Data Mining and Analytics: AIM411
Introduction to Data Mining
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Teaching Staff
Lecturer: Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafeez (6201)
Monday 2:25 PM to 3:55 PM
Lab: Eng. Shady Ahmed Bedeir (6203)
Thursday Sec (1) 10:20 AM to 11:50 AM
Course Assessment
▪ Total Marks: 100 marks
✓ Final Exam: 40 marks
✓ Practical Exam: 20 marks
✓ Midterm: 20 marks
✓ Class work: 20 marks (2 Quizzes + Project)
Google Classroom
Sec (1)
https://classroom.google.com/c/NzIwOTU0NTQ5NTcy
Classroom code: 4t46lsf
Exams
Quiz 1 (21, October 2024) 5 degrees
Quiz 2(25, November 2024) 5 degrees
Project 28 October 10 degrees
Course Staff : Instructor
Dr. Ahmed Abdel Hafeez
• Ahmed Abdelhafeez Ibrahim was born in Egypt, on September 1st,
1973.
• He received his B.Sc. from Military Technical College 1996.
• M.Sc. degree in Computer Engineering from the Faculty of
Engineering, Arab Academy for Science and Technology and
Maritime Transport 2017.
• PhD from the Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University 2023.
• His research interests in employing AI & Machine Learning
techniques, deep learning, ensemble learning, image processing
(mostly medical), pattern recognition, Data Science, and
neutrosophic techniques.
• He is currently an Assistant Professor researcher at the Department
of Artificial Intelligence at October 6th University.
Course Staff : Instructor
• He has an h-index of 10 on Google Scholar.
• He is a managing editor for SciNexus Journal, a multidisciplinary
journal.
• He has 60 research papers.
• A reviewer for thirty research papers in five ranked journals
• He is an author for Nehdet Misr Publishing Group.
• He is a lecturer in Elforqan training in Qatar.
• Part-time Lecturer at the Faculty of Computer Science, Arab
Academy.
• ICDL, IC3, Master of Microsoft Office, CCNA, ISO, Huawei HCIA
certified in 5G and AI and Routing and Switching, Huawei Instructor,
IBM certified in Big Data and AI, TOEFL grade 578.
• He has thirty presentations on the SlideShare website.
Course Outline
Data Preprocessing
Measuring Data Similarity and Dissimilarity
Clustering Algorithms and applications
Partitioning methods
Hierarchical methods
Density-based methods
Mining Frequent Patterns
Associations and Correlations
Pattern Evaluation
Outlier detection Web Mining.
Large-scale Data is Everywhere!
▪ There has been enormous data
growth in both commercial and
scientific databases due to
advances in data generation
and collection technologies E-Commerce
Cyber Security
▪ New mantra
▪ Gather whatever data you can
whenever and wherever
possible.
▪ Expectations
▪ Gathered data will have value Social Networking: Twitter
Traffic Patterns
either for the purpose
collected or for a purpose not
envisioned.
Sensor Networks Computational Simulations
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Why Data Mining? Commercial Viewpoint
Lots of data is being collected
and warehoused
– Web data
◆Googlehas Peta Bytes of web data
◆Facebook has billions of active users
– purchases at department/
grocery stores, e-commerce
◆ Amazon handles millions of visits/day
– Bank/Credit Card transactions
Computers have become cheaper and more powerful
Competitive Pressure is Strong
– Provide better, customized services for an edge (e.g. in
Customer Relationship Management)
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Why Data Mining? Scientific Viewpoint
Data collected and stored at
enormous speeds
– remote sensors on a satellite
◆ NASA EOSDIS archives over
petabytes of earth science data / year fMRI Data from Brain Sky Survey Data
– telescopes scanning the skies
◆ Sky survey data
– High-throughput biological data
– scientific simulations
◆ terabytes of data generated in a few hours Gene Expression Data
Data mining helps scientists
– in automated analysis of massive datasets
– In hypothesis formation
Surface Temperature of Earth
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Great opportunities to improve productivity in all walks of life
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Great Opportunities to Solve Society’s Major Problems
Improving health care and reducing costs Predicting the impact of climate change
Reducing hunger and poverty by
Finding alternative/ green energy sources
increasing agriculture production
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What is Data Mining?
Many Definitions
– Non-trivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown
and potentially useful information from data
– Exploration & analysis, by automatic or semi-automatic
means, of large quantities of data in order to discover
meaningful patterns
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Origins of Data Mining
Draws ideas from machine learning/AI, pattern recognition,
statistics, and database systems
Traditional techniques may be unsuitable due to data that is
– Large-scale
– High dimensional
– Heterogeneous
– Complex
– Distributed
A key component of the emerging field of data science and data-
driven discovery
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Data Mining Tasks
Prediction Methods
– Use some variables to predict unknown or
future values of other variables.
Description Methods
– Find human-interpretable patterns that
describe the data.
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Data Mining Tasks …
Data
Tid Refund Marital Taxable
Status Income Cheat
1 Yes Single 125K No
2 No Married 100K No
3 No Single 70K No
4 Yes Married 120K No
5 No Divorced 95K Yes
6 No Married 60K No
7 Yes Divorced 220K No
8 No Single 85K Yes
9 No Married 75K No
10 No Single 90K Yes
11 No Married 60K No
12 Yes Divorced 220K No
13 No Single 85K Yes
14 No Married 75K No
15 No Single 90K Yes
10
Milk
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Predictive Modeling: Classification
Find a model for class attribute as a function of
the values of other attributes Model for predicting credit
worthiness
Class Employed
# years at
Level of Credit Yes
Tid Employed present No
Education Worthy
address
1 Yes Graduate 5 Yes
2 Yes High School 2 No No Education
3 No Undergrad 1 No
{ High school,
4 Yes High School 10 Yes Graduate
Undergrad }
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… … … … …
Number of Number of
years years
> 3 yr < 3 yr > 7 yrs < 7 yrs
Yes No Yes No
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Classification Example
# years at
Level of Credit
Tid Employed present
Education Worthy
address
1 Yes Undergrad 7 ?
# years at 2 No Graduate 3 ?
Level of Credit
Tid Employed present 3 Yes High School 2 ?
Education Worthy
address
… … … … …
1 Yes Graduate 5 Yes 10
2 Yes High School 2 No
3 No Undergrad 1 No
4 Yes High School 10 Yes
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… … … … … Test
Set
Training
Learn
Model
Set Classifier
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Examples of Classification Task
Classifying credit card transactions
as legitimate or fraudulent
Classifying land covers (water bodies, urban areas,
forests, etc.) using satellite data
Categorizing news stories as finance,
weather, entertainment, sports, etc
Identifying intruders in the cyberspace
Predicting tumor cells as benign or malignant
Classifying secondary structures of protein
as alpha-helix, beta-sheet, or random coil
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Classification: Application 1
Fraud Detection
– Goal: Predict fraudulent cases in credit card
transactions.
– Approach:
◆ Use credit card transactions and the information
on its account-holder as attributes.
– When does a customer buy, what does he buy, how
often he pays on time, etc
◆ Label past transactions as fraud or fair
transactions. This forms the class attribute.
◆ Learn a model for the class of the transactions.
◆ Use this model to detect fraud by observing credit
card transactions on an account.
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Classification: Application 2
Churn prediction for telephone customers
– Goal: To predict whether a customer is likely
to be lost to a competitor.
– Approach:
◆ Use detailed record of transactions with each of the
past and present customers, to find attributes.
– How often the customer calls, where he calls, what time-
of-the day he calls most, his financial status, marital
status, etc.
◆ Label the customers as loyal or disloyal.
◆ Find a model for loyalty.
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Classification: Application 3
Sky Survey Cataloging
– Goal: To predict class (star or galaxy) of sky objects,
especially visually faint ones, based on the telescopic
survey images (from Palomar Observatory).
– 3000 images with 23,040 x 23,040 pixels per image.
– Approach:
◆ Segment the image.
◆ Measure image attributes (features) - 40 of them per
object.
◆ Model the class based on these features.
◆ Success Story: Could find 16 new high red-shift
quasars, some of the farthest objects that are difficult
to find! From [Fayyad, et.al.] Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 1996
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Classifying Galaxies
Courtesy: http://aps.umn.edu
Early Class: Attributes:
• Stages of Formation • Image features,
• Characteristics of light
waves received, etc.
Intermediate
Late
Data Size:
• 72 million stars, 20 million galaxies
• Object Catalog: 9 GB
• Image Database: 150 GB
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Regression
Predict a value of a given continuous valued variable
based on the values of other variables, assuming a
linear or nonlinear model of dependency.
Extensively studied in statistics, neural network fields.
Examples:
– Predicting sales amounts of new product based on
advetising expenditure.
– Predicting wind velocities as a function of
temperature, humidity, air pressure, etc.
– Time series prediction of stock market indices.
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Clustering
Finding groups of objects such that the objects in a
group will be similar (or related) to one another and
different from (or unrelated to) the objects in other
groups
Inter-cluster
Intra-cluster distances are
distances are maximized
minimized
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Applications of Cluster Analysis
Understanding
– Custom profiling for targeted
marketing
– Group related documents for
browsing
– Group genes and proteins that
have similar functionality
– Group stocks with similar price
fluctuations
Summarization
– Reduce the size of large data
sets Courtesy: Michael Eisen
Clusters for Raw SST and Raw NPP
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Use of K-means to
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Land Cluster 2
partition Sea Surface
30 Temperature (SST) and
Land Cluster 1 Net Primary Production
latitude
0
(NPP) into clusters that
Ice or No NPP
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reflect the Northern
Sea Cluster 2 and Southern
-60
Hemispheres.
Sea Cluster 1
-90
-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Cluster
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longitude
Clustering: Application 1
Market Segmentation:
– Goal: subdivide a market into distinct subsets of
customers where any subset may conceivably be
selected as a market target to be reached with a
distinct marketing mix.
– Approach:
◆ Collect different attributes of customers based on
their geographical and lifestyle related information.
◆ Find clusters of similar customers.
◆ Measure the clustering quality by observing buying
patterns of customers in same cluster vs. those
from different clusters.
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Clustering: Application 2
Document Clustering:
– Goal: To find groups of documents that are similar to
each other based on the important terms appearing in
them.
– Approach: To identify frequently occurring terms in
each document. Form a similarity measure based on
the frequencies of different terms. Use it to cluster.
Enron email dataset
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Association Rule Discovery: Definition
Given a set of records each of which contain
some number of items from a given collection
– Produce dependency rules which will predict
occurrence of an item based on occurrences of other
items.
TID Items
1 Bread, Coke, Milk
Rules Discovered:
2 Beer, Bread {Milk} --> {Coke}
3 Beer, Coke, Diaper, Milk {Diaper, Milk} --> {Beer}
4 Beer, Bread, Diaper, Milk
5 Coke, Diaper, Milk
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Association Analysis: Applications
Market-basket analysis
– Rules are used for sales promotion, shelf
management, and inventory management
Telecommunication alarm diagnosis
– Rules are used to find combination of alarms that
occur together frequently in the same time period
Medical Informatics
– Rules are used to find combination of patient
symptoms and test results associated with certain
diseases
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Association Analysis: Applications
An Example Subspace Differential Coexpression Pattern
from lung cancer dataset Three lung cancer datasets [Bhattacharjee et a
2001], [Stearman et al. 2005], [Su et al. 2007]
Enriched with the TNF/NFB signaling pathway
which is well-known to be related to lung cancer
P-value: 1.4*10-5 (6/10 overlap with the pathway)
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Deviation/Anomaly/Change Detection
Detect significant deviations from
normal behavior
Applications:
– Credit Card Fraud Detection
– Network Intrusion
Detection
– Identify anomalous behavior from
sensor networks for monitoring and
surveillance.
– Detecting changes in the global
forest cover.
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Motivating Challenges
Scalability
High Dimensionality
Heterogeneous and Complex Data
Data Ownership and Distribution
Non-traditional Analysis
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