Powertrain Formulary Fundamentals 𝑃𝑃 - power [𝑊𝑊]

𝑇𝑇 - torque [𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁]
𝐹𝐹 - force [𝑁𝑁]
power: 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑇𝑇 � 𝜔𝜔 = 𝐹𝐹 � 𝑣𝑣 𝜔𝜔 - angular speed [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠]
𝑣𝑣 - velocity [𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠]
𝑛𝑛 1
angular speed: 𝜔𝜔 = 2𝜋𝜋 � 𝑠𝑠
𝑛𝑛 - rotational speed [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
]
60𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝜔𝜔 - angular speed [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠]

driving resistance forces 𝐹𝐹𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 - overall driving resistance force [𝑁𝑁]

𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 - rolling resistance [𝑁𝑁]
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 - air resistance [𝑁𝑁]
𝐹𝐹𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 +𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 +𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 +𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 - inclination resistance [𝑁𝑁]
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 - acceleration resistance 𝑁𝑁
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑓𝑓𝑅𝑅 � 𝑚𝑚 � 𝑔𝑔 � cos 𝛼𝛼 𝑚𝑚 - vehicle mass [𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]
𝑓𝑓𝑅𝑅 - rolling resistance coefficient[−]
1 𝛼𝛼 - inclination angle, slope amgle [°]
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = � 𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴 � 𝑐𝑐𝐷𝐷 � 𝐴𝐴 � 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2 𝜌𝜌𝐴𝐴 - air density 3
𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑚𝑚 � 𝑔𝑔 � sin 𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐𝐷𝐷 - drag coefficient −
𝐴𝐴 - vehicle cross-sectional area 𝑚𝑚2
slope [%] = 100 � tan 𝛼𝛼 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣 - vehicle velocity
𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑘𝑘 � 𝑚𝑚 � 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 - vehicle acceleration 2
𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠
𝑘𝑘 - rotating mass factor −

Differential equation 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 - tractive force [𝑁𝑁]

of vehicle movement � 𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 − 𝐹𝐹𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 0 𝐹𝐹𝐷𝐷𝑅𝑅 - overall driving resistance force [𝑁𝑁]

rotating mass factor 𝐼𝐼𝑤𝑤 - inertias rotating with angular wheel speed [𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚2 ]
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 - inertias rotating with angular axle speed 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚2
𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 - inertias rotating with angular gearbox (output) speed [𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚2 ]
𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 - inertias rotating with angular engine speed [𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚2 ]
𝐼𝐼𝑤𝑤 + 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎 + 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑2 � 𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔 + 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑2 � 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
2
� 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 - differential gear ratio [−]
𝑘𝑘 = 1 + 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 - transmission/gearbox gear ratio [−]
𝑚𝑚 � 𝑟𝑟𝑤𝑤,𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 𝑟𝑟𝑤𝑤,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑤𝑤,𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 - dynamic wheel radius [𝑚𝑚]
𝑟𝑟𝑤𝑤,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 - static wheel radius [𝑚𝑚]

𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 - output power [𝑊𝑊]

usefull output 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 � 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
efficiency: 𝜂𝜂 = = = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 - input power [𝑊𝑊]
spent effort 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 - output torque [𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁]
𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 - input torque [𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁]
𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 - output angular speed [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠]
𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 - input angular speed [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠]

work / energy: 𝑊𝑊 - work [𝐽𝐽]

𝑊𝑊 = 𝐸𝐸 = � 𝑃𝑃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸 - energy 𝐽𝐽
𝑃𝑃 - power [𝑊𝑊]

gear ratio: 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 - output torque [𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁]

𝑖𝑖 = = 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 - input torque [𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁]
𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � 𝜂𝜂𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 - output angular speed [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠]
𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 - input angular speed [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠]
𝑖𝑖 - gear ratio [−]
𝜂𝜂𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 - transmission efficiency [−]
𝑚𝑚
Vehicle velocity (without slip consideration) : 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 - vehicle velocity
𝑠𝑠
𝑟𝑟𝑤𝑤,𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 - dynamic wheel radius 𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 𝑟𝑟𝑤𝑤,𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 𝜔𝜔𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝜔𝜔𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 - angular wheel speed [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠]
1
1 1 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 - engine rotational speed [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = ]
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 𝑟𝑟𝑤𝑤,𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 2𝜋𝜋 � 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 � 𝑠𝑠 � 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 - differential gear ratio [−]
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
60 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 � 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑
𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 - transmission/gearbox gear ratio [−]

𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 - tractive force 𝑁𝑁

tractive force (without slip consideration) 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 - axle torque 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 - engine torque 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 𝜂𝜂𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 � 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 � 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝑤𝑤,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 - static wheel radius 𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = = 𝑖𝑖𝑑𝑑 - differential gear ratio [−]
𝑟𝑟𝑤𝑤,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑤𝑤,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 - transmission/gearbox gear ratio −
𝜂𝜂𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑟 - drivetrain efficiency [−]
Engine
𝑁𝑁
𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 - brake mean effective pressure [𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = ]
𝑚𝑚2
2𝜋𝜋 � 𝑇𝑇 𝑁𝑁
𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 - indicated mean effective pressure [𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = ]
mean effective pressure: 𝑖𝑖 � 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷
𝑚𝑚2
𝑁𝑁
𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 - frictional mean effective pressure [𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = ]
𝑚𝑚2
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃 𝑇𝑇 - brake torque [𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁]
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖 - engine operation factor (𝑖𝑖 = 0.5 for 4-stroke)
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 - displacement volume of overall engine [𝑚𝑚3 ]
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃 - work transfered to the piston [𝐽𝐽]
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃 = � 𝑝𝑝 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑝𝑝 -
𝑁𝑁
in-cylinder pressure [𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 2]
𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 - volume change (differential) [𝑚𝑚3 ]
𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒 − 𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

engine power: 𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏 = 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 − 𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓 = 𝑖𝑖 � 𝑛𝑛 � 𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 � 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏 - brake power [𝑊𝑊]
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 - indicated power [𝑊𝑊]
𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓 - frictional power [𝑊𝑊]
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖 � 𝑛𝑛 � 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 - brake mean effective pressure [𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =
𝑁𝑁
]
𝑚𝑚2
𝑁𝑁
𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 - indicated mean effective pressure [𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = ]
𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓 = 𝑖𝑖 � 𝑛𝑛 � 𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 � 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 - frictional mean effective pressure [𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =
𝑁𝑁
]
𝑚𝑚2
𝑖𝑖 - engine operation factor (𝑖𝑖 = 0.5 for 4-stroke)
1
𝑛𝑛 - rotational speed [ ]
𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 - displacement volume of overall engine [𝑚𝑚3 ]

Efficiency / specific fuel consumption

𝑃𝑃
𝜂𝜂 = 𝜂𝜂 - efficiency factor [−]
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 � 𝑄𝑄𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝜂𝜂𝑖𝑖 - inner / indicated efficiency [−]
𝜂𝜂𝑒𝑒 - effective efficiency [−]
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 𝜂𝜂𝑏𝑏 - brake efficiency [−]
𝜂𝜂𝑖𝑖 = 𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚 - mechanical efficiency [−]
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 � 𝑄𝑄𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 -
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
fuel mass flow [ ]
𝑠𝑠
𝐽𝐽
𝑄𝑄𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 - lower heating value [ ]
𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜂𝜂𝑒𝑒 = 𝜂𝜂𝑏𝑏 = = 𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚 � 𝜂𝜂𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃 - power [𝑊𝑊]
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 � 𝑄𝑄𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏 - brake power [𝑊𝑊]
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 - indicated power [𝑊𝑊]
𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓 - frictional power [𝑊𝑊]
𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 − 𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓 𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓 𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑁𝑁
𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚 = = = 1− = 𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 - brake mean effective pressure [𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = ]
𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 - indicated mean effective pressure 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =
𝑁𝑁
𝑚𝑚2
𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 - specific fuel consumption [ ]
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 - inner/indicated specific fuel consumption [ ]
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1 𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 - brake specific fuel consumption [
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
]
𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = = 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑃𝑃 𝜂𝜂 � 𝑄𝑄𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1
𝑖𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = =
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 𝜂𝜂𝑖𝑖 � 𝑄𝑄𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 Mind unit conversion to usual unit of sfc-values
which is 𝑔𝑔/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 1
𝑏𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = =
𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏 𝜂𝜂𝑏𝑏 � 𝑄𝑄𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
air-fuel ratio:
𝜆𝜆 - lambda / air-fuel-ration −
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 - air mass 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜆𝜆 = =
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 - air mass for stochiometric combustion 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 - minimum air demand −
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 - fuel mass 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
volumetric efficiency 𝜂𝜂𝑉𝑉 - volumetric efficiency −
𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡𝑡 - theoretically possible air mass 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝜌𝜌𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 - density of air 3
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 -
𝑚𝑚
displacement volume 𝑚𝑚3
𝜂𝜂𝑉𝑉 = =
𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝜌𝜌𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 � 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑

kinematics / kinetics

1
𝑠𝑠 𝜑𝜑 = 𝑟𝑟 � 1 − cos 𝜑𝜑 + � 𝜆𝜆 � 1 − cos 2𝜑𝜑
4 𝑠𝑠
1
𝑣𝑣 𝜑𝜑 = 𝑟𝑟 � 𝜔𝜔 � sin 𝜑𝜑 + � 𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 � sin 2𝜑𝜑
2
𝑎𝑎 𝜑𝜑 = 𝑟𝑟 � 𝜔𝜔2 � cos 𝜑𝜑 + 𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 � cos 2𝜑𝜑

𝑏𝑏 2 1
𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝜑𝜑 = 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 + � 𝜋𝜋 � 𝑟𝑟 � 1 − cos 𝜑𝜑 + � 𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 � 1 − cos 2𝜑𝜑
4 4 𝜓𝜓 𝑙𝑙
2
𝑏𝑏
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 = 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 � 𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝 � 2𝑟𝑟 = � 𝜋𝜋 � 𝑟𝑟
2
2 � 𝑠𝑠 � 𝑛𝑛
𝑣𝑣𝑚𝑚 = 𝑠𝑠
60
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝜑𝜑 𝑟𝑟
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 + 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐
𝜀𝜀 =
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐

𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 = 𝑝𝑝 � 𝐴𝐴𝑝𝑝
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 � sin 𝜑𝜑 + 𝜓𝜓
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝑇𝑇 =
cos 𝜓𝜓 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 - compression volume 𝑚𝑚3
𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑 - displacement volume (single cylinder) 𝑚𝑚3
sin 𝜑𝜑 sin 𝜓𝜓 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 - total cylinder volume (single cylinder) 𝑚𝑚3
= 𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃 - cross-sectional area of the piston 𝑚𝑚2
𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑟 𝜆𝜆𝑠𝑠 - crank radius connection rod length ratio −
𝜀𝜀 - compression ratio −
𝑇𝑇𝐺𝐺 = 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 � 𝑟𝑟 𝑏𝑏 - bore diameter 𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑠 - stroke 𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑙 - length of connection rod 𝑚𝑚
𝑟𝑟 - crank radius 𝑚𝑚
𝜑𝜑 - crank angle °
𝜓𝜓 - connection rod angle °
𝜔𝜔 - angular speed 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑚𝑚 - mean piston speed
𝑠𝑠
1
𝑛𝑛 - engine speed 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 - gas force 𝑁𝑁
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝑇𝑇 - tangential gas force at crank-shaft 𝑁𝑁
𝑇𝑇𝐺𝐺 - torque from gas force at crank-shaft 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑁
𝑝𝑝 - in-cylinder pressure [𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 2]
𝑚𝑚
Transmission systems
Disc clutch: 𝜂𝜂𝐶𝐶 clutch efficiency −
1
𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 rotational speed at output [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = ]
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝜂𝜂𝐶𝐶 = 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 rotational speed at input [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
1
]
𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 clutch heat loss 𝐽𝐽
𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶 duration of clutch process 𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 input power 𝑊𝑊
𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶 = � 1 − 𝜂𝜂𝐶𝐶 � 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑇𝑇𝐹𝐹 transferable clutch torque 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
0 𝜇𝜇 friction coeficient −
𝐹𝐹 normal force / spring force 𝑁𝑁
2 � 𝜇𝜇 � 𝐹𝐹 � 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜3 − 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖3 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 outer clutch diameter 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑇𝐹𝐹 = 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 inner clutch diameter 𝑚𝑚
3 � 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜2 − 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖2

Gear box (general)

𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 transmission/gear ratio −
𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 angular speed at input [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠]
𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 rotational speed at input [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
1
]
𝑖𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = = = = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜂𝜂𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 � 𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 number of teeth of input gear −
𝑇𝑇𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 torque at input shaft 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝜔𝜔𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 angular speed at output [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠]
𝛾𝛾 = 𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 rotational speed at output [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
1
]
𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 number of teeth of output gear −
𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 torque at output shaft 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑖𝑖𝑧𝑧−1 𝜂𝜂𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 transmission efficiency −
𝛼𝛼𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 =
𝑖𝑖𝑧𝑧 𝛾𝛾 gearing range −
𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 max. transmission/gear ratio −
𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑖𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 min. transmission/gear ratio −
𝛼𝛼𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝛼𝛼𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 gear ratio step −
𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝛼𝛼𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 max. gear ratio step −
𝑧𝑧 gear number −
1
𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 max. permissible engine speed [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = ]
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1
𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 engine speed at max. torque [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = ]
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Geometric gear stepping 𝛼𝛼𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

progressive gear stepping
𝛼𝛼𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝑘𝑘 � 𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛 ≠ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝛼𝛼𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 gear ratio step −
𝑘𝑘 - progressive factor 1
𝑖𝑖1 𝑙𝑙 - progressive factor 2
𝛾𝛾 = = 𝑘𝑘 (𝑧𝑧−1) � 𝑙𝑙 0.5(𝑧𝑧−1)(𝑧𝑧−2) 𝑛𝑛 - depending on number of gears
𝑖𝑖(𝑧𝑧) 𝛾𝛾 - gearing range −
𝑖𝑖1 - gear ratio of gear 1 −
(𝑧𝑧−1) 𝛾𝛾
𝑘𝑘 = 𝑖𝑖(𝑧𝑧) - gear ratio of gear z −
𝑙𝑙 0.5(𝑧𝑧−1)(𝑧𝑧−2) 𝑖𝑖(𝑥𝑥) - gear ratio of gear x −
𝑧𝑧 - total number of gears −
0.5(𝑧𝑧−1)(𝑧𝑧−2) 𝛾𝛾 x - gear number [1..z]
𝑙𝑙 =
𝑘𝑘 (𝑧𝑧−1)
𝑖𝑖(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑖𝑖(𝑧𝑧) � 𝑘𝑘 (𝑧𝑧−𝑥𝑥) � 𝑙𝑙 0,5(𝑧𝑧−𝑥𝑥)(𝑧𝑧−𝑥𝑥−1)

planetary gear set

𝜔𝜔𝐶𝐶 - angular speed of planetary-gear carrier [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠]
𝜔𝜔𝐶𝐶 � 1 − 𝑖𝑖0 = 𝜔𝜔𝑆𝑆 − 𝜔𝜔𝐴𝐴 � 𝑖𝑖0 𝜔𝜔𝐴𝐴 - angular speed of annulus [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠]
𝜔𝜔𝑆𝑆 - angular speed of sun gear [𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠]
𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆 - number of teeth of sun gear [−]
𝜔𝜔𝑆𝑆 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 𝑟𝑟𝐴𝐴 𝑟𝑟𝑆𝑆 - radius of sun gear [𝑚𝑚]
𝑖𝑖0 = =− =− 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 - number of teeth of annulus [−]
𝜔𝜔𝐴𝐴 𝑁𝑁𝑆𝑆 𝑟𝑟𝑆𝑆 𝑟𝑟𝐴𝐴 - radius of annulus [𝑚𝑚]