Engineering Mechanics II

ME 2201

Md. Faruque Hossain

Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Sonargaon University
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Email: [email protected]
Cell: +88 01955529875
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 Engineering Mechanics II
ME 2201
Credits: 3.00
Contact hours: 3.0 hrs/week

Course Content:
Kinematics of Particles: Rectilinear Motion of Particles; Uniform Rectilinear
Motion; Curvilinear Motion of Particles; Kinetics of particles: Newton’s
second law of motion; Principles of work, energy, impulse and momentum;
System of particles; Kinematics of rigid bodies; Kinetics of plane motion of
rigid bodies: forces and acceleration; Principles of work and energy.
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 Engineering Mechanics II
ME 2201

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

CLO1: Remember and understand the basic kinematic and kinetics
relationships between position, velocity, force, acceleration, mass, and time.
CLO2: Apply various method using these basic kinematic and kinetics
relationships and calculus or graphical methods to solve problems.
CLO3: Analyze the relative motion of multiple particles by using a translating
coordinate system.
CLO4: Evaluate the appropriate principle to apply when solving a particle
dynamics problem.
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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero, the particle has an
acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the resultant and in the
direction of this resultant force.

Newton’s second law, multiple forces

where ƩF represents the sum or resultant of all the forces acting on the
particle.
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 Linear Momentum of a Particle and its Rate of Change
Newton’s second law, multiple forces
Replacing the acceleration a by the derivative dv/dt. We have

Since the mass m of the particle is constant, we can write this as

The product mv is called the linear momentum, or simply the momentum, of

the particle.

The resultant of the forces acting on the particle is equal to the rate of
change of the linear momentum of the particle.

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 Linear Momentum of a Particle and its Rate of Change
Denoting the linear momentum of the particle by L, we have

If we denote its derivative with respect to t as

Newton’s second law, momentum form

The rate of change of the linear momentum mv is zero when ƩF = 0.

If the resultant force acting on a particle is zero, the linear momentum of
the particle remains constant in both magnitude and direction.

This is the principle of conservation of linear momentum for a particle. 6

 Equations of Motion
• Two of the most important tools you will use in solving dynamics problems,
particularly those involving Newton’s second law, are the free body diagram
and the kinetic diagram.

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 Rectangular Components
Resolving each force F and the acceleration a into rectangular components

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 Rectangular Components

Where, g is 9.81 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2

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 Tangential and Normal Components

Now substituting for at and an

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Radial and Transverse Components

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 Problems
Sample Problem 12.1
A 200-lb block rests on a horizontal plane. Find the magnitude of the force P
required to give the block an acceleration of 10 ft/s2 to the right. The coefficient
of kinetic friction between the block and the plane is µk = 0.25.
Solution:

Mass of the object.

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Problems

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 Problems
Sample Problem 12.3
The two blocks shown start from rest. The horizontal plane and the pulley are
frictionless, and the pulley is assumed to be of negligible mass. Determine the
acceleration of each block and the tension in each cord.

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 Problems
Solution:

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 Problems

If block A moves through a distance xA to the right, block B moves down

through a distance

Substituting this for aB

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Problems

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Problems

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 Problems
Sample Problem 12.6
The bob of a 2-m pendulum describes an arc of a circle in a vertical plane. If
the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the weight of the bob for the position shown,
find the velocity and the acceleration of the bob in that position.

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 Problems
Solution:

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 Problems
Sample Problem 12.7
Determine the rated speed of a highway curve with a radius of ρ = 400 ft
banked through an angle θ = 18°. The rated speed of a banked highway curve is
the speed at which a car should travel to have no lateral friction force exerted
on its wheels.
Solution:

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Problems

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 Problems
Sample Problem 12.9
A 0.5-kg collar is attached to a spring and slides without friction along a
circular rod in a vertical plane. The spring has an undeformed length of 150
mm and a constant k 5 200 N/m. Knowing that the collar has a speed of 3 m/s
as it passes through point B, determine the tangential acceleration of the collar
and the force of the rod on the collar at this instant.

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 Problems
Solution:

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 Problems
Solution:

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 Angular Momentum And Orbital Motion
The moment about O of the vector mv is called the moment of momentum, or
the angular momentum, of the particle about O at that instant and is denoted
by HO.

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Angular Momentum And Orbital Motion

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Angular Momentum And Orbital Motion

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Angular Momentum And Orbital Motion

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Angular Momentum And Orbital Motion

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 Motion Under a Central Force and
Conservation of Angular Momentum
• When the only force acting on a particle P is a
force F directed toward or away from a fixed
point O, the particle is said to be moving under
a central force.

• The point O is referred to as the center of

force.

• Since the line of action of F passes through O,

we must have ƩMO = 0
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 Motion Under a Central Force and
Conservation of Angular Momentum

We thus conclude that

The angular momentum of a particle moving under a central force is
constant in both magnitude and direction.

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 Motion Under a Central Force and
Conservation of Angular Momentum
• It follows that the position vector r of
the particle P must be perpendicular to
the constant vector HO. Thus, a particle
under a central force moves in a fixed
plane perpendicular to HO.

• Since the magnitude HO of the angular

momentum of the particle P is constant,
the right-hand side in Eq.

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 Motion Under a Central Force and
Conservation of Angular Momentum

• This is another way to express the conservation of angular momentum; this

relation applies to the motion of any particle under a central force.

• Since the gravitational force exerted by the sun on a planet is a central force
directed toward the center of the sun, Eq. is fundamental to the study of
planetary motion.

• For a similar reason, it is also fundamental to studying the motion of space

vehicles in orbit about the earth.
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 Motion Under a Central Force and
Conservation of Angular Momentum
• We can express the fact that the magnitude HO of the angular momentum of
the particle P is constant by writing

• Dividing by m and using h to denote the angular momentum per unit mass
HO /m, we have

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 Motion Under a Central Force and
Conservation of Angular Momentum
• The radius vector OP sweeps across an
infinitesimal area dA = 1/2 r2dθ as it rotates
through an angle dθ.

• The areal velocity of the particle as the

quotient dA/dt

When a particle moves under a central force, its areal velocity is constant.
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 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Two particles of masses M and m at a distance r
from each other have a mutual attraction of equal
and opposite forces F and - F directed along the
line joining the particles (Fig. 12.17). The common
magnitude F of the two forces is

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 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Sample Problem 12.12
A satellite is launched in a direction parallel to the surface of the earth with a
velocity of 18,820 mi/h from an altitude of 240 mi. Determine the velocity of
the satellite as it reaches its maximum altitude of 2340 mi. Recall that the
earth’s radius is 3960 mi.

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 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Solution:

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 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Sample Problem 12.13
A space tug travels a circular orbit with a 6000-mi radius around the earth. In
order to transfer it to a larger orbit with a 24,000-mi radius, the tug is first
placed on an elliptical path AB by firing its engines as it passes through A, thus
increasing its velocity by 3810 mi/h. Determine how much the tug’s velocity
should be increased as it reaches B to insert it into the larger circular orbit.

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 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Solution:

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 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Solution:

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 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Solution:

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 Applications Of Central-force Motion
Trajectory of a Particle Under a Central Force:

Consider a particle P moving under a central force F. In order to fully

characterize the motion of particle P (which could represent a satellite, a moon,
etc.), we must develop a differential equation that defines its trajectory.

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Applications Of Central-force Motion

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Applications Of Central-force Motion

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 Application to Space Mechanics
After the last stages of their launching rockets have burned out, earth satellites
and other space vehicles are subject to only the gravitational pull of the earth.
We can therefore determine their motion from

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 Application to Space Mechanics
The particular solution u = GM/h2 to the general solution u = C cos (θ - θ0) of the
corresponding homogeneous equation (i.e., the equation obtained by setting the right-hand
side equal to zero). Choosing the polar axis so that θ0 = 0, we have

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Application to Space Mechanics

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Application to Space Mechanics

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 Application to Space Mechanics
We can determine the constants C and GM/h2, which characterize the trajectory
of a space vehicle

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Application to Space Mechanics

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Application to Space Mechanics

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Application to Space Mechanics

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Application to Space Mechanics

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Application to Space Mechanics

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Application to Space Mechanics

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Application to Space Mechanics

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Application to Space Mechanics

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Application to Space Mechanics

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Application to Space Mechanics

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Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

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Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

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 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Sample Problem 12.14
A satellite is launched in a direction parallel to the earth’s surface with a
velocity of 36 900 km/h from an altitude of 500 km. Determine (a) the
maximum altitude reached by the satellite, (b) the periodic time of the satellite.

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 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Solution:

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 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Solution:

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 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Solution:

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 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Solution:

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