D and F Block Elements
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d & f - Block Elements
Some Important
d-block
elements
compound
The d-Block
Elements
d & f - Block Elements
● Four transition series: ● Ionisation potentials : The ionisation potentials of
(i) 3d series: From Sc (21) to Zn (30) d-block elements increase as we move across each
(ii) 4d series : From Y (39) to Cd (48) series from left to right, although the increase is not
(iii) 5d series: La (57), Hf(72) to Hg (80)
quite regular, e.g., in the first series, the values for
(iv) 6d series : Ac (89), Rf (104) to Cn (112)
Sc, Ti, V and Cr differ very slightly. Similarly the
● Electronic configuration: (n -1) d1-10 ns1-2
values Fe, Co, Ni and Cu are fairly close to one
● Atomic Size : Atomic and ionic radii of d-block another. The value for Zn is appreciably higher due
elements is smaller than s-block elements.
to the additional stability associated with completely
Atomic radii depends on effective nuclear charge
(Zeff) and screening effect (SE). filled 3d-level in Zn (Zn 🠆 3d104s2).
In 3d series : Sc 🠆 Cr (Zeff > SE) ∴ radius ● Standard electrode potential : values
decreases are more negative than values (except
Mn 🠆 Ni(Zeff = SE) ∴ radius remains constant ;
Cu 🠆 Zn(Zeff < SE) Cu). These metals (except Cu) evolve H2(g) and
∴ radius increases hence are oxidised easily when reacted with acid
Decrease in the radii with increase in atomic solutions is highest (+0.34) in first
number is not regular. Atomic radii tend to reach
transition series and does not liberate H2(g) from
minimum near at the middle of the series and
increase slightly towards the end of the series. acids. is highest (+ 0.34) in first transition series and
● Melting and boiling points : M.P. and B.P. of does not liberate H2(g) from acids.
d-block elements is greater than of s-block (the ● Cr is unreactive although high negative
reason is stronger metallic bond and presence of value due to the formation of non-reactive invisible
covalent bond formed by unpaired d-electrons).
layer of Cr203
● of Co and Ni is exceptionally high d & f - Block Elements
positive value due to high (negative) hydration enthalpy.
● Oxidation state: Shows variable oxidation states due to
involvement of (ns) and (n—I)d electrons in bonding.
● Magnetic property: Transition elements and many of their
compounds are paramagnetic. The magnetic moment (It)
can be calculated by using where 'n' is
the number of unpaired electrons in the metal ion
● Coloured compounds: Forms coloured compounds due
to d-d transition.
● Forms complexes: Due to small highly charged ions and
vacant d-orbitals
● Forms interstitial compounds: As they are able to
entrap atoms of elements having small atomic size like H,
C, N, B etc.
● Oxides: Oxides in lower oxidation states are basic,
whereas those with higher. oxidation state are acidic or
amphoteric
Lanthanoids: 14 elements from Ce to Lu General E.C: Colour : The lanthanoid ions have unpaired electrons in
6s2 5a0-1 4f-114 their 4f- orbitals. Thus these ions absorbs visible
Atomic and Ionic Sizes region of light can undergo f-f transition and hence
In the lanthanoid series with increasing atomic number,
there is a progressive 3+decrease in the size from exhibit colour.
lanthanum to lutetium (La to Lu3+). This contraction in
size is known as lanthanoid contraction. In these ● They are highly dense metals with high m.pts.
elements the added electron enters in the deep seated ● Ionisation Energies - The first I.E.'s are around
f-orbitals and therefore experiences considerable pull by
the nucleus. Such an electron cannot add to the size of 600 kJ mol-1' and second about 1200 kJ mol-1 which
the element and also because the intervening 5s2p6d1
electronic shells, have very little screening effect on the are comparable with those of calcium. The 3rd I.E.
outermost 6s2 electrons. Hence with increasing atomic
number, the enhanced nuclear charge leads to is low if it leads to stable empty, half-filled or
contraction in the size of atoms and ions. completely filled configuration. This is the reason
Oxidation states : All the lanthanoids attains +3 oxidation
state and only cerium, praseodymium, terbium, and for very low 3rd I.E. of La, Gd and Lu.
dysprosium exhibit higher oxidation state (+4).
Oxidation states + 2 and +4 occur particularly when they ● Electropositive character- High due to low I.P.
lead to
(a) A noble gas configuration e.g. CO4+ (f 0) ● Complex formation- Do not have much tendency
to form complexes due to low charge density
(b) A half filled `f ’ orbital e.g. Eu2+, TIP4+, (f 7)
(c) A completely filled ' f ' orbital e.g. Yb2+ (f14) because of their large size.
● Reducing Agent - They readily lose electrons so
they act as good reducing agents.
Due to lanthanide contraction, pairs of elements
such as Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta and Mo/W are almost identical
in size. They are used in the production of alloy
steel known as mirsch metal (Ln-95%, Fr-5% traces
of S, C, Ca & Al) which is used in making
Mg—based alloy to produce bullets, shell and
lighter flint.
D and F Block Elements
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