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BCS-012: Basic Mathematics Formulas

Unit 1: Determinants
Determinant of a 2x2 Matrix: |A| = ad - bc for A = [ ]

Determinant of a 3x3 Matrix: |A| = a(ei − fh) − b(di − fg) + c(dh − eg) for A = [ ]

Properties of Determinants:

1. |A| = |Aᵀ| (Determinant of a matrix equals its transpose)

2. If two rows or columns are identical, then |A| = 0

3. Multiplying a row or column by a scalar multiplies the determinant by the same scalar

Cramer's Rule: xᵢ = where Dᵢ is the determinant with the ith column replaced by the constants from
equations

Unit 2: Matrices-I
Matrix Addition: (A + B)ᵢj = Aᵢj + Bᵢj

Scalar Multiplication: (kA)ᵢj = k * Aᵢj

Transpose of a Matrix: (Aᵀ)ᵢj = Aji

Properties of Transpose:

1. (Aᵀ)ᵀ = A

2. (A + B)ᵀ = Aᵀ + Bᵀ

3. (kA)ᵀ = kAᵀ

Unit 3: Matrices-II
Matrix Multiplication: (AB)ᵢⱼ = Σ Aᵢj * Bⱼi

Identity Matrix: I is such that AI = IA = A

Inverse of a 2x2 Matrix: A⁻¹ = (1 / |A|) * [ ] for A = [ ]

Properties of Inverses:

1. (AB)⁻¹ = B⁻¹A⁻¹

2. (A⁻¹)⁻¹ = A

Rank of a Matrix: The maximum number of linearly independent rows or columns in a matrix

Unit 4: Mathematical Induction

Mathematical Induction Principle:

1. Base Case: Verify the statement is true for the first value (n = 1 or any initial value).

2. Inductive Step: Assume true for n = k (Inductive Hypothesis), and prove for n = k + 1.

Examples:

1. Sum of first n natural numbers: Σ i =

2. Sum of squares of first n natural numbers: Σ i² =

3. Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers: Σ i³ =

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Unit 5: Sequence and Series

nth term of an Arithmetic Progression (AP): an = a + (n - 1)d

Sum of first n terms of an AP: Sn = n/2 * (2a + (n - 1)d)

nth term of a Geometric Progression (GP): an =

Sum of first n terms of a GP (r ≠ 1): Sn =

Sum to infinity of a GP (|r| < 1): S∞ =

Harmonic Progression (HP): Reciprocal of an AP, an =

Binomial Theorem: (a + b)ⁿ = Σ or ∑ ( )

Unit 6: Complex Numbers

Complex Number: z = a + bi, where a is the real part, and b is the imaginary part

Modulus: |z| = √(a² + b²)

Conjugate: z = a - bi

Addition: (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i

Multiplication: (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i

Polar Form: z = r(cosθ + i sinθ), where r = |z| and θ = arc(z)

Euler's Form: z = re^(iθ), where θ is in radians

De Moivre's Theorem: (r(cosθ + i sinθ))ⁿ = rⁿ(cos(nθ) + i sin(nθ))

Unit 7: Equations
√
Quadratic Formula:

Quadratic Equation: ax² + bx + c = 0

√
Roots of a Quadratic Equation: x =

Sum of Roots:

Product of Roots:

Cubic Equation: ax³ + bx² + cx + d = 0

Sum of Roots of Cubic Equation:

Product of Roots (three roots):

Unit 8: Inequalities

Linear Inequality: ax + b > 0, ax + b < 0, ax + b ≥ 0, ax + b ≤ 0

Solution involves finding intervals where the inequality holds true

Quadratic Inequality: ax² + bx + c > 0, ax² + bx + c < 0, ax² + bx + c ≥ 0, ax² + bx + c ≤ 0

Solve by finding roots of ax² + bx + c = 0 and testing intervals

AM-GM Inequality: (a₁ + a₂ + ... + an)/n ≥ (a₁a₂...an)^(1/n)

Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality: (Σaᵢ²)(Σbᵢ²) ≥ (Σaᵢbᵢ)²

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Unit 9: Differential Calculus

1. Derivative of a constant: d/dx(c)=0

2. Derivative of xⁿ: d/dx (xⁿ) =

3. Derivative of ex: d/dx(ex)=ex

4. Derivative of sin(x): d/dx(sin(x))=cos(x)

5. Derivative of cos(x): d/dx(cos(x))=−sin(x)

6. Product Rule: d/dx (uv) = u'v + uv'

7. Quotient Rule: d/dx (u/v) = (u'v - uv') / v²

8. Chain Rule: d/dx f(g(x)) = f'(g(x)) . g'(x)

Unit 10: Simple Application of Differential Calculus

1. Maxima and Minima:

Critical points are found where f′(x)= 0.

2. First Derivative Test:

o If f′(x) changes from positive to negative at a critical point, it is a local maximum.
o If f′(x) changes from negative to positive, it is a local minimum.

3. Second Derivative Test:

o If f′′(x)>0 at a critical point, it is a local minimum.
o If f′′(x)< 0, it is a local maximum.

4. Point of Inflection:
Where f′′(x)= 0 and changes sign, indicating a change in concavity.

Unit 11: Integration

1. Indefinite Integral of xn:

∫xn dx=xn+1/ n+1 + C (where n≠ −1)

2. Indefinite Integral of ex:

∫ex dx=ex+C

3. Indefinite Integral of sin(x):

∫sin(x) dx=−cos(x)+C

4. Indefinite Integral of cos(x):

∫cos(x) dx=sin(x)+C

5. Definite Integral:
∫[a, b] f(x) dx=F(b)−F(a), where F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x)

6. Integration by Parts:
∫u dv=uv−∫v du

Unit 12: Application of Integral Calculus

1. Area under a curve:

A=∫[a, b] f(x) dx or A=∫

2. Area between two curves:

A=∫[a, b] [f(x)−g(x)] dx

3. Volume of Revolution (about x-axis):

V=π∫[a, b] [f(x)]2 dx

4. Volume of Revolution (about y-axis):

V=π∫[c, d] [g(y)]2 dy

5. Average Value of a Function:

favg=(1/b−a)∫[a, b]f(x) dx

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Unit 13: Statistics

Mean (Arithmetic): x = Σxᵢ / n

Variance: σ² = Σ (xᵢ - x)² / n

Standard Deviation: σ = √(σ²)

Probability of an Event: P(E) = Number of favorable outcomes / Total number of outcomes

Combination: C(n, r) = n! / [r!(n - r)!]

Permutation: P(n, r) = n! / (n - r)!

Unit 14: Vectors-I

1. Position Vector:

A vector from the origin to a point P(x, y, z) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = x + y + z

2. Magnitude of a Vector:

| ⃗ |=√ , where ⃗ = x + y + z

3. Addition/Subtraction of Vectors:

⃗ + ⃗ = (x1 + x2) + (y1 + y2) + (z1 + z2)

⃗ - ⃗ = (x1 - x2) + (y1 - y2) + (z1 - z2)

4. Scalar Multiplication:

K ⃗ = K (x + y + z ) = Kx + y + z

5. Unit Vector:
⃗
Û= ⃗

Unit 15: Vectors-II

1. Dot Product:

⃗⃗⃗ = x1x2 + y1y2 + z1z2

⃗⃗⃗ = | ⃗ || |cosθ

2. Cross Product:

⃗ = ( y1z2 - y2z1) - (x1z2 - x2z1) + (x1y2 - x2y1)

Magnitude: | ⃗ | = | ⃗ || |sinθ

3. Scalar Triple Product:

⃗ ⃗⃗⃗

4. Vector Projection:

Projection of ⃗ :
⃗ ⃗
Proj ⃗ = ⃗

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Unit 16: Three Dimensional Geometry-I

1. Equation of a Line:

,where = l + m + n is the direction vector.

2. Equation of a Plane:

ax + by + cz + d = 0, where ⃗ ⃗ is the normal vector.

3. Distance Between a Point and a Plane:

D= √

4. Angle Between Two Planes:

cos θ =
√ √

5. Shortest Distance Between Two Skew Lines:

( )
D=

Unit 17: Linear Programming

1. Objective Function:

Z = ax + by, where a, b are constants.

2. Constraints:

Inequalities of the form ax + by ≤ c, ax + by ≥ c, or ax + by = c

3. Graphical Method:

- Plot the constraints as lines on the graph.

- Identify the feasible region where all constraints overlap.

- Evaluate the objective function at the vertices of the feasible region to find the optimal solution.

4. Corner Point Theorem:

The optimal value of the objective function occurs at one of the vertices of the feasible region.

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