ART APPRECIATION Lecture Handout

Compiled by: Jonathan T. Estoquia,

LPT

What is ART?
The word art is from the Latin arti, which means craftsmanship, inventiveness,
mastery of form, and skill. It is the process of using our senses and emotions in
making creative activities (Marcos, 2010). It is a human capability to make things
beautiful through the production of his imagination depending on the
preparation, theme, medium, and values used.

ART Major classifications:

Visual
 Painting
 Sculpture
 Architecture
 Drawing
 Photography
Performance
 Theater
 Music
 Dance
 Film
 Opera
Literary
 Prose
 Poetry

What is an ARTIST?
The word artist comes from the French word artiste and the Spanish artista, which
means “performer.” An artist most often refers to those who create within the
context of the fine arts such as acting, dancing, drawing, filmmaking, painting,
sculpture, writing, photography, and music. They are those who use imagination,
and a skill to construct works that may be judged to have aesthetic importance.

What is CREATIVITY?
The ability to make or otherwise bring into existence something new, whether a
new solution to a problem, a new method or device, or a new artistic object or
form.

Phases of CREATIVITY
1. The Creation of ideas. Artists are usually impressionable people. They use
their experiences as their basis in the making of dance, picture, a poem, a
play, or a song.
2. The Creation of the materials. The artist uses different materials or mediums
to give form to an idea.
3. The Creation of Forms. There are diverse forms used by artists in
expressing their ideas. It is a medium of artistic expression recognized as
fine art. This form is used to explain the physical nature of the artwork.
Functions of ARTS
 Individual Function - Artists perform arts because of their passion. A singer
presents a concert for free because of his advocacy and love for singing.
 Social Function - Man associates with others through his art performances
that arouse social consciousness. Examples of this association are choral
singing, group dancing, public art exhibits, and other practices.
 Economic Function - Art is an emerging potent force in the economic life of
people. It assumes an essential role as a direct and indirect contributor to
state economies. An example of this is by generating economic vitality in
underperforming regions through crafts, tourism, and cultural attractions.
 Political Function - Art provides a forum for ideas that will lead to prestige,
status, and power. During the election period, the candidates created their
artworks that express their propaganda, agendas, and political views about making a
stable society.
 Historical Function - Art is an essential technique for information to be
recorded and preserved. It serves to document or reconstruct historical
figures and events. Most arts that are in Museums, are filled with amazing stories
about the world’s most excellent and most creative people who brought us their
treasures.
 Cultural Function - Art is the articulation and transmission of new
information and values. When you think of Manila, you probably think of Fort
Santiago, Luneta Park, and its world- renowned churches, or the famous Intramuros.
 Physical Function - Buildings are artistically designed and constructed to
protect their occupants and make their life inside more meaningful.
Architects, Industrial and Graphic Designers, and Interior Decorators share
responsibility in building structures that balance forms and functions.
 Aesthetic Function - Any artwork means beauty. It is a visual spice for
gracefully adorned interiors and can bring out the most elegant features of
different décor elements.

Purpose of ART
 Create Beauty
 Provide Decoration
 Reveal Truth
 Express Values
 Commemorate Experience
 Create Harmony

Difference between purpose and function: a purpose is what makes an object

exist, while a function determines what the object can do. A kitchen knife has the
function of cutting food. Its purpose is to make food easier to eat.

Principles of ART
 Principle of Harmony. When all elements of art interact well in an artwork,
visual harmony is attained. This is accomplished by using similar types of
geometric shapes, lines, or colors within a work of art to create a unified
composition.
 Principle of Variety. A stable composition will also demonstrate the
principle of variety. It is accomplished by using differing colors, lines, and
shapes within an artwork to make key areas stand out.
 Principle of Balance. It refers to the symmetry of opposing visual forces. It
is created in a work of art when colors, forms, shapes or textures are
combined harmoniously.
  Principle of Movement. It is the way that an eye moves throughout a work
of art. In this work of art, our eye moves up through the pattern in the
rippling surface of the water to the two paddlers. An artist creates a visual
movement to drive the eye to the focal point of the artwork.
 Principle of Emphasis. It refers to the need for an artist to create a focal
point within an artwork. This artistic point is an essential part of a work of
art, and the viewer’s eye should be drawn to that area.
 Principle of Proportion. This principle is created when the sizes of elements
in an artwork art are combined harmoniously. The artist usually tries to
make all the parts in a composition relate logically to each other to depict
the human form within the proper proportion.
 Principle of Rhythm. It refers to the use of visual patterns within a work of
art. Models within an artwork are created by repeating certain colors,
lines, or shapes in specific areas.

The Value of Arts in the Educational System

 Arts are worth studying because they serve to connect our imaginations
with the most profound questions of human existence.
 Arts are always used because it helps to present issues and ideas to teach,
persuade, and entertain people.
 Arts are integral to every person’s daily life because it helps shape our
spiritual, political, economic, cultural, and social environments.
 Arts are refreshing because it offers unique sources of enjoyment, and it
investigates relationships between thoughts and actions.
 Arts develop students’ attitudes because it teaches self-discipline, reinforces
self- esteem, fosters thinking skills and creativity, and values the
importance of teamwork and cooperation.

History of ART
 Prehistoric ART
o oldest known cave painting (painting of a pig, Indonesia - 45,500 years old)
o Angono Petroglyphs (4,000+ years old). The oldest known work of art
in the Philippines
 Historic ART (Ancient Egypt)
o First written literature - “Epic of Gilgamesh”
o First temple – Ziggurat
o Egyptian Pyramids – Khufu Pyramid (largest)
o Sphinx - a mythical figure, half-man, half-lion
o Obelisk – a giant monolith that serves as protection from evil spirits.
 Historic ART (Indus Valley)
o First fable - Panchatantra
o World’s longest epic – Mahabharata
o Stamp Seal – for status symbol
o Taj Mahal – mausoleum
 Historic ART (Ancient China)
o Oldest known book - Diamond Sutra
o Terracotta Warriors
 Historic ART (Ancient Greece)
o The Iliad and the Odyssey – by the blind poet, Homer
 o Parthenon
 Historic ART (Ancient Rome)
o Colosseum
o Pantheon
 Modern ART
o The Prince (political discourse), Niccolo Machiavelli
o The Divine Comedy (an epic poem), Dante Alighieri
o Romeo and Juliet (play, tragedy), William Shakespeare
o The Canterbury Tales (collection of stories), Geoffrey Chaucer
o Paradise Lost (epic poem), John Milton
o Utopia (socio-political fiction), Thomas More
o Don Quixote (novel), Miguel de Cervantes
o Great Expectations (novel), Charles Dickens
o Moby Dick (novel), Herman Melville
o Robinson Crusoe (novel), Daniel Defoe
o In Praise of Folly (essay), Desiderius Erasmus
o How my Brother Leon brought home a wife (short story), Manuel Arguilla
o The Summer Solstice (short story), Nick Joaquin
o How Do I Love Thee? (poem), Elizabeth Barrett Browning
o The Road Not Taken (poem), Robert Frost
o The Raven (poem), Edgar Allan Poe
o O Captain! My Captain! (poem), Walt Whitman

Elements of MUSIC
 Harmony - the sound of two or more notes heard simultaneously.
 Key - the main group of pitches, or notes, that form the harmonic
foundation of a piece of music.
 Melody - refers to the tune of a song or piece of music.
 Pitch - the perceptual property that allows the ordering of sounds on a
frequency-related scale either relative lowness or highness.
 Rhythm - the pattern of the sound in time and beats in music.
 Tempo - it regards to the speed of a given piece of music
 Texture - refers to how the harmonic materials are combined in a composition.
 Timbre - refers to the quality of the sound that distinguishes one voice or
instrument from another.
 Dynamics - deals with how loud or soft the sound is played.

MUSIC Genres
 Classical - a sophisticated form of composition as it requires skills like
learning the ability to coordinate with other musicians.
 Folk – the type of music that reflects the emotions of common people.
Cultural and popular music are the two sub-genres of folk music.
 Jazz – complex and strong beats feature this type of music. The main
instruments used for this type of music are a cornet, trumpet, or violin.
 Rock – this music genre requires the vocals to be accompanied by bass,
drums, and guitar.
 Hip-hop – always includes the use of an instrument such as bass, drum,
guitar, piano, violin, and fiddle. In this type of music, the bass is the main
instrument.
 MUSICAL Instruments Classification
 Woodwinds
 Brass
 Percussion
 String

FAMOUS MUSIC COMPOSERS

 GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL – composed “Zadok the Priest” (British Coronation)

 JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH - Regarded as one of the greatest composers of all
time
 JOSEPH HAYDN - “Father of the Symphony”
 WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART - Musical prodigy who started composing music
at
the age of 5
 LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN - German composer and pianist who became deaf
 LEVI CELERIO - The world-famous “leaf musician”. He wrote the lyrics of the
song “Sa Ugoy ng Duyan”
 LUCIO SANPEDRO – composer of “Sa Ugoy ng Duyan”
 CECILE LICAD – World-famous Filipina classical pianist
 NICANOR ABELARDO - Father of Philippine Sonata. Composed the official hymn
of U.P.
 JULIAN FELIPE - Father of the Philippine National Anthem

Elements of PAINTING
 Line - the simplest element in painting.
o Vertical – action, strength, dynamism
o Horizontal – serenity, calmness, stability
o Diagonal – tension, movement
o Curved – softness, flexibility, gentleness
 Color - artists used colors to convey feelings and moods within their painting
o Red, yellow, and blue are the primary colors. Their mixture
produces secondary colors: green, orange, and violet.
o Complementary Colors - these colors sit contrary to each other on
the color wheel. Because they are opposites, they tend to look lively
when used together. Examples of these colors are red and green.
o Analogous Colors - these colors sit next to each other on the color
wheel. They tend to look pleasant together because they are closely
related. Orange, yellow- orange, and yellow are an example of
analogous colors.
o Neutral Colors - They are sometimes called “earth tones.” These
colors don’t usually show up on the color wheel. Neutral colors
include black, white, gray, and occasionally brown and beige.
o Warm Colors - these colors are made with orange, red, yellow, or
some combination of these. The colors of the sunset give a feeling
of brightness and heat.
o Cool Colors - these colors are made with blue, green, purple, or
some combination of these. These colors make you think of cool
and peaceful things, like winter skies and ponds.
 o Symbolism and Meaning of Primary Colors: RED - noted as the
warmest of all types of colors. It is most chosen by extroverts and
one of the top choices among males. Red is a color that is
associated with fiery heat and warmth and has a strong symbolism
about life and vitality. BLUE - known as the calmest color like that of
the sky and ocean. It is the color of inspiration, sincerity, and
spirituality and is often the chosen color by conservative people.
YELLOW – is considered as the easiest color to recognize. It is a
symbol of creativity and intellectual vitality. It also symbolizes
wisdom, and happiness and brings awareness and clarity.
 Texture - it is a component of two-sided and three-sided designs and is
distinguished by its perceived visual and physical properties. Texture is
used to describe the way a three- dimensional work feels when touched. In
two-dimensional models, such as painting, it may refer to the visual "feel"
of a piece.
 Perspective - an art technique for creating an illusion of three-dimension
with depth and space. Its real goal is to create a viewpoint for the
audience that will best communicate the subject and serve its message.
Perspective is the same as “viewpoint” and “position.” It is what makes a
painting seem to have form, distance, and look "real" (Evans, 2002). It is
projected according to its levels namely: foreground, middle ground, and
background
 Shapes - an element in painting that helps express ideas. It helps to
interact, and independently evoke agitation, purposeful energy, direction,
etc.
 Symbols - artists often include symbolic objects in their paintings that have
a special meaning or a special message. It is used to express ideas such
as death, hope, life, etc.

Pigment – part of the paint which supplies the color, a fine powder ground from
some clay, stone, or mineral extracted from plants or trees.

What color is Ultramarine?

Ultramarine Pigment - name comes from ultramarinus, which means “beyond the
sea”. Made from Lapis lazuli, a mineral found in Afghanistan.

Mediums of PAINTING
 Tempera – earth or mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk and egg white.
Since the paint dries quickly, corrections are difficult to make.
 Oil – the pigment is mixed with linseed oil. Oil paints are slow to dry, and
the painting can be changed and worked over a long period of time.
 Watercolor – a type of paint that can be mixed with water to create
translucent layers of color on paper
 Acrylic – water-based paint composed of pigment particles dispersed in
an acrylic polymer emulsion.
 Encaustic – it is heated beeswax to which colored stains are added. The
paste is then applied to a wood-based canvas.
 Fresco – a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime
plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge
with the plaster.

PAINTING Styles
 ABSTRACT – an art in painting that does not attempt to accurately depict
a visual reality but instead uses colors, shapes, forms, and gestural marks
to achieve its effect.
 BAROQUE – characterized by dynamism (a sense of motion), which is
augmented by extravagant effects.
  IMPRESSIONISM – a type of art presenting the real-life subject with
emphasis on the impression left in the artist’s perception, particularly the
effect of light on the object used as a subject.
 STILL LIFE – a work of art that shows inanimate objects from the natural
or man-made world, such as fruit, flowers, dead game, and/or vessels like
baskets or bowls.
 CUBISM – a form of abstraction wherein the object is first reduced to
cubes and then flattened into two-dimensional shapes.

FAMOUS PAINTERS
 Leonardo Da Vinci
o MONA LISA
o The Italian name for the painting Mona Lisa is La Gioconda, which
means "jocund" ("happy").
o Portrait of Lisa Gherardini
o Adjusted to inflation: worth $870M
 Michelangelo
o Sistine Chapel Paintings
 Raphael
o The School of Athens
 Rembrandt
 Vincent Van Gogh
o The Starry Night
 Pablo Picasso
o Guernica
o ”Father of Cubism”
 Damian Domingo
o “Father of Philippine painting”
 Juan N. Luna
o Spoliarium – won gold medal in the 1884 Madrid Art Exposition
o Portrait of a Lady
o The Parisian Life
o The Death of Cleopatra
 Felix R. Hidalgo
o Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace – won silver medal in the 1884
Madrid
Art Exposition
 Fabian de la Rosa
 Fernando Amorsolo
o The 1st National Artist of the Philippines
 Carlos Francisco

FAMOUS SCULPTORS
 Donatello
 Michelangelo
o Pieta

o
GUILLERMO TOLENTINO
o Bonifacio Monument
o The Oblation (U.P.)
NAPOLEON ABUEVA
o “Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture”
ABDULMARI IMAO
o 1st Muslim National Artist
EDUARDO CASTRILLO
o Known for his “landmark” sculptures.
RAMON ORLINA
o Used glass as medium
CRITICAL TEST ANALYSIS

 Representational art – refers to art that represents something, whether a

tree in a landscape, an apple in a still life, or a figure in a portrait. Or in
other words, it is an art that is clearly identifiable as something which
already exists in life.
 Art is Universal. It's not localized and isn't exclusive to any particular
culture, region, or country. This means that each culture can benefit from
having its culture represented in its art and that every person can have
access to authentic art.
 Hornbostel-Sachs - musical instrument classification devised by Erich
Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs
o Idiophones
o Membranophones
o Chordophones
o Aerophones
o Electrophones
 ISLAND NICKNAMES
o Culinary Capital – PAMPANGA
o Heart – MARINDUQUE
o Seafood Capital - ROXAS CITY
o Saltmaking Capital – PANGASINAN
o Special Science and Nature City - LOS BAÑOS
o Sugar Capital - NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
o Marble Capital – ROMBLON
o Bangus Capital – DAGUPAN
o Ilonggo City of the South – KORONADAL
o Asia’s Latin City – ZAMBOANGA
o Carving Capital – PAETE (Laguna)
o Onion Capital – BONGABON (Nueva Ecija)
o Little HongKong of the South – PAGADIAN
o Salad Bowl - LA TRINIDAD, BENGUET