TRADE PROJECT

NAME: NAVIES SAGWA

ADMISSSION: 14903
INDEX NO: 6161041089

COURSE: DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING (POWER OPTION)

PROJECT TITLE: DUAL AXIS SOLAR POWER TRACKER

PROJECT SUPERVISOR: MR. NAMASAKA

PRESENTED TO: THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION

COUNCIL IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (POWER
OPTION)

SERIES: OCTOBER/NOVERMBER 2022

1
DECLARATION
I………………………………………., hereby declare that the project work
titled………………………………………………………. Is a record of an original
work done by me under the guidance of my supervisor …………………………...
and this project work has not performed the basis for the award of any diploma and
similar project if any.

INDEX NUMBER………………….. Date…………………….

This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the college
supervisor.

NAME……………………………...............................................
SIGN……………………. DATE………………………..

2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost, honor to the only God, with full happiness, I finally finished my project
research. This thesis is dedicated to all people who always give me a lot of support
and motivation, especially for my beloved parents Mr. and Mrs. LUMWAGI who
were always concerned about every path that I took.
I would also thank my final project supervisor, Mr. NAMASAKA for the advice,
guidance, patience and support not only as my final supervisor but also as a great
lecture who always pump me to do the best in Electrical Engineering.
Thanks for my fellow friends, Stanslaus Aradi,Abiud Simiyu who always share the
adventures in this college life.
For my mom and dad, you will always be in my mind, in my silences, and in my
prayers. I wish that health and success will always be with you.

3
ABSTRACT
The global energy crisis and continued supporting evidence of global climate change have began
to shift the economies towards solutions that solve both challenges.
Solar power has become one of the most recognizable and popularized renewable methods of
energy to date.In comparison to other photovoltaic systems,this project demonstrates the
perfomance advantages of a dual axis solar tracker.
It also addresses its viability on a non-commercial scale. The objective was to improve upon
previous solar tracker projects by adding another axis to the system.This system implements both
an actuator and a stepper motor to examine the advantages of using different drivers.
Manufacturers of this project entailed:
(1) Risk mitigation
(2) Materializing the design
-Based on the deliverables set out by the design requirements,the project provided largely
successfully results.
The photovoltaic was able to maintain a perpendicular relationship with sunlight within
3%tolerance .
Energy collected was approximately 38.9% more than the PV cell without tracking system.

4
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The sun offers clean and renewable energy and is a desirable source of energy for

industrial,domestic and commercial applications.Although it has its own shortcomings,they do

not overweigh the advantages.A dual axis solar power tracker is a microcontroller based system

designed to harness maximum energy from the sun rays by the use of a solar panel as the

collector.Previously,the solar tracker that was present was a single axis thus collected solar rays

from a single angle.When the panel faced either East or West,this meant that energy was to be

collected only in that direction even when the sun switched positions.

We all know that the earth revolves around the sun at one degree per four minutes.This means

that as the goes by and the revolution happens,the angle of sun rays will change and therefore

this makes it necessary to come up with a system that detects rays production angles and is able

to switch.This makes a dual axis solar power tracker the perfect fit.

Maximum energy collection will aid in full transformation to renewable clean energy so as to

attain the world climate change plan.

1.1 OBJECTIVE

-To design, construct and test a model of a temperature controlled access system.

-To develop a laboratory prototype of a solar tracking system which is able to enhance the

perfomance of the pv modules in a solar energy system.

-To fully practicalise the renewable energy switch since pollutionhas been a major threat

coming from the non-renewable energy sources castly used.(green energy)

5
 -Maximum harvesting of solar energy from two fronts is an advantage as compared to the

non adjustable harvesting method which delivers lesser amount of power.

1.2 AIMS

 To embrace the technology behind investment in green energy.

 To design a system that will harness maximum solar energy.

 To facilitate controlled access to valuable storage using keypad.

1.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER SUPPLY

INPUT CONTROL LOCK

CIRCUIT CIRCUIT

SWITCHING
TILTING LIGHT
CIRCUIT
DEVICE DETECTOR

POWER SUPPLY

This supplies a stable 12v dc to the circuit from 240v ac mains regardless of variation in mains

supply voltage. This ensures stable operation of the circuit.

INPUT CIRCUIT

These are buttons numbered 0-9 forming a pad through which the codes are entered. They

generate switching signals when pressed.

6
CONTROL CIRCUIT

This is a logic circuit designed such that it gives an a ttlt to the solar panel to desired angles

whenever ther is a shift in the direction of sun rays.

LIGHT DETECTOR(LDR)

Special purpose diodes are used to detect the direction of sun rays.

This generates a voltage signal when smoke is detected.

SWITCHING CIRCUIT

This is based on receiving the signals from the code selector(arduino) and actualizing the

operation of the stepper motor to perform tiltation role thereby delivering maximum solar radiant

power.

AUDIO ALARM

This raises an audible alarm when it is powered. It is used to alert when the lock is empty.

LOCK

This is the solenoid lock that is operated by current.

1.4 SPECIFICATIONS

Supply voltage 240V ac

Operating voltage 12 volts

Triggering temperature 45oC

7
Operating current 400mA

Buzzer power 4 watts

8
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
The first solar tracker was a mechanical system by C. Finster, invented in 1962. Though the

Finster solar tracker realized insignificant energy gains, years of testing and research have led to

improvement of the conversion output of the PV system and consequently the emergency of

different tracking technologies and applications (e.g. concentrator and non-concentrator). In

short, improved solar cells have been developed and the use of solar tracking system over the use

of conventional fixed PV system has grown. In fixed photovoltaic system the solar receiver (PV

module) is in a stationary position facing the true north. However, with mechanical or electro-

mechanical systems, the orientation of the collector change continually in reference to the

azimuthal directions (east-west) and also in its elevation. This is dependent on the tracker’s

geometrical capacity. 2.1. Classification of solar tracking system Mousazadeh et al, (2009)

carried a review study, which resulted in the general categorisation of solar tracking systems (2)

according to two main typologies, namely, Energy source (i.e. passive, active and manual), and

Degree of freedom (i.e. single or dual axis). Passive tracking systems- designate all devices that

position solar collectors for optimum capture of energy using mechanical potential and thermal

energy principles. Passive systems do not use of electrical energy. Some of the typical

mechanical working principles are Shape Memory Alloy (SMA), Thermo-fluids, Mechanical

potential system (lever, weight and springs). In Shape Memory Alloy, cylindrical actuators to

change the shape the SMA receivers through mirrors until an optimum orientation is achieved (3)

Recent developments, among others by Kusekar et al (2015), have seen the use of high pressure

fluids to convert the potential energy in the mechanical structure that hold up the PV panel into

kinetic energy, which is then used to move the panel toward the sun. (4) Active tracking

9
systems- use electrical energy as their source. A number of categories exist such as; Electro-

optical based tracker, Auxiliary bifacial solar cell and chronological (time and date based)

tracker. At some instances, a combination of these different systems may be realised and the

resulting system will be referred to as Hybrid. Of all active trackers, electro-optical basedtrackers

are is generally more popular. Mousazadeh et al (2009) reports (2) the use of differential

illumination of coupled electrosensors to generate a differential signal to a controller which then

sends a signal to drive the solar system. For improved photosensitivity, the sensor can be

mounted on a pyramidal structure (in the figure 2b outlines the photo-diode mounted on

pyramid)

2.1 Numerical codes, passwords and passphrases

The most prevalent form of electronic lock is that using a numerical code for authentication; the

correct code must be entered in order for the lock to deactivate. Such locks typically provide a

keypad, and some feature an audible response to each press. Combination lengths are usually

between 4 and 6 digits long.

A variation on this design involves the user entering the correct password or passphrase.

2.2 Digital/Key Combo

These locks still provide a key slot to allow access the old fashioned way or by keypad pin

number entry. They can also be configured to demand both a pin number and use of the key to

10
gain access. These locks can provide a fail-safe backup, just in case a password or pin has been

forgotten, or if different family members prefer different methods of entry. Those individuals

with bad memories can use the normal key entry, but those who regularly misplace their keys

would rather use the digital keypad.

2.3 Card Readers

Card readers are normally seen in hotel rooms, and utilize a small credit card shaped key used to

unlock the door. This type of electronic digital door lock allows you to refrain from using a

traditional key, but also have the benefit of not having to remember a pin number. They are also

convenient because they can easily be carried around in a purse or wallet. These locks make for

an impenetrable barrier that automatically locks itself upon entry or exit.

2.4 Electronic Digital Locks

An electronic lock is a device that operates by electric current. It has a touch pad similar to an

ATM machine. The owner has to enter a predefined lock code to activate the lock. These locks

are a little more expensive as compared to the mechanical digital locks. One of the advantages of

electronic digital door lock is that record the time a person enters and exits the place.

Some of these door locks are also designed with a key. But the keyless digital door lock is

widely suggested. Adding additional methods to utilize the lock will make it more expensive.

11
2.5 General keypad Locks

General keypad locks are also a very secure option. Many include and optional built-in audible

alarm that activates upon forced entry. They utilize a pin number or code to disable to alarm and

unlock the door. Pin numbers can usually be customized from 2 to 7 number combination, and

programmed to use a different combination for separate individuals.

Some digital door locks will require professional installation, but many can make the installation

a do it yourself project.

2.6 Biometrics

As biometrics become more and more prominent as a recognized means of positive

identification, their use in security systems increases. Some new electronic locks take advantage

of technologies such as fingerprint scanning, retinal scanning and iris scanning, and voiceprint

identification to authenticate users.

2.7 RFID

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of an object (typically referred to as an RFID

tag) applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification

and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the

line of sight of the reader. This technology is also used in modern electronic locks.

12
 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 POWER SUPPLY

The power supply consists of a step down transformer, rectifier circuit, smoothening capacitors

and voltage stabilizer circuit.

TRANSFORMER

The laminated core transformer is the one used here. This is because of the low frequency

operation.

Since the circuit requires 12 V and 400mA to operate, the transformer selected is 240 V to 12V,

500mA step down transformer. This is because the transformer current rating should be slightly

above the circuit rated current. To bet the input current, the transformer equation can be used.

From here we can get

13
Vp=240V

Vs= 12V

Is= 0.5A

Therefore,

Ip which is the input current to the transformer can be calculated as follows.

RECTIFICATION

The purpose of the rectifier section is to convert the incoming ac from a transformer or other ac

power source to some form of pulsating dc.

14
The four-diode rectifier circuit shown above serves to provide full-wave rectification of the ac

output of a single transformer winding. The diamond configuration of the four diodes is the same

as the resistor configuration in a Wheatstone bridge. This rectifier circuit is similarly known as a

bridge rectifier.

Since the aim of using diode is to convert ac to dc, rectifier diode is selected for this purpose.

Each of the four diodes is required to carry the required current of 400mA and withstand a

voltage of at least 12 volts. Therefore, the best diode for this is the one rated just above 400mA

and above 12 volts. Therefore, the ideal diode for this is IN4007. It has a current capacity of 1

ampere and peak inverse voltage capacity of 1000 volts. Four of them will be used to form a

four-diode bridge rectifier.

FILTER CIRCUIT

A shunt capacitor filter is the most ideal for this due to its simplicity and that it gives the best

result of all.

5 × Io
Smoothing capacitor for 10% ripple, C =
Vs × f

C = smoothing capacitance in farads (F)

Io = output current from the supply in amps (A)

15
 Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed DC

f = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in our case

VOLTAGE STABILIZATION

The series 7800 regulators provide eight voltage options, ranging from 5 to 24 V. These ICs are

designed as fixed voltage regulators and with adequate heat sinking can deliver output currents in

excess of 1 A. Although these devices do not require any external component, such components

can be employed for providing adjustable voltages and currents. These ICs also have internal

thermal overload protection and internal short-circuit current limiting.

16
Since the required out put voltage is 12 volts DC, 7812 voltage regulator IC is the one used here.

The entire power supply circuit diagram is described below.

3.1 INPUT CIRCUIT

Push button switches are used here.

Pushbutton switches are two-position devices actuated with a button that is pressed and released.

Most pushbutton switches have an internal spring mechanism returning the button to its "out," or

"unpressed," position, for momentary operation.

17
The key pad is made up of ten switches representing letters zero to nine. These are 10 push

button micro switches arranged to form a keypad. The arrangement is as illustrated below.

3.2 CONTROL CIRCUIT

LOGIC CIRCUIT

This is made up of combination of AND gates. These turns on each other in sequence as the

buttons are pressed. The circuit is illustrated below.

18
Resistor R is used to protect the output of the AND gate. The gate output should not exceed 50

mA. Therefore, I set the current to be 12 mA. Since the voltage is 12 volts, R can be calculated.

R = 1,000 Ω

C require to be charged to 63.3% (this voltage is enough to turn on the AND gate) of the supply

voltage in 3 seconds. Therefore the time constant should be 3 seconds.

T (time constant) =R X C

Therefore,

C= T/R

=3/1,000

= 0.003 F

= 3000 uF

For the IC, CMOS CD4081 is the one selected for this. This is because of its fast switching and

besides it minimizes bulkiness since it contains four, two input AND gates.

19
TIMER CIRCUIT

Timer circuit is used to ensure that once the lock is unlocked, the person has enough time to

enter before it locks back. 555 timer chip is used here.

Ultra-low power versions of the 555 are available, such as the 7555 and TLC555. The 7555 is

designed to cause less supply glitching than the classic 555 and the manufacturer claims that it

usually does not require a "control" capacitor and in many cases does not require a power supply

bypass capacitor.

The connection of the pins is as follows:

Pin Name Purpose

1 GND Ground, low level (0 V)

20
2 TRIG OUT rises, and interval starts, when this input falls below 1/3 VCC.

3 OUT This output is driven to +VCC or GND.

4 RESET A timing interval may be interrupted by driving this input to GND.

5 CTRL "Control" access to the internal voltage divider (by default, 2/3 VCC).

6 THR The interval ends when the voltage at THR is greater than at CTRL.

7 DIS Open collector output; may discharge a capacitor between intervals.

8 V+, VCC Positive supply voltage is usually between 3 and 15 V.

The 555 has three operating modes:

 Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot". Applications include

timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touch switches, frequency divider,

capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) and so on.

 Astable - free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and

lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse

position modulation and so on.

 Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not

connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bouncefree latched switches.

The purpose of a timer is to give a voltage signal for some time before going off.

21
The on time is determined by the following equation.

Where Ton is on time in seconds and 1.1 is a constant.

A circuit based on the 555 timer IC is the one selected for this purpose. This is because of its

stability in its oscillations over a wide range of supply frequency.

To achieve a timer from the 555, it is wired in a monostable mode. This is described below.

To get the on time, the following formula is used.

Time (t) =1.1RtCt

The maximum time required in our case is 30 seconds.

Consider Ct to be 1,000uF,

22
Rt =27,272 Ω

TIMER TRIGER CIRCUIT

This is used to start up the timing on receiving a signal from the AND gate. However, the

monostable multivibrator is triggered with a negative pulse while the receiver produces a

positive pulse. To do this conversion, a trigger circuit is needed. This is basically a NOT gate.

Due to the cost of purchasing the NOT gate inform of an IC being high, a transistor discrete

circuit is considered.

Rc is used to protect the transistor (Q). The collector current should not exceed 12mA. This will

help the transistor to safely operate for a long time without breaking down. Therefore,

Transistor Q should therefore be able to withstand collector current of 12mA and Vceo of 12

volts. Therefore, the most ideal transistor for this is BC 547. This can handle a collector current

of 250mA and Vceo of 60 volts.

23
The minimum base current required to switch on BC547 fully should is 2.5 mA. The output

voltage of the comparator is a maximum of 12 volts. To offer this protection, Rb is used.

Therefore,

3.3 TEMPERATURE DETECTOR

A positive temperature coefficient thermistor will be used. This is because of its stability over a

wide range of temperature.

A Thermistor is a THERM-ally sensitive res-ISTOR which changes its physical resistance with

temperature. They are generally made from ceramic type semiconductor materials such as oxides

of nickel, manganese or cobalt coated in glass which makes them easily damaged. Most types of

thermistor's have a Negative Temperature Coefficient of resistance or (NTC), that is their

resistance value goes down with an increase in the temperature but some with a Positive

Temperature Coefficient, (PTC), their resistance value goes up with an increase in temperature

are also available. Their main advantage is their speed of response to any changes in

temperature, accuracy and repeatability.

Thermistors are ceramic type semiconductors made from Metal Oxide technology that are

generally formed into small glass beads or balls which gives a relatively fast response to any

changes in temperature. They are rated by their resistive value at room temperature (usually at

24
25oC) and their power rating with respect to current flow. Thermistors are available with

resistances at room temperature from 10´s of Megaohms down to just a few Ohms, but for

sensing purposes those types with values in the kilo-ohms are generally used.

Thermistors are passive resistive devices which means we need to pass a current through it to

produce a measurable voltage output. Then thermistors are generally connected in series with a

suitable biasing resistor to form a potential divider network and the choice of resistor gives a

voltage output at some pre-determined temperature point or value.

The thermistor is used alongside a resistor to form a potential divider whose output voltage is

changing with change in temperature. This is illustrated below.

When temperature is low, Vo is low. As temperature rises, thermistor resistance rises and

therefore Vo rises. R1 should protect the thermistor from excess current flowing through it since

it can damage it. Taking thermistor resistance to be zero ohms, the current should not exceed

4mA. Considering that the supply voltage is 12 volts,

R1=12V/0.004A

= 3,000 ohms

= 3K

25
When the temperature is at 450C, the thermistor resistance is at 2 K.

Therefore, Vo at 450C can be calculated as follows.

Vo= thermistor resistance  12 volts

(thermistor resistance + R1)

Vo= 2  12 volts

2+3

Vo= 4.8 volts

VOLTAGE COMPARATOR

The purpose of the voltage comparator is to compare the voltage levels produced by the sensor

with some predetermined voltages and then gives an output.

LM 741 is the most ideal IC selected for this task. This is because of its stability in its function

over a wide range of voltages. The comparator is used with a reference circuit.

This is described below.

26
REFERENCE CIRCUIT

The purpose of this circuit is to provide a stable voltage levels to the comparator for referencing.

This voltage represents 450C. This consists of resistor network forming potential divider

network. This is as shown below.

Rv1 is supposed to be 4.8 volts dc. 12 volts power the network. The current through the divider

need to be reduced to 0.6mA in attempt to minimize overall power consumption.

To minimize the current through the divider, the total resistance of the divider is as follows.

The resistors can therefore be calculated as follows.

4.8= R3  12 volts

20

R3= 4.8  20

12

27
R3 = 8 K

Therefore, R2 = 20 K- 8 K = 12 K

3.4 CONTROL CIRCUIT

LATCH CIRCUIT

The S-R flip flop is used here. This has a provision of easy set and reset. The IC used here is the

555 timer IC.

The 555 timer IC can be wired as shown below in order to be configured as a bistable flip flop.

555 IC is used due to its stability and affordability.

R4 is used to protect the transistor (Q). The collector current is minimized to 10mA. Therefore,

considering when the transistor is fully conducting,

R4 = 1,200

28
Transistor Q should therefore be able to withstand collector current of 10mA and 12 volts.

Therefore, the most ideal transistor for this is BC 337. This can handle a collector current of up

to 500mA and Vceo of 40 volts.

The base current of BC337 should not exceed 1.2 mA. The output of the 4017 IC is a maximum

of 12 volts. To offer this protection, R5 is used. Therefore,

R5= 10 K

A reset switch is described below.

Resistor R6 is meant to protect the reset switch from over current that would destroy it. The

switch should not exceed 12 milliamperes. R6 is required to reduce the current through the

switch to 12 mA. R6 can therefore be calculated as follows.

29
 R6= 1,000 

3.5 SWITCHING CIRCUIT

Since the output of the AND gate is not enough to drive the locks, a driving circuit is needed to

power the locks on receiving signals from the AND gate.

The current required to power the lock is around 300mA and the supply to the lock is 12 volts.

In our case a mosfet switch is considered. This is because it is easier to switch with compared to

other switching devices. The circuit is illustrated below.

The switching device should withstand a collector current of 300 mA and Vceo of 12 volts.

Therefore, the most ideal transistor for this is IRFZ 46 mosfet. This can handle a drain-source

current of 50 A and Vdso of 60 volts.

30
The gate current of IRFZ46 should not exceed 1.2 mA incase of the mosfet breaking down. This

will protect the source IC which in our case is the AND gate. The output of the latching IC is a

maximum of 12 volts. To offer this protection, R8 is used. Therefore,

R8=10 K

3.6 AUDIO ALARM AND ITS DRIVER

This turns on the buzzer on receiving the signals from each if the voltage comparator ICs.

Since the buzzer is rated 12 volts, and a current of 50mA, the switching device should be rated at

least higher than 12 volts and 50mA. Therefore, BC 337 n-p-n transistor is used here. This is

rated 40 volts Vceo and a collector current of 500mA. It is described below.

The base current of BC337 should not exceed 1.2 mA. The output of each timer is a maximum of

12 volts. To offer this protection, R7 is used. Therefore,

31
R7= 10 K

Piezzo buzzer is selected since it small in size and therefore minimizes space therefore reduce

bulkiness.

It has an in built oscillator and therefore it is straight forward in its use. Besides it consumes

minimal power.

3.7 DISPLAY

LED is used here.

Each of the resistors (R) should ensure that 30mA flow through each LED. This will protect the

LED from getting damaged.

R is calculated as follows.

32
R=400W

3.8 LOCK

12 volts solenoid lock is used here.

33
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

34
4.1 CIRCUIT OPERATION

The step down transformer steps down 240 V ac to 12 volts ac when powered. The 4-diode

bridge rectifier converts ac to dc. The 3300uF capacitor acts as the smoothing capacitor meant to

get rid of DC ripples. This ensures a clean voltage to the circuit. The 7812 IC is a voltage

regulator IC used to ensure that the voltage supplied to the circuit is stable 12 volts.

Pressing the first button drives the upper AND gate high. This charges the capacitor. This high

capacitor voltage is fed to the second AND gate. Pressing the second button drives the output of

the second AND gate high. This charges the second capacitor. The same process occurs when the

third button is pressed. Pressing the fourth button drives the fourth AND gate high. This triggers

the timer circuit based on the 555 IC whose output goes on for some time and then off. The

output of the 555 IC turns on the mosfet that powers the solenoid lock that opens the door.

When fire erupts, the voltage of the thermistor rises above that of the reference circuit. This

drives the voltage comparator high. This output sets the flip flop driving its output high. This

through the mosfet turns on the lock on and at the same time turns on the audio alarm buzzer

through transistor wired as a switch and at the same time turns on the LED that indicates the

presence of fire.

35
4.2 TEST RESULTS

TEST POINT EXPECTED VALUE (VOLTS) ACUAL VALUE (VOLTS)

1 (regulator output) 12V DC 12.1V DC

2 (AND gate output) 12V DC 11.1 V DC

3 (555 timer output) 12V 10.56V

4 (counter output) 12V 10.8 V

5 (latch circuit 11V 10.6V

output)

6 (mosfet drain) 0V 0V

7 (comparator 12 V 10.2 V
output)

36
4.3 CONCLUSION

Though the project worked, it did not work to exact expectation.

This is a result of the following:

1. Unavailability of some components locally led to improvisation. An example of this is

the stepper motor.

2. Scarcity of information on some components adversely affected the end result of the

project.

3. Due to instability of the mains supply voltage, the unit was occasionally destroyed by

surges.

4. Solenoid lock was replaced with LED indicator.

5. Lack of the exact calculated components led to deviation.

37
4.4 RECOMMENDATION

After this project research,I highly recommend that solar configurations embrace the use of a

dual axis instead of the previously employed single axis.This is described in the findings I have

made and written in this document.This project is economical since it delivers maximum power

from the sun rays.Upgrading of the single axis is also possible since only a microcontroller,

stepper motor and additional battery are to be incorporated in the circuit.Lets conserve our

environment from fumes and emissions from non renewable sources of energy.Lets go green.

38
4.5 COSTING

QUANTITY PRICE PER UNIT TOTAL PRICE

ITEM
Power cable 1 100 100

Transformer 1 600 600

Power switch 1 80 80

Capacitors 2 50 100

Diodes 4 30 120

Regulator ic 1 85 85

IC sockets 4 50 200

Transistors 4 40 160

Solar panel 1 1000 1000

Typing and binding 300

Strip board 1 100 100

Solder wire 2 meters 20 40

Connector wires 4 meters 15 60

Stepper motor 1 650 650

CONNECTOR 1 BAR 100 100

TOTAL 3975

39