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write at least 200 questions about this file. make it like the Board Exam questions/NCLEX/-
Situational Questions in each physiologic changes. write the correct answer DIRECTLY below the-
question..AVOID! DON'T USE ALL OF THE ABOVE ANSWER.
Cici：
Integumentary System
1. An 80-year-old patient presents with dry, flaky skin. What age-related change in the-
integumentary system is most likely responsible?
◦ Answer: Decreased sebaceous and sweat gland function.
2. A nurse is assessing an older adult's skin. Which finding is most likely due to decreased-
vascularity of the dermis?
◦ Answer: Increased palor in white skin.
3. A patient with senile lentigo is concerned about the brown spots on their skin. What-
should the nurse explain about these lesions?
◦ Answer: They are a common age-related change due to increased localized pigmentation.
4. An older adult is at increased risk for pressure ulcers due to which age-related change?
◦ Answer: Decreased thickness of the epidermis and decreased subcutaneous fat.
5. An older adult reports experiencing frequent episodes of itching. What nursing-
intervention is appropriate to address this concern?
◦ Answer: Modify skin care to reduce drying and refer to a dermatologist if necessary.
6. Which of the following is a common type of inflammation seen in older adults?
◦ Answer: Rosacea.
7. An older adult is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of shingles. What is the most-
likely causative agent?
◦ Answer: Varicella-zoster virus.
8. What is the primary reason for an older adult's increased risk of hypothermia?
◦ Answer: Decreased subcutaneous tissue, reducing their ability to regulate body temperature.
Musculoskeletal System
9. A patient with osteoporosis is at increased risk for which type of fracture?
◦ Answer: Vertebral fracture.
10. What is the most common medication category used to treat osteoporosis?
◦ Answer: Antiresorptive medications.
11. An older adult complains of pain and stiffness in their joints, particularly after rest. What-
condition is most likely responsible?
◦ Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis.
12. What is the primary cause of osteoarthritis?
◦ Answer: The exact cause is unknown, but risk factors include age, obesity, joint injury, and genetics.
13. What is a Heberden's node?
◦ Answer: A bony enlargement on the distal finger joint, often associated with osteoarthritis.
14. What is the primary treatment goal for rheumatoid arthritis?
◦ Answer: To reduce inflammation, improve joint function, and maintain independence.
15. What is the most common symptom of bursitis?
◦ Answer: Joint stiffness and pain.
16. What dietary recommendations are appropriate for a patient with gouty arthritis?
◦ Answer: Reduce body weight and decrease intake of alcohol and purine-rich foods.
Respiratory System
17. What age-related change in the respiratory system contributes to a decreased ability to-
humidify air?
◦ Answer: Decreased body fluids.
18. An older adult is at increased risk for respiratory infections due to which age-related-
change?
◦ Answer: Decreased number of macrophages.
19. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate to address an older adult's decreased-
ability to breathe deeply?
◦ Answer: Encourage incentive spirometer use.
20. What is the primary characteristic of emphysema?
◦ Answer: Changes in alveolar structure, leading to overinflation and ineffective gas exchange.
21. What is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis?
◦ Answer: Chronic irritation, often due to smoking or environmental pollutants.
22. What is the primary mode of transmission for tuberculosis?
◦ Answer: Airborne droplets.
23. What is the most common risk factor for lung cancer?
◦ Answer: Tobacco smoke.
Cardiovascular System
24. What age-related change in the cardiovascular system contributes to decreased tissue-
oxygenation?
◦ Answer: Decreased cardiac muscle tone.
25. What is the most common symptom of coronary artery disease in older adults?
◦ Answer: Chest pain, but it may also present as vague gastrointestinal discomfort or shortness of-
breath.
26. What is the primary cause of heart block?
◦ Answer: Disruption of the electrical conduction system of the heart, often due to fibrotic tissue-
infiltration or myocardial infarction.
27. What is the most common type of conduction disorder seen in older adults?
◦ Answer: Sinus node dysfunction, also known as sick sinus syndrome.
28. What is the primary cause of heart failure in older adults?
◦ Answer: Ineffective pumping action of the heart.
29. What is the most common symptom of varicose veins?
◦ Answer: Twisting discoloration in the superficial veins of the lower extremities.
30. What is the primary risk factor for developing aneurysms?
◦ Answer: Arteriosclerotic blood vessel changes.
31. What is the most common location for aneurysms in older adults?
◦ Answer: Abdominal aorta.
32. What is the most serious complication of an aneurysm?
◦ Answer: Rupture, leading to massive hemorrhage.
Gastrointestinal System
33. What age-related change in the gastrointestinal system contributes to decreased-
nutritional status?
◦ Answer: Increased dental caries and tooth loss, leading to decreased ability to chew normally.
34. What is the most common cause of esophageal reflux in older adults?
◦ Answer: Decreased sphincter muscle tone, particularly the lower esophageal sphincter.
35. What is the most common cause of peptic ulcers?
◦ Answer: Helicobacter pylori infection.
36. What is the primary treatment goal for peptic ulcers in older adults?
◦ Answer: Medical treatment, such as antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors, is generally preferred over-
surgical correction.
37. What is the most common symptom of diverticulitis?
◦ Answer: Abdominal pain, often accompanied by fever and rectal bleeding.
38. What is the primary treatment goal for diverticulitis?
◦ Answer: Rest the diseased area with intravenous fluids and restrict oral food intake.
39. What is the most common symptom of hemorrhoids?
◦ Answer: Pain and small amounts of bright red blood at the rectum.
40. What is the most common cause of rectal prolapse?
◦ Answer: Weakening of the muscles that support the rectum.
Urinary System
41. What age-related change in the urinary system contributes to decreased filtration rate?
◦ Answer: Decreased number of functional nephrons.
42. What is the most common symptom of urinary tract infections in older adults?
◦ Answer: Urinary frequency.
43. What is the most common risk factor for urinary tract infections in older adults?
◦ Answer: Urinary stasis and incomplete emptying of the bladder.
44. What is the most common cause of chronic renal failure?
◦ Answer: Other chronic health conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic UTIs.
45. What is the primary treatment goal for chronic renal failure?
◦ Answer: Slow the progression of the disease process with medications and dietary changes.
46. What is the most common symptom of kidney stones?
◦ Answer: Severe pain in the flank or abdomen.
47. What is the most common cause of kidney stones?
◦ Answer: Concentration of urine, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together.
Nervous System
48. What age-related change in the nervous system contributes to slowed thought processes-
?
◦ Answer: Decreased number of brain cells.
49. What is the most common symptom of Parkinson's disease?
◦ Answer: Tremors.
50. What is the primary treatment goal for Parkinson's disease?
◦ Answer: To decrease symptoms and enhance quality of life.
51. What is the most common cause of vascular dementia?
◦ Answer: Hemorrhage or ischemic brain lesions, often following a stroke or multiple TIAs.
52. What is the most common symptom of dementia with Lewy bodies?
◦ Answer: Visual hallucinations.
53. What is the most common symptom of Alzheimer's disease?
◦ Answer: Memory loss.
54. What is the primary treatment goal for Alzheimer's disease?
◦ Answer: To slow the progression of the disease and manage symptoms.
55. What is the most common cause of stroke?
◦ Answer: Atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes.
56. What is the most common symptom of a stroke?
◦ Answer: Weakness or numbness on one side of the body.
57. What is the most important intervention for a suspected stroke?
◦ Answer: Call 911 immediately.
Special Senses: Eyes
58. What age-related change in the eyes contributes to decreased focusing ability?
◦ Answer: The lens of the eye becomes more rigid and does not flex as easily.
59. What is the most common type of refractive error in older adults?
◦ Answer: Presbyopia.
60. What is the most common symptom of blepharitis?
◦ Answer: Burning, itching, and sensitivity to light.
61. What is the most common cause of cataracts?
◦ Answer: Aging.
62. What is the most common symptom of cataracts?
◦ Answer: Blurry vision.
63. What is the most common type of glaucoma?
◦ Answer: Primary open-angle glaucoma.
64. What is the most common symptom of primary open-angle glaucoma?
◦ Answer: Gradual and painless loss of peripheral vision.
65. What is the most common treatment for glaucoma?
◦ Answer: Eye drops.
66. What is the most common symptom of macular degeneration?
◦ Answer: Loss of central vision.
67. What is the most common treatment for exudative macular degeneration?
◦ Answer: Intraviteral anti-VEGF therapy.
68. What is the most important nursing intervention to address an older adult's decreased-
tear production?
◦ Answer: Encourage regular use of synthetic tear preparations.
Special Senses: Ears
69. What is the most common cause of tinnitus in older adults?
◦ Answer: Age-related hearing loss.
70. What is the most common type of hearing loss in older adults?
◦ Answer: Sensorineural hearing loss.
71. What is the most common symptom of Ménière's disease?
◦ Answer: Vertigo.
72. What is the most common cause of otosclerosis?
◦ Answer: Hardening or fixing of the stapes to the oval window.
73. What is the most common age-related change in taste and smell?
◦ Answer: Decreased number of functional receptors in the nasal cavities and papillae on the tongue.
Diabetes Mellitus
74. What is the most common symptom of untreated diabetes?
◦ Answer: Polyuria (increased urination).
75. What is the primary difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
◦ Answer: Type 1 diabetes is caused by the pancreas not producing enough insulin, while type 2-
diabetes is caused by insulin resistance.
76. What is the most common long-term complication of diabetes?
◦ Answer: Damage to blood vessels, leading to heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and nerve damage.
77. What is the most common symptom of hypoglycemia?
◦ Answer: Mood changes, decreased spontaneity, hunger, and weakness.
78. What is the most important intervention for a patient experiencing hypoglycemia?
◦ Answer: Administer 15 grams of fast-acting oral carbohydrate.
79. What is the most common symptom of hyperglycemia?
◦ Answer: Frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger.
80. What is the most important intervention for a patient experiencing hyperglycemia?
◦ Answer: Medical intervention and insulin administration.
81. What is the most common diagnostic test for diabetes?
◦ Answer: Fasting plasma glucose test.
82. What is the most important lifestyle modification for managing diabetes?
◦ Answer: Good nutrition and regular exercise.
83. What is the most common type of diabetes in older adults?
◦ Answer: Type 2 diabetes.
84. What is the most common cause of diabetic retinopathy?
◦ Answer: Damage to the blood vessels in the retina of the eye.
85. What is the most common symptom of diabetic neuropathy?
◦ Answer: Numbness, tingling, and pain.
86. What is the most common cause of diabetic foot ulcers?
◦ Answer: Poor circulation and nerve damage.
87. What is the most important nursing intervention to prevent diabetic foot ulcers?
◦ Answer: Educate the patient on proper foot care, including daily inspection and regular podiatry visits.
Situational Questions:
88. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is recovering from a hip fracture. The patient-
reports experiencing difficulty swallowing. What is the most likely cause of this symptom?
◦ Answer: Decreased gag reflex.
89. A nurse is providing discharge instructions to an older adult with a history of heart-
failure. What is the most important instruction to prevent fluid overload?
◦ Answer: Limit sodium intake.
90. A nurse is assessing an older adult who is experiencing urinary incontinence. What is the-
most likely cause of this symptom?
◦ Answer: Decreased bladder capacity.
91. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing constipation. What is the most-
important nursing intervention to address this symptom?
◦ Answer: Encourage adequate fluid intake and a high-fiber diet.
92. A nurse is providing education to an older adult about the importance of regular eye-
exams. What is the most important reason for this recommendation?
◦ Answer: To detect early signs of glaucoma and macular degeneration.
93. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing hearing loss. What is the most-
appropriate nursing intervention to facilitate communication?
◦ Answer: Face the patient directly when speaking, speak clearly and slowly, and use visual aids when-
possible.
94. A nurse is caring for an older adult with a history of diabetes. What is the most important-
nursing intervention to prevent foot ulcers?
◦ Answer: Educate the patient on proper foot care, including daily inspection and regular podiatry visits.
95. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing confusion and disorientation.-
What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
◦ Answer: Dementia.
96. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing tremors and muscle rigidity. What-
is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
◦ Answer: Parkinson's disease.
97. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing a sudden onset of weakness and-
numbness on one side of the body. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
◦ Answer: Stroke.
98. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing shortness of breath and chest-
pain. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
◦ Answer: Coronary artery disease.
99. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing frequent urinary tract infections-
. What is the most important nursing intervention to prevent these infections?
◦ Answer: Encourage adequate fluid intake, proper hygiene, and complete bladder emptying.
100. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing a decrease in appetite and-
weight loss. What is the most important nursing intervention to address this symptom?
◦ Answer: Assess for underlying medical conditions, encourage small, frequent meals, and provide-
appealing food options.
101. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing difficulty sleeping. What is the-
most important nursing intervention to promote sleep?
◦ Answer: Establish a regular sleep-wake cycle, create a relaxing bedtime routine, and avoid caffeine-
and alcohol before bed.
102. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing social isolation. What is the-
most important nursing intervention to address this symptom?
◦ Answer: Encourage social interaction, facilitate connections with friends and family, and explore-
community resources for support.
103. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing a decline in cognitive function-
. What is the most important nursing intervention to support cognitive function?
◦ Answer: Provide a stimulating environment, encourage mental exercises, and promote social-
interaction.
104. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing a decrease in mobility. What is-
the most important nursing intervention to promote mobility?
◦ Answer: Encourage regular exercise, assist with ambulation as needed, and provide assistive devices.
105. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing a decrease in functional-
independence. What is the most important nursing intervention to support independence?
◦ Answer: Assess the patient's needs, provide assistive devices, and encourage participation in-
activities of daily living.
106. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing a decrease in self-esteem. What-
is the most important nursing intervention to boost self-esteem?
◦ Answer: Encourage positive self-talk, focus on strengths and accomplishments, and provide-
opportunities for success.
107. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing a decrease in social support.-
What is the most important nursing intervention to address this symptom?
◦ Answer: Facilitate connections with friends and family, explore community resources for support, and-
encourage participation in social activities.
108. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing a decrease in physical activity.-
What is the most important nursing intervention to promote physical activity?
◦ Answer: Encourage regular exercise, assist with ambulation as needed, and provide assistive devices.
109. A nurse is caring for an older adult who is experiencing a decrease in cognitive function-
. What is the most important nursing intervention to support cognitive function?
◦ Answer: Provide a stimulating environment, encourage mental exercises, and promote social-
interaction.
**110. A nurse is caring
