Section 8: Matrices

Type of Matrices
Definition: It is an array which consists elements in it’s row and column. A matrix is denoted by a
capital bold character such as A, B, C, … Column

a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13

𝐀 = a21 a22 a23 𝐀 = a21 a22 a23 Row
a31 a32 a33 3X3
a31 a32 a33 3X3 Dimension OR Parameter
Example
a b 1 0 0
1 2 1 2 0
B= C= c d D= E= 0 1 0
−1 0 2X2 2 4 3 2X3
e f 3X2 0 0 1 3X3
Note: (i) If a matrix has equal number of rows and columns then it is called a “Square” matrix.
(ii) Number rows and columns of a matrix is not same then the it is called a “Rectangle Matrix”.
(iii) If a matrix has only one row or column then it is called a “Vector”
 Arithmetic Operations of Matrices

(i) Equal of two matrices

(ii) Addition and Subtraction of two matrices
(iii) Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar.
(iv) Multiplication of two matrices
 Equal of two matrices

If two matrices A and B are equal then they should satisfy the following conditions:
(i) Their dimension/parameters are same.
(ii) Their elements are same to each other.

Example:
a b p q
1. Suppose A = and B = . If A = B then,
c d 2X2 r s 2X2
• Both matrices parameters are same
• a = p, b = q, c = r and d = s.

a b c 2 −1 0
2. Matrices C = and D = then
d e f 2X3 3 4 1 2X3
a = 2, b = -1, c = 0, d = 3, e = 4, f = 1.
 Addition and Subtraction of two matrices

To add or subtract two matrices the dimension/parameters of the two matrices should same.
Example:
2 −3 1 2
(i) Let A = and B = then find the following
1 4 0 3
(a) A + B = ??? (b) A – B = ???
(c) B - A = ???
4 2 −2 1
(ii) If A = 1 3 and A = 2 −2 then find the following
−2 5 0 2
(a) A - B = ??? (b) A + B = ???
(c) B - A = ???
 Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar

Let A is a matrix and k is a scalar (Number) then, kA is a matrix with same dimension of A.

Example:
a b a b 2a 2b
1. Suppose A = then 2A = 2 = .
c d 2X2 c d 2X2 2c 2d 2X2

2 −1 0 2 −1 0 6 −3 0
2. Matrix C = then 3C = 3 = .
3 4 1 2X3 3 4 1 9 12 3
2 −2 2 −2 4 −4
3. Matrix B = 3 2 then 2B = 2 3 2 = 6 4
1 3 1 3 2 6
1 0 1 0 3 0
4. Matrix D = then 3D = 3 =
0 1 0 1 0 3
 Examples

2 −3 1 2
(i) Let A = and B = then find the following
1 4 0 3
(a) 2A + B = ??? (b) A – 3B = ???
(c) 3B – 2A = ??? (d) 2B + 2A = ???

4 2 −2 1
(ii) If A = 1 3 and A = 2 −2 then find the following
−2 5 0 2
(a) A + 2B = ??? (b) 3A – 2B = ???
(c) B – 2A = ??? (d) B + 2A = ???
 Examples

1 3 2 3 −3 0
(i) If A = 3 1 1 and A = 2 1 1 then find the following
−2 0 −2 2 1 0
(a) A + 2B = ??? (b) 3A – 2B = ???
(c) B – 2A = ??? (d) B + 2A = ???

1 0 0 3 3 0
If A = 3 1 0 and A = 0 1 1 then find the following
2 1 2 0 0 2
(a) 2A + B = ??? (b) 2A – 3B = ???
(c) 2B – 3A = ??? (d) 3B + 2A = ???
 Multiplication of two matrices

To multiply one matrix by another matrix the following condition should satisfy.
Condition: Number of columns of the first matrix = Number of rows of the second matrix.
𝐀 nXm ∗ 𝐁mXp = 𝐂nXp
Example
2 1 2
(i) Let A = and B = then find the following
3 −1 2𝑋2 3 2𝑋1
(a) AB = ??? (b) BA = ???
2 1 3 2
(ii) Let A = and B = then find the following
3 −1 2𝑋2 4 1 2𝑋2
(a) AB = ??? (b) BA = ???
2 1
2 3 −1
(iii) If A = and B = 3 4 then find the following
1 3 2 2𝑋3
2 −1 3𝑋2
(a) AB = ??? (b) BA = ???
 Multiplication of two matrices
2 1 −2 2 1
(iv) Let A = 3 2 2 and B = 1 3 then find the following
1 −2 1 3𝑋3 −2 −2 3𝑋2
(a) AB = ??? (b) BA = ???

3 −1 2 2 −3 1
(v) If A = 2 −2 −3 and B = 1 1 2 then find the following
1 2 1 3𝑋3 2 2 0 3𝑋3
(a) AB = ??? (b) BA = ???

3 1 2 1 0 0
(vi) If A = 2 2 3 and I = 0 1 0 then check whether AI = IA = A.
1 2 1 3𝑋3 0 0 1 3𝑋3
Note: If A is a square matrix and I is an identity matrix the AI = IA = A
 Transpose Matrix

If A is a matrix then its transpose matrix is denoted by 𝐀′ or 𝐀T .

𝑎 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Suppose A = then 𝐀′ or 𝐀T = 𝑏 𝑒 (Rows become columns)
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 2X3
𝑐 𝑓
3X2
Example: Find the transpose matrix for the following:
2 4
(i) A = 2 1 −2 1X3 then 𝐀T = ??? (ii) A = then 𝐀T = ???
3 −1 2X2
1 0 0 1 0 0
(iii) A = −2 2 0 then 𝐀′ = ??? (iv) A = 0 1 0 then 𝐀′ = ???
3 4 3 3X3 0 0 1 3X3
Exercise
2 −1 3
If A = then find a 𝐀𝐀T (b) 𝐀T 𝐀
−1 2 0 2X3
 Determinant of a Matrix

If A is a matrix then its determinant is denoted by 𝐀 . Determinant exists only for square matrix.
2 4 2 3
(i) A= then 𝐀 = ??? (ii) A = then 𝐀 = ???
3 −1 2X2 1 −1 2X2

1 3 2 1 2 4
(iii) A = −2 2 1 then 𝐀 = ??? (iv) A = 2 2 1 then 𝐀 = ???
3 4 3 3X3 −3 3 −2 3X3
 Inverse of a Matrix

If A is a matrix then its inverse is denoted by 𝐀−1 and the following

condition is true.
𝐀 ∗ 𝐀−1 = 𝐀−1 A = I, where I is an identity matrix and
−𝟏 𝟏
𝐀 = ∗ 𝐀𝐣𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 (𝐀)
|𝐀|
2 1 3 1
(i) A = then 𝐀−1 = ??? (ii) A = then 𝐀−1 = ???
3 4 2X2 2 4 2X2

1 3 2 1 2 4
(iii) A = −2 2 1 then 𝐀−1 = ??? (iv) A = 2 2 1 then 𝐀−1 = ???
3 4 3 3X3 −3 3 −2 3X3
 Solution of Simultaneous Equations Using Matrix Applications

Two variable equations

Eg. a1x + b1y = c1 Example: 2x + y = 5

a2 x + b 2 y = c 2 3x + 4y = 10
a1 b1 x c1 2 1 x 5
y = c =
a2 b2 2 3 4 y 10
AX = B
Let AX = B X = A-1B
A-1AX = A-1B
X = A-1B
 Solution of Simultaneous Equations Using Matrix Applications

Three variable equations

Example: 3x + 2y - z = 2
Eg. a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 x+y+z =1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 2x + 2y + z = 3
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 3 2 −1
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1 A= 1 1 1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑦 = 𝑑2 2 2 1
X = A-1B
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3

AX = B
A-1AX = A-1B
X = A-1B
 Solution of Simultaneous Equations Using Matrix Applications

Using matrix applications solve the following simultaneous equations.

(i) 2x + 3y = 4 (ii) 2x – 2y = 5
3x – 2y = 6 4x + 2y = 7

(iii) 3x – 2y + z = 9 (iv) 2x – 4y +5z = 36

x +2y – 2z = -5 -3x + 5y + 7z = 7
x + y - 4z = -2 5x + 3y – 8z = -31
Solve the following simultaneous equations using matrix method.
1. 3x + 2y = 4, x + 2y = 2
2. x – 3y = 2, x - 2y = 0
3. 2x + 2y = 1, 3x – 4y = 3
4. x – y + z = 3, 2x + y + 2z = 2, 3x + 2y - z = 5
5. 3x + 2y – z = 4, x + y + z = 2, 2x + 2y + z = 6
6. x – 3y – 2z = 2, 2x - y = 0, y + 2z = 1