Concrete – Introduction

S P Singh
Professor of Civil Engineering
Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology
Jalandhar – 144 008
e [email protected]
m 98140 88475
CEPC-205: Concrete Technology [3 0 0]
Introduction: Concrete as a Structural material, constituent materials of
concrete.
Cement: Types of cements, basic chemistry, heat of hydration, Testing of
cement: fineness, consistency, setting times, strength, types of Portland
cements, expansive cements, pozzolanas.
Aggregates: Classification of aggregates, Mechanical properties: bond,
strength, toughness, hardness, physical properties, specific gravity, bulk
density, porosity and absorption, moisture content, bulking of sand, sieve
analysis, fineness modulus, grading of aggregate.
Mix Design: Factors to be considered: water/cement ratio, durability,
workability, cement and aggregate content, design of mix by IS Code Method.
Physical Properties of Fresh Concrete: Workability: factors affecting,
methods of determination of workability, density of fresh concrete.
CEPC-205: Concrete Technology
Mixing, Handling, Placing & compaction of concrete: Mixers, mixing time, ready
mixed concrete, pumped concrete, vibration of concrete, internal & external
vibrators, re-vibration, shotcrete.
Strength of concrete: Porosity, gel/space ratio, total voids in concrete, factors
affecting strength: water/cement ratio, relation between tensile & compressive
strengths; bond to reinforcement.
Permeability and Durability: Permeability, sulphate attack, action of frost, frost
resistance concrete.
Special concretes: Polymer – Concrete composites, fibre reinforced concrete,
ferrocement, roller compacted concrete.
Books Recommended:
1. Neville A M and Brookes J J “Concrete Technology” Pearson Publishers, New Delhi, 1994.
2. Neville A M “Properties of Concrete” Pearson Publishers, New Delhi, 2004.
3. Gambhir M L “Concrete Technology” Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1995.
4. Shetty M S “Concrete Technology” S. Chand & Company, New Delhi, 2002.
5. Mehta P K “Microstructure of Concrete” Indian Concrete Institute and ACC Bombay, 1997.
6. Indian Standard Codes – to be supplied as and when required.
CEPC-205: Concrete Technology
Course Objectives
1. To provide awareness regarding concrete as a structural material.
2. To make students knowledgeable about the materials used to make concrete; including
their sources, production and properties.
3. To provide knowledge regarding designing of normal concrete mixes.
4. To make students aware of understanding of various properties of concrete in fresh and
hardened state.
Course outcomes
1. Knowledge of concrete as a structural material.
2. Knowledge of materials used to make concrete; including their sources, production and
properties.
3. Knowledge of designing of normal concrete mixes.
4. An understanding of various properties of concrete in fresh and hardened state.
Buraj Khalifa – Landmark of Concrete
Construction
 Height : 828 m
 Number of floors : 160+
 Total area : 4,65,000 m2
 Tower cost : USD 4.2 bn

 The height and number

of storeys were kept
secret till the opening of
the Tower.

 2,80,000 m2 covered area

Buraj Khalifa – Landmark of Concrete
Construction
 High Performance Self Compacting Concrete
(HPSCC) – mix designed to provide low permeability
and high durability used in the walls and columns.
Concrete of strength 60 – 80 N/mm2 used Portland
cement, fly ash and local aggregates.
 The primary structural system of Buraj Khalifa is
Reinforced Concrete.

 Over 45,000 m3 of concrete used in the foundations.

 Over 3,30,000 m3 of concrete used in the

construction of the building.

 Over 50,000 tonnes of steel rebars used in the

construction.

 Concrete pumped to a World record height of 606 m

and the structure above is of light steel.
Infrastructure Investment in India
Infrastructure Development in India
 Major part of the infrastructure
development is in the form of highways,
bridges, airports, rail network, mulit-istorey
buildings etc.

 India has the second largest road network

in the world of more than 5 million KMs.
Expressways and highways are 4800 KMs.

 India has one of the largest rail network in

the world – more than 65000 KMs.
Infrastructure Development in India
 Need to bridge infrastructure gaps
to sustain economic growth.

 Since concrete is the pre-dominant

construction material in India, a
major share of the infrastructure
development is in the form of
concrete structures wherein cement
based concrete composites are
playing a niche role.
Construction Industry in India
 Construction constitutes 40-50% of the capital expenditure in India on projects
in various sectors.

 The total size of Indian construction industry is estimated to be USD 640

billions and is growing at approximately 6-7% p.a.

 India has the second largest construction industry in Asia after China.

 In the organized sector construction industry has approximately 15 million

people and in the unorganized sector another 40 million.

 Over 170000 construction companies are registered across the country.

 Construction industry has mainly small contractors/companies and a few large

corporates.
Chronological Developments
 Just after independence in 1950s the thrust was mainly on the
construction of irrigation and hydel power projects.

 During next decade (1960s), various industrial structures such as thermal

power stations, textile mills, fertilizer plants and prestressed bridges
were constructed.

 1970s saw the upcoming of various nuclear power reactors.

 During eighties Indian engineers had the opportunity of executing some

foreign projects in Iraq, Libya, Jordan etc.

 During 1990s owing to globalization large number of bridges, multistory

structures, flyovers, roads and industrial structures were realized.
Concrete Construction
 Concrete is the world‘s most versatile, durable and reliable construction material.

 It is the most widely used construction material, because structural steel

construction is relatively expensive.

 Concrete construction is about 100 years old in India.

 Many RCC and Prestressed concrete structures built 80 years ago have performed
well.

 Almost all the ingredients required for preparation of concrete are readily available
in the Country.

 Most of the concrete construction equipment such as batching plant, mixers,

concrete pumps etc. are easily available.

 Ready mixed concrete industry is relatively new in India.

Welcome to the World of Concrete
Welcome to the World of Concrete
Concrete and Facts
 The most widely used construction material. About 10
billlion tonnes of concrete is produced every year.
 The second most consumed material after water on earth.
 Over 70% of the world’s population lives in structures that
are made of concrete.
 Concrete is the most natural-disaster proof building
material in the world.
 Concrete gets stronger as it gets older.
 Concrete will last longer than any other building material.
How Old Concrete is?
5000 years!!
 Egyptians used concrete about 3000 BC to
build pyramids.
Used gypsum mortars and mortars of lime
& mud mixed with straw to bind blocks.
 Romans used a form of concrete about
2000 years ago to build the Coliseum in
Rome.
Used small gravel and coarse sand mixed
with hot lime and water, and sometimes
even animal blood.
To help prevent the concrete from
shrinkage, the Romans added horse hair to
the mix.
History of Concrete
 In 1886, the first rotary kiln was introduced in England that
made constant production of cement.
 In 1889- Alvord Lake Bridge, the first concrete reinforced bridge
was built in San Francisco. Alvord Lake Bridge still exists today,
over two hundred years after it was built!
 In 1891, George Bartholomew, placed the first concrete street in
the U.S.A. in Bellefontaine, Ohio it still exists today.
 In 1903, the first concrete high rise built in Cincinnati, Ohio.
 In 1930, air entraining agents were introduced to concrete to
improve resistance to freeze/thaw damage.
 In 1936, the first major concrete dams, Hoover Dam and Grand
Coulee Dam were built.
History of Concrete
 In the 1970's, fibre reinforcement was introduced to concrete.
 In the 1980's superplasticizers were introduced as admixtures.
 In 1992 the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world was
built in Chicago, Illinois (946 ft.).
 In 1999, polished concrete was first introduced in the U.S.A. by
HTC, a Swedish company.
 As of 2011, one of the tallest reinforced concrete building is the
Burj Khalifa in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. This high rise
building stands 2,717 feet tall, used 431,600 cubic yards of
concrete and 61,000 tons of rebar.
Concrete Composition
 Concrete is a composite material with cement paste as
matrix phase and aggregates as reinforcement.
 Cement paste fills the voids between aggregates and
coats their surface and binds them together. Aggregates
provides volume to the concrete.
 Conventional Concrete constituents are: (Three)
 Cement (7-14% by volume)
 Aggregates (60-70% by volume)
 Water (14-21 % by volume)
Advantages of Concrete
• High compressive strength.
• Durable under normal conditions of exposure.
• Gains strength with age.
• Can be moulded into any form in fresh state.
• Can be manufactured to cater special requirements.
• Properties can be controlled with in a wide range.
• Thermal expansion (10 -14 x 10-6/oC) matches that of steel (13
x 10-6/oC) in the usual range of temperature.
• Can be manufactured from locally available materials.
• Has good bonding with steel reinforcement.
• Has hard surface and good mass.
• Good fire resistance.
Disadvantages of Concrete
 Very low tensile strength.

 Concrete members are bulky in comparison to steel.

 Tendency to be porous due to presence of voids.

 Undergoes shrinkage during setting and hardening.

 Needs time to gain strength under normal conditions.

 Needs strict quality control for good performance.

Concrete Technologies : Indian Scenario
- Increased Use of Admixtures
 Use of mineral admixtures, water – reducing admixtures, viscosity
modifying agents, accelerators, retarders, etc. in concrete practice has
increased significantly in the recent years.

 Even for M35-40 Grade concrete, super-plasticisers used in Delhi Metro

project to get a slump > 100 mm.

 In the recent years – a transformation in availability and type of SPs in

India.

 Retarders commonly used in Ready Mixed Concrete whereas,

accelerators are being used in tunnel lining and shortcrete mixes.
 Viscosity modifying agents: Common in self compacting concrete.
Mineral Admixtures in Concrete

 Flyash

 Micro-silica

 Rice Husk Ash

 Metakaolin

Mechanism in concrete

 Pozzolanic action

 Pore refinement
Mineral Admixtures in Concrete
 IS 456 : 2000 has a distinct difference than its earlier version of
1978—Clause 5.2 is specifically added to mention the use of Fly
Ash, Metakaolin, Rice Husk Ash, GGBS and Silica Fume in
concrete.

 Out of more than 90 coal based thermal power plants in India

more than 30 have installed the dry mode of collection of Fly
Ash resulting in the availability of better quality Fly Ash.

 During recent years there has been increased awareness of the

huge potential of production of Metakaolin in the country.
High Performance Concrete

 Concrete may be regarded as high performance for several

different reasons

 high strength

 high workability

 high durability

– and perhaps also improved visual appearance.

Binary and Ternary Blends in Concrete

CEMENT + SCMs

Binary
(Cement + One SCM)

Flyash, Micro- Silica, Slag, RHA etc. Ternary

(Cement + Two SCMs)

Flyash + Micro- Silica,

GGBFS+ Micro- Silica
HPC – Applications in India
Kaiga Atomic Power Project Unit 2

Portland Cement : 400 Kg/m3

Silica Fume : 25 Kg/m3
Water and ice flakes : 136 Kg/m3
Coarse aggregate (20 mm) : 1069
Kg/m3 Figure 20 Soffit formwork of dome.
Fine aggregate (natural + crushed) : 827 Kg/m3
Slump : 175+25mm
Air Content : 2%
Average compressive strength : 75.9 MPa
(28 days); 81.4 MPa (180 days)
Average split tensile strength : 4.36 MPa

Figure 21 Dome after completion

of concreting.
HPC – Applications in India
Urban Viaduct, Mumbai, India

Portland Cement : 500 Kg/m3

Silica Fume : 50 Kg/m3
Water : 148 Kg/m3
Coarse aggregate (20 mm) : 762 Kg/m3
Coarse aggregate (10 mm) : 384 Kg/m3
Fine aggregate (natural + crushed) : 682 Kg/m3
Slump : 130-180mm
Air Content : 1.5%
Average compressive strength : 71.8 MPa (7
days); 81.3 MPa (28 days)
Figure 22 Viaduct connecting JJ
Hospital with Palton road
(Mumbai).
HPC – Applications in India
Mumbai Pune Expressway

Figure 24 Mumbai Pune expressway. Figure 25 Under side of expressway.

 Connects Mumbai and Pune – 94 KM across six tunnels.

 Silica fume concrete used for shotcreting of tunnels.

 About 20% reduction in rebound for shortcreting of tunnels was achieved by using silica
fume and the area covered was about 2,60,000 m2.
HPC – Applications in India
Bridges (Second Narmada Bridge and Bandra Worli Sealink)
 Cement content of only 330 Kg/m3 with silica fume
content of 33 Kg/m3 was sufficient to produce a
compressive strength of about 75 MPa.

 In the Second Narmada Bridge in Bharuch (Gujarat)

piers and pier caps were constructed with M60 grade of
High Performance Concrete containing silica fume.
Figure 26 Sunset view of Bandra worli
sealink.
HPC – Applications in India
Tehri Hydro Project Spillway

Portland Cement : 470 Kg/m3

Silica Fume : 38 Kg/m3
Water : 155 Kg/m3
Coarse aggregate (20 mm) : 1272 Kg/m3
Fine aggregate : 514 Kg/m3
Slump : 105mm
Concrete grade : M60
Super-plasticizer : 10.7 Kg/m3
HPC – Applications in India
Kesar Solitaire Project, Navi Mumbai
(Self Compacting Concrete)

Portland Cement : 400 Kg/m3

Fly ash : 175 Kg/m3
Silica Fume : 20 Kg/m3
Water : 196 Kg/m3
Coarse aggregate : 747 Kg/m3
Fine aggregate : 396 Kg/m3
Slump flow : 650mm
Super-plasticizer : 0.8%
Compressive strength : 54 MPa (28
days)
High Strength Concrete - Binary Blends
Achieving Comparable Early Strength
Permeation and Durability
Ternary and Quaternary Blends

 The decrease in the temperature of hydration depends not only on the rate of replacement but
also on the type of cementitious material incorporated.

 Fly ash seems to have a greater effect than slag and silica fume in reducing the rise in
temperature due to hydration.
Ternary and Quaternary Blends

 At early age and up to 7 days,

blended concretes developed lower
strengths than control concrete.

 At 28 days and beyond,

compressive strengths of blended
concretes are clearly better than
control concrete.

 Ternary and quaternaries with fly

ash or slag with rate of cement
replacement of 25, 50 and 60% show
the best later age compressive
strengths.
Ternary and Quaternary Blends

 As the rate of cement replacement  After more than 500 days of air curing at 50%
increases, concrete permeability RH at 23degC, blended concretes developed
decreases. less drying shrinkage than control concrete.
 Ternary and quaternary concretes develop  There is swelling of the ternary and
a very low chloride ion permeability quaternary concretes prior to air drying which
compared to control concrete with could have contributed to slowing the
moderate permeability. development of shrinkage.
High Strength Concrete (HSC)
 High strength concrete (HSC) might be regarded as concrete
with a strength in excess of 60MPa and such concrete can be
produced as relatively normal concrete with a higher cement
content and a normal water-reducing admixture.

 However ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) will more

usually contain cement replacement materials and a high-range
water-reducer (HRWR) or superplasticiser (SP) (different names
for the same thing).
Ultra High Strength Concrete (UHSC)

 How Much High?

 Strengths of 150-200MPa were reported in several

papers at a recent symposium.

 How is it done?

 Using only fine sand as an aggregate, a high

content of cement and silica fume, a high dosage
of HRWR admixture plus steel fibres.
Ultra High Strength Concrete (UHSC)

 In what kind of structures?

 Thin shell roofing (2cm thick) and “bulb” double and

single tees were reported.

 Both in-situ and precast applications.

 Flexural and tensile strengths also high.

 Concrete in tees was generally self-compacting

concrete.
Ultra High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete
Ultra High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete
Self Compacting Concrete
 A new specialized concrete.

 Compacts under its own weight.

 Fills all corners of the formwork even in congested

reinforcement.

 Possesses very low yield strength and adequate

viscosity.

 Have enough flow ability and segregation resistance.

Basic Principles for Achieving Self-
Compactability
 Limited aggregate content.

 Higher powder content.

 Co-existence of high deformability and high viscosity.

Self Compacting Concrete

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is able to flow and

consolidate under its own weight, completely fill the
formwork even in the presence of dense reinforcement,
whilst maintaining homogeneity and without the need
for any additional compaction. (EFNARC 2005)

Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) is highly flowable,

non-segregating concrete that can spread into place,
fill the formwork, and encapsulate the reinforcement
without any mechanical consolidation. (ACI 237R-07)
Basic Constituents of SCC

Water Viscosity
Mineral
Admixture Reduced + Modifying
Cement (Fly ash , Size Super- Agent
Limestone, Aggregate plasticizer (VMA), if
etc.)
(SP) Required
Development of SCC
 In 1986, concrete capable of compaction by its own weight with no need
of vibration was proposed.
 In 1988, first successful prototype of self compacting concrete (SCC)
was developed in the University of Tokyo by Prof. K. Ozawa and Prof. H.
Okamura.
 SCC, that can be compacted in every corner of form work by its own
weight, gained market thereafter.
 Three essential features envisaged during design

Fresh Early age Hardened stage

• Self-compactable • Avoidance of initial defects • Favorable durability

4
8
 Benefits of SCC

Ideal for Suitable

Speedy
High Reduction congested for
constructio
strength of labor reinforceme congested
n
nt project site
Safe, healthy
Increased lift Good
No Enhanced and noise-
height/ low surface
bleeding workability free
segregation finish
construction
 SCC is considered as the “most revolutionary development in concrete
construction for several decades” (Source: EFNARC guidelines)

49
SCC Flow Characteristics

Flowing into concrete pump

SCC Flow Characteristics

Pouring in formwork Pouring in thin sections

Casting an SCC Slab
Self Compacting Concrete

Normally Vibrated Concrete Self Compacting Concrete

A typical mix proportion of SCC, Kg/m3
Developed at NIT Jalandhar

No. Raw material Normal HSC SCC(HSC) SCC(using crusher

dust)

1 Cement 550 390 400

2 Flyash - 266 273
3 Micro-silica - 19.5 20
4 Water 127 168 175
SP-12 SP-12
5 Fine aggregate 924 805 290
Crusher dust-725
6 Coarse aggregate. 924 688 505
12.5mm
7 Aggr/binder ratio 3.36 2.21 2.19

8 Water/binder 0.231 0.249 0.25

9 Slump/slump flow, 60 700 700
mm
 Workability of SCC

Slump Flow
J Ring V Funnel
Workability of SCC

Slump Flow

V-Funnel
Workability of SCC
Workability of SCC
Self Compacting Concrete – Surface Finish
Mix Proportioning for SCC
 Preliminary mix proportion for SCC was obtained using EFNARC/ACI
guidelines .
 Several trials were made to obtain suitable SCC and SFRSCC mixes.

Trial Mix -1 (SCC)

EFNARC /ACI
Mix proportions ( per m3) Ratios Workability tests Results Status
limits for SCC
Cement (C) 382 kg T500 (sec) 2.70 2 - 5 sec OK

Flyash 205 kg Flow spread (mm) 760 650 – 800 mm OK

Fine Aggregates 765 kg w/p = 0.38 J500 (sec) 4.34 3 – 6 sec OK

w/c = 0.58
Coarse Aggregates A/p = 2.10
470 kg Flow spread (mm) 745 600 – 750 mm OK
(< 20 mm)
Blocking step Bj
Water 223 litre 3.25 0 – 10 mm OK
(mm)

SP 10.6 litre SP = 3% of V-funnel Time (sec) 6.15 6 – 12 sec OK

C
VMA Nil L- box PA =H2/H1 0.93 0.8 -1.0 OK
Visual Stability Index Test VSI = 3 3 = Highly unstable

*Bleeding was observed, thus Mix-2 was prepared with increased powder content.
( w/p = water/powder, w/c = water/cement, A/p = Aggregates/powder, Powder = cement + fly ash)
Trial Mix-2 (SCC)
EFNARC /ACI
Mix proportions ( per m3) Ratios Workability tests Results Status
limits for SCC
Cement ( C) 412 kg T500 (sec) 2.96 2 - 5 sec OK
Flyash 210 kg Flow spread (mm) 735 650 – 800 mm OK
w/p = 0.38
Fine Aggregates 765 kg J500 (sec) 4.94 3 – 6 sec OK
w/c = 0.57
Coarse Aggregates A/p =1.98
470 kg Flow spread (mm) 745 600 – 750 mm OK
(< 20 mm)
Water 236 litre Blocking step Bj (mm) 6.0 0 – 10 mm OK
SP 9.5 litre SP = 2.5% V-funnel Time (sec) 6.10 6 – 12 sec OK
VMA Nil of C L- box PA =H2/H1 0.94 0.8 -1.0 OK
Visual Stability Index Test VSI = 2 2 = unstable
* Bleeding was observed, thus Mix-3 was prepared with increased aggregate content.
Trial Mix-3 (SCC)
EFNARC limits
Mix proportions ( per m3) Ratios Workability tests Results Status
for SCC
Cement (C) 410 kg T500 (sec) 2.15 2 - 5 sec OK
Flyash 205 kg Flow spread (mm) 750 650 – 800 mm OK
w/p = 0.39
Fine Aggregates 846 kg J500 (sec) 3.45 3 – 6 sec OK
w/c = 0.58
Coarse Aggregates A/p = 2.35
602 kg Flow spread (mm) 720 600 – 750 mm OK
(< 20 mm)
Water 240 litre Blocking step Bj (mm) 3.75 0 – 10 mm OK
SP 9.5 litre V-funnel Time (sec) 8.20 6 – 12 sec OK
SP = 2.5%
VMA Nil of C L- box PA =H2/H1 0.89 0.8 -1.0 OK

Visual Stability Index Test VSI = 0 0 = Highly stable

Trial Mix-4 (SFRSCC, Vf = 1.0%)
EFNARC /ACI
Mix proportions ( per m3) Ratios Workability tests Results Status
limits for SCC
Cement (C) 410 kg T500 (sec) 3.10 2 - 5 sec OK
Flyash 205 kg Flow spread (mm) 740 650 – 800 mm OK
w/p = 0.39
Fine Aggregates 846 kg J500 (sec) 3.58 3 – 6 sec OK
w/c = 0.58
Coarse Aggregates A/p =2.35
602 kg Flow spread (mm) 690 600 – 750 mm OK
(< 20 mm)
Water 240 litre Blocking step Bj (mm) 7.75 0 – 10 mm OK
SP 13.3 litre SP = 3.5% V-funnel Time (sec) 8.20 6 – 12 sec OK
VMA Nil of C L- box PA =H2/H1 0.80 0.8 -1.0 OK
Visual Stability Index Test VSI = 1 1 = stable

Trial Mix-5 (SFRSCC, Vf = 1.5%)

EFNARC limits for
Mix proportions ( per m3) Ratios Workability tests Results Status
SCC
Cement (C) 410 kg T500 (sec) 3.4 2 - 5 sec OK
Flyash 205 kg Flow spread (mm) 740 650 – 800 mm OK
w/p = 0.39
Fine Aggregates 846 kg J500 (sec) 3.84 3 – 6 sec OK
w/c = 0.58
Coarse Aggregates A/p = 2.35
602 kg Flow spread (mm) 680 600 – 750 mm OK
(< 20 mm)
Water 240 litre Blocking step Bj (mm) 9.0 0 – 10 mm OK
SP 15.2 litre SP = 4% V-funnel Time (sec) 30 6 – 12 sec FAIL
VMA Nil of C L- box PA =H2/H1 0.4 0.8 -1.0 FAIL
Visual Stability Index Test VSI = 3 3 = Highly unstable
The trial mix-5 (SFRSCC), with Vf = 1.5 % steel fibres did not pass the
Filling and Passing-ability tests i.e V-funnel and L-box tests, therefore, it
was decided to reduce the maximum size of coarse aggregates from
20mm to 12.5mm.
Final Mix-6 (SCC)
EFNARC /ACI
Mix proportions ( per m3) Ratios Workability tests Results Status
limits for SCC
Cement (C) 410 kg T500 (sec) 3.1 2 - 5 sec OK
Flyash 205 kg Flow spread (mm) 750 650 – 800 mm OK
w/p =0.40
Fine Aggregates 846 kg J500 (sec) 3.3 3 – 6 sec OK
w/c = 0.60
Coarse Aggregates A/p =2.35
602 kg Flow spread (mm) 725 600 – 750 mm OK
(< 12.5 mm)
Water 246 litre Blocking step Bj (mm) 6.5 0 – 10 mm OK
SP 6.4 litre SP =1.7% V-funnel Time (sec) 7.3 6 – 12 sec OK

VMA Nil of C L- box PA =H2/H1 0.93 0.8 -1.0 OK

Visual Stability Index Test VSI = 0 0 = Highly stable

Trial Mix-7 (SFRSCC, Vf = 1.5% )
EFNARC/ACI
Mix proportions ( per m3) Ratios Workability tests Results Status
limits for SCC
Cement (C) 410 kg T500 (sec) 4.34 2 - 5 sec OK
Flyash 205 kg Flow spread (mm) 705 650 – 800 mm OK
w/p = 0.40
Fine Aggregates 846 kg J500 (sec) 5.8 3 – 6 sec OK
w/c = 0.60
Coarse Aggregates A/p =2.35
602 kg Flow spread (mm) 685 600 – 750 mm OK
(< 12.5 mm)
Water 246 litre Blocking step Bj (mm) 10 0 – 10 mm OK
SP 9.1 litre SP = 2.4% V-funnel Time (sec) 12.60 6 – 12 sec FAIL
VMA Nil of C L- box PA =H2/H1 0.78 0.8 -1.0 FAIL
Visual Stability Index Test VSI = 2 2 = unstable
* Bleeding was observed, thus use of VMA was proposed to stabilize the mix.
Final Mix-8 (SFRSCC, Vf = 1.5% )
EFNARC limits
Mix proportions ( per m3) Ratios Workability tests Results Status
for SCC
Cement (C) 410 kg T500 (sec) 4.4 2 - 5 sec OK
Flyash 205 kg Flow spread (mm) 700 650 – 800 mm OK
w/p = 0.40
Fine Aggregates 846 kg J500 (sec) 5.3 3 – 6 sec OK
w/c = 0.60
Coarse Aggregates A/p = 2.35
602 kg Flow spread (mm) 690 600 – 750 mm OK
(< 12.5 mm)
Water 246 litre Blocking step Bj (mm) 9.5 0 – 10 mm OK
SP 9.5 litre 2.5% of C V-funnel Time (sec) 10.8 6 – 12 sec OK
VMA 2.0 litre 0.5% of C L- box PA =H2/H1 0.81 0.8 -1.0 OK
Visual Stability Index Test VSI = 1 1 = stable
Final Mix-9 (SFRSCC, Vf = 1.0%)
EFNARC /ACI
Mix proportions ( per m3) Ratios Workability tests Results Status
limits for SCC
Cement (C) 410 kg T500 (sec) 3.7 2 - 5 sec OK
Flyash 205 kg Flow spread (mm) 705 650 – 800 mm OK
w/p = 0.40
Fine Aggregates 846 kg J500 (sec) 4.8 3 – 6 sec OK
w/c = 0.60
Coarse Aggregates A/p = 2.35
602 kg Flow spread (mm) 700 600 – 750 mm OK
(< 12.5 mm)
Water 246 litre Blocking step Bj (mm) 8.5 0 – 10 mm OK
SP 8.3 litre 2.2% of C V-funnel Time (sec) 8.9 6 – 12 sec OK
VMA 1.4 litre 0.35% of C L- box PA =H2/H1 0.83 0.8 -1.0 OK
Visual Stability Index Test VSI = 1 1 = stable

Final Mix-10 (SFRSCC, Vf = 0.5%)

EFNARC/ACI
Mix proportions ( per m3) Ratios Workability tests Results Status
limits for SCC
Cement (C) 410 kg T500 (sec) 3.3 2 - 5 sec OK
Flyash 205 kg Flow spread (mm) 715 650 – 800 mm OK
w/p = 0.40
Fine Aggregates 846 kg J500 (sec) 4.5 3 – 6 sec OK
w/c = 0.60
Coarse Aggregates A/p = 2.35 600 – 750 mm OK
602 kg Flow spread (mm) 710
(< 12.5 mm)
Water 246 litre Blocking step Bj (mm) 7.5 0 – 10 mm OK
SP 7.2 litre 1.9% of C V-funnel Time (sec) 7.8 6 – 12 sec OK
VMA 1.0 litre 0.25% of C L- box PA =H2/H1 0.90 0.8 -1.0 OK
Visual Stability Index Test VSI = 0 0 = Highly stable
Performing Slump flow test for SCC

Performing J-ring flow test for SCC

Performing J-ring Blocking Ratio test for SFRSCC

Performing L-box Passing Ability test for SCC

 Experimental Programme

Performing V- funnel test for SCC and SFRSCC

Bleeding in initial trial mix Final SCC mix

Final SFRSCC 0.5% mix Final SFRSCC 1.5% mix

Casting of batch of Beam & cube specimens without Compaction

Curing of Specimens Batch-wise stacking of Specimens

Self Compacting Concrete – Surface Finish
Self Compacting Concrete – Surface Finish
 Uses of SCC Akashi-Kaikyo bridge: longest
suspension bridge in the world (1991 m
long suspension)

 Akashi-Kaikyo (Pearl) bridge in

Kobe is the first large scale
construction to use SCC.

770,000 m3 SCC

 SCC has been successfully utilized in almost all sectors that utilized conventional
concrete: like dams, bridges, tunnels, culverts, walls, ordinary and high rise
buildings.

 Proved highly beneficial for pre-cast concrete industry.

 As of 2006, SCC makes up about 5% of the Japanese concrete market and around
15% of the Danish and Swedish markets.

73
Other Properties
 Self-compacting concrete shows improved performance in shear.

 This improved performance can be attributed to a microstructure

distinctly different from that observed in normal concrete specially
in the transition zone.

 The test results show significant improvement in ultimate shear

strength and cracking behaviour of Fiber Reinforced SCC.
Other Properties

 An increase in ultimate shear strength up to 50% is observed in

Fiber Reinforced Self-compacting Concrete.

 A decrease in the rate of increase of crack width up to 70% is

observed in Fibre Reinforced Self-compacting Concrete.

 Crack widths for the same load condition is lesser in Fiber

Reinforced Self-compacting Concrete than Plain Self-compacting
Concrete.
Relative Shear Strength
Comparison of shear strength of diferrent types of concrete

Self-compacting concrete
Normal concrete
Fiber reinforced FSCC
shear strength
Relative

Fiber reinforced FSCC

Normal concrete
Self-compacting
concrete
Ready Mixed Concrete

 Whose ingredients are batched OFF the site, and

which is delivered to the site in vehicles in the ready to use condition.

 Better quality assurance may be achieved with RMC.

 RMC occupies a major share of total concrete produced in developed

countries.

 RMC is about 10 % costlier than the Site Mixed Concrete.

 RMC may prove economical in large sized housing projects.

Ready Mixed Concrete in India -
(Expected Growth)
Year Total Concrete RMC % Expected no.
consumption of plants
(million m3)

2002 190 2 47

2007 280 3.75 98

2012 370 5.00 160

2022 580 10.00 348

Concrete – let 's make the best of it.

17 February UKIERI Seminar - Concrete for Sustainable High Performance Infrastructure : Challenges &
2010
79 Opportunities