Lecture 3

Architecture of Arduino
development board

 http://www.arduino.cc/ 1
 What do you need to start working
with Arduino?

1. Arduino board

2. USB cable

3. Computer with USB interface

4. USB driver and Arduino application

to be downloaded from
(http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software)

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 The Arduino is a programmable hardware board that runs
an 8-bit /16 Mhz microcontroller with a special bootloader
that allows users to upload programs to the icrocontroller.
 It has digital input pins for input from switches and
output to Actuators (LEDS or electrical motors)
 It also has analog pins to accept inputs from voltage-
based sensors.
 Arduino can be used to develop stand-alone interactive
objects or can be connected to software on your computer

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 What is Arduino?/ Open Source
 Open Source Hardware
The Arduino system is open source - all hardware (made by Arduino
distributors) has the schematics and PCB layouts available online.

 Open Source Bootloader

The bootloader is what runs on the chip before the program is run. It
boots the chip and executes the program.

 Open Source Development Kit

The development kit - what you use to program an Arduino board - is
also available online. It is free, open-source.
.
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 Arduino Terminology
• I/O Board - The I/O Board is the "brain" of the
operation (main microcontroller you program it
from your computer.

• Shield - A Shield is a device that plugs into an

I/O Board. These extend the capabilities of the
I/O Board.
• Sketch - A Sketch is a program written for the
board and shields.

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 Arduino Terminology

Sensor - components (Gas, etc.)

Modules - serial data (GPS module, etc.)
pin – an input or output connected to something.
Digital – value is either HIGH or LOW.
Analog – value ranges, usually from 0-255.
 Arduino Types
 Many different versions
 Number of input/output channels
 Form factor
 Processor
 Leonardo
 Due
 Micro/Nano
 LilyPad
 Esplora
 Uno/number one
 Leonardo
 Compared to the Uno, a slight upgrade.
 Built in USB compatibility
 Presents to PC as a mouse or keyboard
 Due
 Much faster processor, many more pins
 Operates on 3.3 volts
 Similar to the Mega
 Micro/ Nano
Arduino Nano
Arduino Nano is a surface mount breadboard
embedded version with integrated USB. It is a
smallest, complete, and breadboard friendly. It has
everything that Diecimila has (electrically) with
more analog input pins and onboard +5V AREF
jumper.
 LilyPad
LilyPad Arduino
The LilyPad Arduino is a microcontroller board
designed for wearables and e-textiles. It can be
sewn to fabric and similarly mounted power
supplies, sensors and actuators with conductive
thread

.
 Esplora
 Game controller
 Includes joystick, four buttons, linear
potentiometer (slider), microphone, light sensor,
temperature sensor, three-axis accelerometer.
 Not the standard set of IO pins.
 Uno
 The pins are in three groups:
 6 analog pins

 14 digital pins

 power
 Shields
Shields connect to the I/O board to extend it's functionality.

Wireless Network Shield Color LCD Shield

GPS Shield
Power Driver Shield
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 More Shields…
Communication shields - XBee, Ethernet, and Wifi

XBee Shield

Ethernet Shield Wifi Shield 16

 Modules
Modules send serial data strings to the Arduino.

GPS Module

Bluetooth Module

Temperature & RFID Module

Humidity Sensor
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 Sensors and Modules
Shields aren't the only way to extend an Arduino board - you
can hook sensors to it!

Temp & Humidity Gas Sensor Fingerprint Scanner

Flex Sensor

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 Sensors
Photoresistor, infared, force sensitive resistor, Hall
effect, Piezo, tilt sensor..

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 Arduino Board Overview
USB chip
Digital input/output pins

USB connector Power LED

Reset button

Microcontroller
chip
Power connector

Power Analog
pins Input
pins
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Arduino Components

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Nano

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Nano

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Arduino Board Schematic

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Components of the Arduino
• ATMega168/328
• 16MHz crystal/filtering
capacitors
• Onboard power
regulators
• FTDI USB <-> Serial
Chip
• Hardware

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 Necessary parts for any
circuit
• ATMega168/328
• The ‘brains’ of the
Arduino
• Program is loaded
onto the chip
• Runs main loop until
power is removed
• That’s it! All other
parts are optional!

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 Optional parts: Timing
• 16Mhz Crystal
• The ‘heartbeat’ of the
ATMega chip
• Speed of crystal
determines chip speed
• Possible to
over/underclock
depending on
application
• ATMega series has
onboard oscillator; less
precise
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 Power Supply
• 5 Volt and 3.3 Volt
Regulators
• Filtering capacitors
• Automatic switching
between external and
USB Power
• Leave it out if you
have a filtered 5 Volt
power supply

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 FTDI USB Chip
• Allows your Arduino
to communicate with
your computer over a
simple USB link
• Only necessary for
communicating with
USB

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 Hardware
• Circuit Board
• Headers
• USB port
• Sockets

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 Digital Input/Output

• Digital IO is binary
1

valued—it’s either on or
off, 1 or 0 0

• Internally, all
microprocessors are
digital, why?
 Digital or Analog?
• Digital – may take two values only: ON or OFF (1 or 0)
• Analog – has many (infinite) values

Computers don’t really do analog -- so they fake it, with quantization

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IO Pins
 Arduino Digital I/0
pinMode(pin_no., dir)

Sets pin to either INPUT or OUTPUT

digitalRead(pin)

Reads HIGH or LOW from a pin

digitalWrite(pin, value)

Writes HIGH or LOW to a pin

 Pin Used as an Output
• Turn on LED, which is connected
to pin Arduino pin 0 (PD0) (note
ATmega328
the resistor!)

• What should the data direction Arduino

pin 0
be for pin 0 (PD0)? (PD0)

• pinMode(0,OUTPUT);
• Turn on the LED
• digitalWrite(0,HIGH) ;
• Turn off the LED
• digitalWrite(0,LOW);
Pins as Inputs and Pull-up Resistors - 1
• Using a switch as a sensor
• Ex. Seat belt sensor ATmega328

• Detect the switch state Arduino

•
pin 3
What should the data direction (PD3)
be for Arduino pin 3 (PD3)?
• pinMode(3, INPUT);
• What will the voltage be on PD3
when the switch is closed?
• What will the voltage be on PD3
when the switch is open?

• Indeterminate!
Pins as Inputs and Pull-up Resistors - 2
• Switch as a sensor, cont.
• Make the voltage on the pin
determinate by turning on the pull-up ATmega328
resistor for PD3 VTG= +5V

• Assuming PD3 is an input:

• digitalWrite(3,HIGH); turns
1
PD3
on the “pull-up” resistor 0

• pinMode(3,INPUT_PULLUP);

• What will the voltage on PD3 be

when the switch is open?
• VTG
• What will the voltage on PD3 be
when the switch is closed?
Pins as Inputs and Pull-up Resistors - 3

•
ATmega328
Switch as a sensor, cont. VTG= +5V

• To turn off the pull-up

1
PD3
resistor
0

• Assuming PD3 is an
input:
• digitalWrite(3,LOW); turns the
“pull-up” resistor off
Pins as Inputs and Pull-up Resistors - 4

ATmega328
VTG= +5V

• Possibility of ‘weak drive’ 1

iweak
PD3
• Pin set as an input with a 0

pull-up resistor turned on

can source a small current
 Pin Voltages
• Output pins can provide 40 mA of current
• HIGH or LOW (logic: 1 or 0)
• Voltages
• TTL
• 5 V (for HIGH)
• 0 V (for LOW)
• 3.3 V CMOS
• 3.3 V (for HIGH)
• 0 V (for LOW)
 input voltage to the Arduino board
41The power pins are as follows:

• Vin. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the
power jack, access it through this pin.
• 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from Vin via an on-board
regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.
• 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board FTDI chip. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.
• GND. Ground pins.

USB connector

Power connector

3V3 output 5V output Vin