MEng 131
HEAT TRANSFER
Lesson No. 1
OVERVIEW OF HEAT TRANSFER
Lesson 1.1 Basic Concepts and Terminologies
Temperature - is a measure of the amount of energy possessed by the molecules of a
substance. (denoted by T).
▪ it is a measure of energy due to level of heat
o Freezing point of water is 0°C
o Boiling point of water is 100°C
▪ This can be used to predict the direction of heat transfer
Standard and absolute temperature scales
Image Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/Rankine-temperature-scale
Heat – It is the form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another as a result of
temperature difference (denoted by Q).
▪ Can be transmitted through
o Solids and fluids by conduction
o Fluids by convection
o Empty space by radiation
Vision: A globally competitive university for science, technology, and environmental conservation. Page 1 of 6
Mission: Development of a highly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge
and innovative technologies for sustainable communities and environment.
Instructor: ENGR. AUREA ANNE J. ELE
Units for measuring heat:
▪ British Thermal Unit (BTU) in the English system of units (one BTU is the amount of heat
required to raise 1 lb of water by 1°F)
▪ Calorie (cal) in the SI system of units (one calorie is required to raise 1g of water by 1°C)
▪ Kilo Joule (kJ)
▪ 1 cal = 4.1487 J
▪ 1 BTU = 1.055 kJ = 1,055 J
HEAT AND OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY
Energy can exist in numerous forms such as:
o Thermal
o Mechanical
o Kinetic
o Potential
o Electrical
o Magnetic
o Chemical
o Nuclear
➢ Their sum constitutes the total energy, E (or e on a unit mass basis) of a system.
➢ The sum of all microscopic forms of energy is called the internal energy of a system.
Internal energy may be viewed as the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the
molecules.
Sensible heat is the kinetic energy of the molecules.
Latent heat the internal energy associated with the phase of a system.
Chemical (bond) energy is the internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule.
Nuclear energy is the internal energy associated with the bonds within the nucleus of the atom
itself.
Vision: A globally competitive university for science, technology, and environmental conservation. Page 2 of 6
Mission: Development of a highly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge
and innovative technologies for sustainable communities and environment.
Instructor: ENGR. AUREA ANNE J. ELE
HEAT VS TEMPERATURE
❖ Heat energy depends on mass. Temperature is independent of mass.
- 2 liters of boiling water has more heat energy than 1 liter of boiling water
❖ Temperature is not energy, but only a measure of it.
❖ Heat is energy.
❖ When heat goes into a substance, one of these two things can happen:
1. Temperature goes up
2. Change of state
➢ Temperature goes up
o Heat that causes a rise in temperature e.g. heating water before boiling
o The heat energy is used to increase the kinetic energy of the molecules in
the substance
o This is also known as sensible heat
➢ Change of state
o Heat brings about a change in potential energy of the molecules
(temperature remains constant).
o This is called latent heat.
HEAT AND WORK
❖ Both represent energy in transition
❖ Work is the transfer of energy resulting from a force acting through a distance
❖ Heat is energy transferred as a result in temperature difference
❖ Neither heat no work are thermodynamic properties of a system – a system cannot
contain or store either heat or work
❖ Heat into a system and work out of a system are considered positive quantities
❖ When a temperature difference exists across a boundary, the Second Law of
Thermodynamics indicates the natural flow of energy is from the hotter body to a colder
body.
THERMODYNAMICS
- It is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a process
from one equilibrium state to another.
Vision: A globally competitive university for science, technology, and environmental conservation. Page 3 of 6
Mission: Development of a highly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge
and innovative technologies for sustainable communities and environment.
Instructor: ENGR. AUREA ANNE J. ELE
HEAT TRANSFER
❖ It is the science that deals with the determination of the rates of such energy transfers as
well as variation of temperature.
❖ If there is a temperature difference in a system, heat will always move from higher to lower
temperature.
❖ It is the process by which internal energy from one substance transfers to another
substance.
❖ Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to room temperature
❖ Heat transfer stops when the two mediums reach the same temperature.
INTERNAL ENERGY
- It is the sum of potential energy of the system and the system’s kinetic energy.
- It is defined as the energy associated with the random, disordered motion of
the molecules. It is separated in scale from the macroscopic ordered energy
associated with moving objects.
- It refers to the invisible energy on the atomic and molecular scale.
INTERNAL ENERGY AND ENTHALPY
In the analysis of systems that involve fluid flow, we frequently encounter the combination
of properties u and Pv. This combination is defined as enthalpy (h = u + Pv). The term Pv
represents the flow energy of the fluid (also called the flow work).
Energy = h
Vision: A globally competitive university for science, technology, and environmental conservation. Page 4 of 6
Mission: Development of a highly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge
and innovative technologies for sustainable communities and environment.
Instructor: ENGR. AUREA ANNE J. ELE
The internal energy u
represents the microscopic
Energy = u energy of a nonflowing fluid,
whereas enthalpy h represents
the microscopic energy of a
flowing fluid.
Lesson 1.2 Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer is the science that deals with the determination of the rates of such energy
transfers
Question:
If a cup of coffee and red popsicle were
left on the table in the room, what will happen
to them? Why?
Why do we need Heat Transfer?
▪ A thermodynamcis simply tells us how much amount of heat transfer from one
equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
▪ It two bodies at the same temperture are in contact, there is no net heat flow from one
body to the other.
▪ This condition is known as thermal equilibrium.
▪ We are normally interested in how long it takes for a hot coffee in a
thermos to cool to a certain temperture, which cannot be determined
from a thermodynamics analysis alone.
▪ Heat transfer also plays major rule design of many devices, such as
radiators, solar collectors, various components of power plants, even
space craft.
▪ Other application areas of heat transfer includes: the human body, air conditioning system,
heating system, electronic equipment, refrigeration system, etc.
Vision: A globally competitive university for science, technology, and environmental conservation. Page 5 of 6
Mission: Development of a highly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge
and innovative technologies for sustainable communities and environment.
Instructor: ENGR. AUREA ANNE J. ELE
Lesson 1.3 Modes of Heat Transfer
How is heat transferred?
Heat can travel through a medium and also through vacuum.
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
There are three ways heat can move or transfer.
Conduction and radiation are fundamental physical mechanisms, while convection is really
conduction as affected by fluid flow.
CONDUCTION
▪ The transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent
less energetic ones as a result of interactio9ns between the particles.
CONVECTION
▪ It is the process by which heat is transmitted from one place to another by the movement
of heat particles of a gas or liquid.
RADIATION
▪ It is the mode of energy transfer by electromagnetic waves.
Vision: A globally competitive university for science, technology, and environmental conservation. Page 6 of 6
Mission: Development of a highly competitive human resource, cutting-edge scientific knowledge
and innovative technologies for sustainable communities and environment.
Instructor: ENGR. AUREA ANNE J. ELE
