4.SOCIABILITY

4.STEWARDSHIP

THE KOLLAM BEACH IS OWNED AND MAINTAINED BY KOLLAM CORPORATION

WELCOME AND INTERACTIVE

the kollam beach is mainly seen interactive is near the

seating spaces provided,the interaction between
vendors and the customers/visitors and near mahatma
gandhi park
the kollam beach is visible from kochumpiladu beach
and along the road port road
pedestrian zone welcoming is weak compared to that of
vehicular zone

ANALYSIS

the number of interactive should be increased in vacant

spaces of the beach
the vendors should be placed strategically to increase the
interaction between the people.
mahatma gandhi park and the beach should have a better
pedestrian connection.
CONCLUSION

Designated parking should be provided along with more parking facilities

Proper time limit for parking should be maintained for the benefit of Kollam corporation
Kollam beach has proper connection with the road and proper signages should be implanted
The pedestrian path should be maintained avoiding deterioration and connection should be
made between different pathways
more green spaces can be implented and current green spaces should be maintained
there are many seating for accomodating upto 150-200 individuals altogether.
proper shading devices or alternatives should be provided.
different lighting according to functions can be brought.
the existing parks and aquariums near the beach act as a catlyst in inviting more people.
a lot of people comes to for leisure activities and more people prefer to sit in the sand
than built seating space.
Different Activities that include collapsible structures should be included
 2024 JULY 29

THANK YOU
For Listening