PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

AND HUMAN VALUES

UNIT-1
UNIT-1 HUMAN VALUES

Morals, values and Ethics – Integrity – Work ethic –

Service learning – Civic virtue – Respect for others –
Living peacefully – Caring – Sharing – Honesty –
Courage – Valuing time – Cooperation – Commitment –
Empathy – Self-confidence – Character – Spirituality –
Introduction to Yoga and meditation for professional
excellence and stress management.
 INTRODUCTION
Human Values:
✓Human values includes morals, integrity, peaceful life,
respecting others, honesty(Truthfulness and trustworthiness),
caring, kindness, courage, sharing, time management,
adjustment(co-operation), self confidence, commitment,
spirituality and Service-learning a teaching method which
combines community service with academic instruction as it
focuses on critical, reflective thinking and civic responsibility.
✓ Major 5 human values: Love, Peace, Truth, Right
Conduct and Non-violence, which are inherent in every human
being, are the perennial streams which alone can provide
sustenance to the nurturing of these societal values in young
minds.
Human Values & Professional Ethics
Ethics :
➢Ethics is a system of principles that helps us tell right from
wrong, good from bad. It gives real and practical guidance
to our lives.
➢Ethics is an activity which concerns with the investigation of
moral values in moral issues.
➢Engineering ethics is about balancing cost, schedule and risk
in practical. Engineering ethics helps an Engineer to discover
moral principles like obligation, rights and ideals in this field.
Ethics & Human Values:
✓They are essential for positive human behavior and actions
in our daily lives. They are formed on the basis of interests,
choices, needs, desires and preferences. They have
played important role in not only sociology, but also
psychology, anthropology and related disciplines.
➢ Moral codes are the rules that establish the
boundaries of generally accepted behavior.
➢ Morality refers to social conventions about right and
wrong human conduct.
➢ Ethics are beliefs regarding right and wrong behavior.
➢ Virtues are habits that incline us to do what is
acceptable?
➢ Vices are habits that incline us to do what is
unacceptable?
➢ Value System is the complex scheme of moral values
IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRITY:
✓ Integrity is used to refer to people who act in ways that
are consistent with their own code of principles.

Ethics in the Business World:

➢Globalization of organizations has created a complex

business world.
➢Risk is the likelihood of a negative event times the impact
of the event.
Why Business Ethics are Important?
✓ Protect the organization and its employees from legal
action.
✓Create an organization that operates consistently.

✓Produce good business.

✓Avoid unfavorable publicity.

✓Gain the good will of community.

Code of Conduct:

➢ A guide that highlights an organization’s key ethical

issues and identifies the overarching values and principles
that are important to the organization and that can help in
decision making.
➢The code of conduct helps ensure that employees:

▪ Abide by the law.

▪ Follow necessary regulations.
▪ Behave in an ethical manner.
Ethical Decision Making:
• Ethical decision-making models provide a suggested
mechanism for critical thinking and planning for the resolution
of ethical .
• These models consider ethical principles, obligations and
values. They advocate the use of resources such as published
evidence, clinical data and consulting colleagues in dentistry.

1.Get the facts.

2.Identify the stakeholders and their positions.
3.Consider the consequences of your decision.
4.Weigh various guidelines and principles (Virtue, Utilitarian,
Fairness, Common Good).
5.Develop and evaluate options.
6.Review your decision.
7.Evaluate the results of your decision.
The major different approaches to values to deal with moral
issues.
1. The Utilitarian Approach
2. The Rights Approach
3. The Fairness or Justice Approach
4. The Common-Good Approach
5. The Virtue Approach
6. Ethical Problem Solving
1) The Utilitarian Approach:
✓ The Utilitarian Approach assesses an action in terms of its
consequences or outcomes; i.e., the net benefits and costs to
all stakeholders on an individual level. It strives to achieve
the greatest good for the greatest number while creating the
least amount of harm or preventing the greatest amount of
suffering.
2) The Right Approach:
✓ The Rights Approach focuses on respect for human
dignity. This approach holds that our dignity is based on
our ability to choose freely how we live our lives, and that
we have a moral right to respect for our choices as free,
equal, and rational people, and a moral duty to respect
others in the same way.
3) The Fairness or Justice Approach:
✓ The fairness approach assumes that people should
be treated equally regardless of their station in life, that
is, they should not be subject to discrimination.
✓ The common good approach suggests
that ethical actions are those that benefit all members of
the community.
4) The Common-Good Approach:
✓ The common good approach suggests that ethical actions
are those that benefit all members of the community. The
virtue approach describes an assumption that there are
higher orders of goodness to which man should aspire, and
that only moral actions will help us achieve that higher
level.
5) The Virtue Approach:
✓ Virtues" are attitudes, dispositions, or character traits that
enable us to be and to act in ways that develop this potential.
They enable us to pursue the ideals we have
adopted. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity,
integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all
examples of virtues.
✓ Virtue ethics are normative ethical theories which emphasize
virtues of mind, character and sense of honesty. Virtue
ethicists discuss the nature and definition of virtues and
other related problems that focus on the consequences of
action.
Ethics in Information Technology:
✓ Information technology ethics is the study of the ethical
issues arising out of the use and development of
electronic technologies. Its goal is to identify and formulate
answers to questions about the moral basis of individual
responsibilities and actions, as well as the moral underpinnings
of public policy.
✓ The increased use of information technology has raised many
ethical issues for today’s IT professional.
➢Licensing of IT professionals

➢Internet communication

➢Intellectual property

➢Employee/employer issues
Ethical Issues→ It occur when a given decision, scenario or
activity creates a conflict with a society's moral principles.
EG: Efficiency, Trust,etc.
Social Issues→ It is a problem that influences many citizens
within a society. It is a common problem in present-day society
and one that many people strive to solve.
Eg: Poverty, Drug abuse, Political Corruption, Anti-social
behavior,etc.
Political Issues→ Eg: Taxation, Animal rights, Environment,
and Guns.
Work Ethics:
✓Work ethic is a belief that hard work and diligence have
a moral benefit and an inherent ability, virtue or value to
strengthen character and individual abilities. It is a set of values
centered on importance of work and manifested by
determination or desire to work hard.
✓The ten work ethic traits:
1) Appearance, 2)Attendance, 3)Attitude,
4)Character, 5)Communication, 6)Cooperation,
7)Organizational skills,
8)Productivity, 9)Respect and 10)Teamwork are defined as
essential for success
Service-Learning:
✓Service-learning is an educational approach that
combines learning objectives with community service in order to
provide a pragmatic, progressive learning experience while meeting
societal needs.
✓"Service-learning is a pedagogy integrating academically
relevant service activities that address human and community needs
into a course.
✓Students connect knowledge and theory to practice by
combining service with reflection in a
structured learning environment."
✓Service-learning provides a compelling reason to learn, teaches the
skills of civic participation and develops an ethic of service and civic
responsibility.
✓The service-learning process takes students through the stages
of Investigation, Preparation, Action, Reflection, Demonstration and
Evaluation.
Examples of Service-Learning:
• Tutoring other students and adults.
• Conducting art/music/dance lessons for youth.
• Giving presentations on violence and drug prevention.
• Helping in a homeless shelter.
• Creating life reviews for Hospice patients.
5 Stages of Service-Learning:
The service-learning process takes through the stages of
✓Investigation,
✓ Preparation,
✓Action,
✓ Reflection,
✓Demonstration
✓ Evaluation.
Civic-Virtue :
✓Civic virtue is morality or a standard of righteous
behavior in relationship to a citizen's involvement in society.
✓ An individual may exhibit civic virtue by voting,
volunteering, organizing a book group, or attending a PTA
meeting. The Greek word for virtue is arete,
which means excellence.
Principle:
✓Civic virtue describes the character of a good participant
in a system of government —the personal qualities
associated with the effective functioning of the civil and
political order or the preservation of its values
and principles.
Respect for others :
✓Respect is a way of treating or thinking about something
or someone. It plays when being polite, considerate and
mindful of another person. It can also be demanded from
another as a mark of deference to their rank, seniority,
experience or standing in the world.
Introduction to Yoga:
Yoga Definition:
Yoga is essentially a spiritual discipline based on an
extremely subtle science, which focuses on bringing
harmony between mind and body.
The purpose of yoga is to foster harmony in the body,
mind, and environment. Yoga professes a complete system
of physical, mental, social, and spiritual development.
1.Roots: Foundation for living honorably and clearly
Yama – a list of outward observances representing
principles of ethical behavior
➢Ahimsa – non harming, compassion for self and others
➢Satya – truthfulness, being honest with ourselves and
others
➢Asteya – non-stealing, freeing oneself from the desire to
have something that has earned or paid .
➢Brahmacharya – wise and balanced use of energy
➢Aparigraha – non-attachment, living with generosity of
spirit and action
2.Trunk: Establishing a base of purity in one’s body and mind

Niyama – Inward personal observances that improve

the self and surrounding relations
➢Sauca –cleanliness in one’s body, mind, and surroundings,
treating our body as a temple
➢Santosha – practice of contentment, seeing the good in
things, counting one’s blessings
➢Tapas – heat, energy of self- tranformation to promote a
healthy mind, soul and body
3.Trunk: Establishing a base of purity in one’s body and mind
Niyama – Inward personal observances that improve
the self and surrounding relations
➢Sauca –cleanliness in one’s body, mind, and surroundings, treating
our body as a temple
➢Santosha – practice of contentment, seeing the good in things,
counting one’s blessings
➢Tapas – heat, energy of self- tranformation to promote a healthy
mind, soul and body
➢Svadhyaya – study of texts and self study
➢Isvarapranidhana – letting go of ego, a feeling of being
an expression of the whole universe
4.Branches: Strong and flexible to move with the wind of life
Asana – physical practice of yogic postures
5.Leaves: Drawing in life through the exchange of breath
Pranayama – mastering the science of breath & ctrl.
6. Flower: Protecting the tree from outer elements and
preventing its essence from flowing outward
Pratyahara – turning awareness inward, sense withdrawal
7.Sap: Juice which carries the energy on this inward journey,
links the whole tree as one
Dharana – focused state of concentration, bringing the mind
to a single point of focus
8.Fruit: The essence of the tree
Samadhi – Bless, to feel unity, Peace, Freedom.
The role of yoga in stress management:
Hans Selye first introduced the term stress into life science. The
term stress is derived from the Latin word Stringere, which
means “to be drawn tight.”
Stress is a complex, dynamic process of interaction between a
person and his or her life. Stress can affect one’s health, work
performance, social life, and the relationship with family
members.
Eminent behavioral scientist Stephen Robbins defines stress as
that which arises from an opportunity, demand, constraint, threat,
or challenge, when the outcomes of the event are important and
uncertain.
Stress can also be defined as the harmful physical and
emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job
do not match
IMPACT OF STRESS
1. In the first, psychological changes such as anxiety,
irritability, and insomnia arise, due to over-stimulation
of the sympathetic nervous system.
2. In the second stage symptoms such as high blood
pressure, elevated heart rate, and increased intestinal
motility surface.
3. In the third stage, a more profound physical or
biochemical imbalance sets in,
4. In the final fourth stage, irreversible symptoms that often
long term mgmt.
IMPACT OF STRESS
Increased sympathetic activation and the release of stress
hormones, including adrenaline, lead to increases in heart
rate, blood pressure, breathing, body temperature, and
muscle tension.
In contrast, the relaxation response has been proposed as an
antidote to stress; relaxation decreases heart rate, breathing,
body temperature, and muscle tension.
EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS
▪A growing body of research evidence supports the belief
that certain yoga techniques may improve physical and
mental health through down- regulation of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the
sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
▪The HPA axis and SNS are triggered as a response to a
physical or psychological demand (stressor), leading to a
cascade of physiologic, behavioral, and psychological
effects, primarily as a result of the release of cortical and
catecho laminas (epinephrine and no epinephrine).
▪This response leads to the mobilization of energy needed to
combat the stressor through the classic fight-or-flight
response.
EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS
•Yoga significantly decreases heart rate and systolic and
diastolic blood pressure.
•Studies suggest that yoga reverses the negative impact of
stress on the immune system by increasing levels of
immunoglobulin A as well as natural killer cells.
•Yoga has been found to decrease markers of inflammation
such as high sensitivity C-reactive protein as well as
inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and
lymphocyte-1B. These studies suggest that yoga has an
immediate quieting effect on the SNS-HPA axis response to
stress.
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