What are the changes that have been incorporated into the telecommunication sectors of Bangladesh

since 2007 (10 sentences ) –

Since 2007, Bangladesh's telecommunication sector has changed a lot. First, 3G and 4G
networks were introduced, making the internet faster. More people now use mobile phones,
especially smartphones. The government has worked to build more telecommunication
infrastructure, even in rural areas.

Private companies have expanded their services, creating competition and lowering prices.
Mobile banking has become very popular, making it easier for people to do financial
transactions. There have been new rules to ensure fair competition and protect customers.

Efforts have been made to improve online security and protect users' data. Foreign companies
have invested, bringing new technology and knowledge. Lastly, government initiatives have
supported the move towards a more digital and connected Bangladesh.

Write the difference between single mode and multimode fiber?

Feature Single-Mode Fiber Multimode Fiber

Core Size Small Large
Light Mode One mode Multiple modes
Distance Long-distance communication Short-distance communication
Signal Loss Low Higher
High-speed, long-distance data Lower-speed, short-distance
Usage
transmission applications
Cost of
More expensive Less expensive
Equipment

What is VoIP? How does it works?

VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. It allows people to make phone calls using the
internet instead of traditional phone lines. VoIP works by converting users voice into digital
signals, which are then sent over the internet. When the digital signals reach the receiver, they
are converted back into sound.

To use VoIP, a person needs a stable internet connection and a device like a computer,
smartphone, or VoIP phone. It can be more cost-effective and offers features like video calls,
messaging, and call forwarding.
 Draw a flow diagram for ISD call(International carrier to ANS and vice-versa)

Here's a simplified flow diagram for an ISD (International Subscriber Dialing) call from an
international carrier to an Access Network Service (ANS) and vice-versa:

Voice :-

[Caller] -> [Local Exchange] -> [International Gateway] -> [International Carrier] ->[Destination International Gateway]

-> [Destination Local Exchange] -> [Receiver]

Da

Data :

[Data Sender] -> [Local ISP/Network Provider] -> [International Gateway] -> [International Carrier] ->
[Destination International Gateway] -> [Destination ISP/Network Provider] | -> [Data Receiver]

SASS (Single Attachment Station)

• Definition: A SASS is a device that connects to a network through a single attachment

point.
• Example: Imagine a computer in an office that connects to the local network using one
Ethernet cable. This computer is a SASS because it has only one connection point to the
network.

PASS (Passive Station)

• Definition: A PASS is a device that does not actively participate in the network
communication but can still receive and sometimes send data.
• Example: Think of a printer connected to the network. It doesn't actively manage
network traffic but can receive print jobs from other devices and send back status
updates. This printer is a PASS because it plays a passive role in the network.

LASS (Local Attachment Station)

• Definition: A LASS is a device that is attached to a network at a local attachment point,

often within a specific local area network (LAN).
• Example: Consider a Wi-Fi router in your home. It connects multiple devices locally,
like phones, laptops, and smart TVs, to the internet. Each device connected to the router
is a LASS because they are attached locally within your home network.
OSI model and its 7 layers:

1. Physical Layer: Transmits raw bit streams over a physical medium (cables, wireless).
2. Data Link Layer: Ensures reliable data transfer between two directly connected nodes
(MAC addresses).
3. Network Layer: Manages data routing and forwarding between different networks (IP
addresses).
4. Transport Layer: Ensures complete data transfer with error checking and flow control
(TCP/UDP).
5. Session Layer: Manages sessions or connections between applications (establish,
maintain, terminate).
6. Presentation Layer: Translates data formats, encryption, and compression (data
translation, encryption).
7. Application Layer: Provides network services directly to end-user applications (HTTP,
FTP, email).

SIP stands for Session Initiation Protocol. It is used for initiating, maintaining, and terminating
real-time communication sessions over the Internet, such as voice and video calls.

Key Points:

1. Initiation: SIP sets up communication sessions by locating users and establishing connections.
2. Management: It manages the transfer of data during the session, handling any changes like
adding participants or altering media parameters.
3. Termination: SIP gracefully ends the communication sessions when they are no longer needed.

Example:

When you make a VoIP call, SIP protocols help to find the recipient, establish the call, manage
the communication flow, and then terminate the call when you hang up.

NOC (Network Operations Center)

• Definition: A NOC is a centralized location where IT professionals monitor, manage, and

maintain client networks and infrastructure.
• Functions:
o Monitor network performance and uptime
o Detect and resolve network issues
o Manage network security and respond to threats
o Perform routine maintenance and updates
o Provide support for network users
 • Example: An IT team in a NOC might monitor the health of a company's network, ensuring all
servers are running smoothly and addressing any connectivity issues as they arise.

NMC (Network Management Center)

• Definition: A NMC is similar to a NOC but typically has a broader scope, including the
management of network operations, resources, and services.
• Functions:
o Oversee the entire lifecycle of network services
o Manage network infrastructure and resources
o Ensure compliance with service level agreements (SLAs)
o Optimize network performance and capacity planning
o Coordinate with other departments for integrated network management
• Example: A NMC might not only monitor network performance but also manage the
deployment of new network services, ensuring they align with company objectives and
standards.

Key Differences:

• Scope: NOC primarily focuses on real-time monitoring and troubleshooting, while NMC has a
broader role in overall network management and service lifecycle.
• Functions: NOC is more about operational tasks and immediate responses to issues, whereas
NMC includes strategic planning and resource management.

In summary, while both NOC and NMC are crucial for maintaining network health, NOC is
more operational and immediate, whereas NMC encompasses broader management
responsibilities.

Difference between 3G, 4G, 5G

1. STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscope): A scientific instrument that visualizes and
manipulates individual atoms on a surface.
2. WHITE noise: A heterogeneous mixture of sound waves extending over a wide
frequency range.
3. ANS (Autonomic Nervous System): Regulates involuntary bodily functions like heart
rate and digestion.
4. ICX(Interconnection Exchange): A point where internet service providers exchange
internet traffic between networks.
5. IGW(International Gateway): A switching system for international voice traffic.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It
uses a link state routing (LSR) algorithm and operates within a single autonomous system (AS)
to find the optimal route for data transmission

Router vs Switch

VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)

1. Definition: A VLAN is a logical grouping of devices connected to a single Ethernet

segment. It enables multiple networks to share the same physical infrastructure without
interfering.
2. Purpose: VLANs reduce the number of broadcast domains per network device and
subnet, enhancing network management and security.
3. Function: VLANs behave like virtual switches, allowing devices to stay logically separate
while sharing the same physical network.

Here are some common port numbers associated with network protocols:

1. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Port 80 for unencrypted web traffic.

2. HTTPS (HTTP Secure): Port 443 for encrypted web traffic.
3. DNS (Domain Name System): Port 53 for translating domain names to IP addresses.
4. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Port 25 for email services.
5. SSH (Secure Shell): Port 22 for secure remote access
6. Port 88: Kerberos, a network authentication system.
7. Port 102: Microsoft Exchange ISO-TSAP (Transport Service Access Point) Class 0
protocol.

1. Simplex Mode:
o Definition: In simplex mode, communication happens in only one direction. The sender
can transmit data, but it cannot receive any.
o Example: Think of a traditional TV broadcast where the signal flows from the
broadcasting station to your TV. The TV doesn’t send any data back to the station
2. Half Duplex Mode:
o Definition: In half-duplex mode, communication is bidirectional but restricted to one
direction at a time. Devices take turns transmitting and receiving.
o Example: Walkie-talkies are a classic example. You press the button to talk, release it to
listen, but you can’t do both simultaneously
3. Full Duplex Mode:
o Definition: Full duplex allows simultaneous two-way communication. Both sender and
receiver can transmit and receive data at the same time.
o Example: Telephone networks operate in full duplex. You can talk and listen
simultaneously during a phone call

What is DHCP ?

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network management protocol that

dynamically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network. It automates the process of
configuring network settings, making it easier for devices to join and communicate on the
 network. For example, when your laptop connects to Wi-Fi, DHCP assigns it an IP address so it
can access the internet.

Fiber Optic Cable Components:

o Core: Responsible for transporting light signals.

o Cladding: Surrounds the core with a lower refractive index and contains the light.
o Coating: Protects the core.
o Strength Member: Provides mechanical support.
o Cable Jacket: Outer protective layer.

LTE (Long-Term Evolution):

• Definition: LTE is a standard for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices
and data terminals. It improves on previous standards (like 3G) by using a different radio
interface and core network improvements.
• Key Points:
o LTE is based on GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA standards.
o It’s marketed as 4G LTE, although the original version didn’t meet the strict technical
criteria for 4G.
o LTE supports both IPv4 and IPv6 networks and is widely used in large enterprise
networks
 IoT (Internet of Things):

Definition: IoT refers to a network of physical devices (smart objects) embedded with
sensors, software, and network connectivity. These devices collect and share data,
enabling communication between them and other internet-enabled devices.

• Applications:
o Smart home devices (thermostats, wearables).
o Industrial machinery and transportation systems.
o Entire “smart cities” based on IoT technologies.
• Benefits: Improved efficiency, data-driven decision-making, and cost savings

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First):

• Definition: OSPF is a routing protocol for IP networks. It uses a link state routing (LSR)
algorithm and operates within a single autonomous system (AS). OSPF gathers link state
information from available routers and constructs a topology map of the network.
• Key Features:
o Supports IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
o Used in large enterprise networks.
o Provides dynamic traffic load balancing and real-time convergence

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy):

• Definition: SDH is a standardized protocol for transferring multiple digital bit streams
synchronously over optical fiber. It replaced the older plesiochronous digital hierarchy
(PDH) system.
• Purpose: Transport large amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fiber
without synchronization issues.
• Usage: Widely used globally, especially outside the United States and Canada

MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching):

• Definition: MPLS is a routing technique that directs data based on labels rather than
network addresses. It allows efficient data transmission by creating end-to-end circuits
across different transport media.
• Benefits:
o Faster and more efficient than regular IP routing.
o Eliminates dependence on specific data link layer technologies.
o Widely used for transporting various protocols (including ATM, IP, and Ethernet)