NCERT Solutions Class 12 Maths Chapter 13
Exercise 13.3
Question 1:
An urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random; its colour is noted and is
returned to the urn. Moreover, 2 additional balls of the colour drawn are put in the urn and then
a ball is drawn at random. What is the probability that the second ball is red?
Solution:
The urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls.
Let a red ball be drawn in the first attempt.
If two red balls are added to the urn, then the urn contains 7 red and 5 black balls.
Let a black ball be drawn in the first attempt.
If two black balls are added to the urn, then the urn contains 5 red and 7 black balls.
Thus, probability of drawing second ball as red is
Question 2:
A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls, another bag contains 2 red and 6 black balls. One of
the two bags is selected at random and a ball is drawn from the bag which is found to be red.
Find the probability that the ball is drawn from the first bag.
Solution:
Let be the events of selecting first bag and second bag respectively.
Let A be the event of getting a red ball.
The probability of drawing a ball from the first bag, given that it is red, is given by .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we obtain
Question 3:
Of the students in a college, it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40% are day scholars
(not residing in hostel). Previous year results report that 30% of all students who reside in
hostel attain A grade and 20% of day scholars attain A grade in their annual examination. At
the end of the year, one student is chosen at random from the college and he has an A grade,
what is the probability that the student is hostlier?
Solution:
Let and be the events that the student is a hostlier and a day scholar respectively and
A be the event that the chosen student gets grade A.
The probability that a randomly chosen student is a hostler, given that he has an A grade, is
given by .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we obtain
Question 4:
In answering a question on a multiple-choice test, a student either knows the answer or
guesses. Let be the probability that he knows the answer and be the probability that he
guesses. Assuming that a student who guesses at the answer will be correct with probability
. What is the probability that the student knows the answer given that he answered it
correctly?
Solution:
Let and be the respective events that the student knows the answer and he guesses
the answer.
Let A be the event that the answer is correct.
The probability that the students answered correctly, given that he knows the answer, is 1.
Probability that the student answered correctly, given that he guessed, is .
The probability that the student knows the answer, given that he answered it correctly, is
given by .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we obtain
Question 5:
A laboratory blood test is 99% effective in detecting a certain disease when it is in fact,
present. However, the test also yields a false positive result for 0.5% of the healthy person
tested (that is, if a healthy person is tested, then, with probability 0.005, the test will imply he
has the disease). If 0.1 percent of the population actually has the disease, what is the
probability that a person has the disease given that his test result is positive?
Solution:
Let be the respective events that a person has a disease and a person has no disease.
Since are events complimentary to each other,
Let A be the event that the blood test result is positive.
Probability that a person has a disease has a disease, given that his test result is positive, is
given by .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we get
Question 6:
There are three coins. One is two headed coin (having head on both faces), another is a
biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is an unbiased coin. One of the
three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability that it was
the two headed coin?
Solution:
Let be the respective events of choosing a two headed coin, a biased coin, and an
unbiased coin.
Let A be the event that the coin shows heads.
A two-headed coin will always show heads.
Probability of heads coming up, given that it is a biased coin = 75%
Since the third coin is unbiased, the probability that it shows heads is always .
The probability that the coin is two – headed, given that it shows heads, is given by .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we get
Question 7:
An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck drivers.
The probability of accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One of the insured persons
meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter driver?
Solution:
Let be the respective events that the driver is a scooter driver, a car driver, and a
truck driver.
Let A be the event that the person meets with an accident.
There are 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers, and 6000 truck drivers.
Total number of drivers
The probability that the driver is a scooter driver, given that he met with an accident, is given
by .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we get
Question 8:
A factory has two machines A and B. Past record shows that machine A produced 60% of the
items of output and machine B produced 40% of the items. Future, 2% of the items produced
by machine A and 1% produced by machine B were defective. All the items are put into one
stockpile and then one item is chosen random from this and is found to be defective. What is
the probability that was produced by machine B?
Solution:
Let be the respective events of items produced by machines A and B. Let X be the
event that the produced items was found to be defective.
∴ Probability of items produced by machine A,
Probability of items produced by machine B,
Probability that machine A produced defective items,
Probability that machine B produced defective items,
The probability that the randomly selected items was from machine B, given that it is
defective, is given by .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we get
Question 9:
Two groups are competing for the position on board of directors of a corporation. The
probabilities that the first and the second groups will win are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively.
Further, if the first group wins, the probability of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the
corresponding probability is 0.3 if the second group wins. Find the probability that the new
product introduced was by the second group.
Solution:
Let be the respective events that the first group and the second group win the
competition. Let A be the event of introducing a new product.
Probability that the first group wins the competition,
Probability that the second group wins the competition,
Probability of introducing a new product if the first group wins,
Probability of introducing a new product if the second group wins,
The probability that the new product is introduced by the second group is given by .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we get
Question 10:
Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes the
number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or
tail is obtained. If she obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she threw 1, 2, 3
or 4 with the die?
Solution:
Let be the event that the outcome on the die is 5 or 6 and be the event that the outcome
on the die is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
Let A be the event of getting exactly one head.
Probability of getting exactly one head by tossing the coin three times if she gets 5 or 6,
Probability of getting exactly one head in a single throw of coin if she gets 1, 2, 3, or 4,
The probability that the girl threw 1, 2, 3, or 4 with die, if she obtained exactly one head, is
given by .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we get
Question 11:
A manufacture has three machine operators A, B and C. The first operator A produces 1%
defective items, whereas the other two operators B and C produce 5% and 7% defective
items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of the time, B is on the job for 30% of the time
and C is on the job for 20% of the time. A defective item is produced, what is the probability
that was produced by A?
Solution:
Let be the respective events that the time consumed by machine A, B, and C for
the job.
Let X be the event of producing defective items.
The probability that the defective item was produced by A is given by .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we get
Question 12:
A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards are
drawn and are found to be both diamonds. Find the probability of the lost card being a diamond.
Solution:
Let be the respective events of choosing a diamond cards and a card which is not
diamond.
Let A denote the lost card.
Out of 52 cards, 13 cards are diamonds and 39 cards are not diamonds.
When one diamond card is lost, there are 12 diamonds cards out of 51 cards.
Two cards can be drawn out of 12 diamonds cards in ways.
Similarly, 2 diamonds cards can be drawn out of 51 cards in ways.
The probability of getting two cards, when one diamond card is lost, is given by .
When the lost card is not a diamond, there are 13 diamonds cards out of 51 cards.
Two cards can be drawn out of 13 diamonds cards in ways whereas 2 cards can be
drawn out of 51 cards in ways.
The probability of getting two cards, when one card is lost which is not diamond, is given by
.
The probability that the lost card is diamond is given by .
By using Bayes’ theorem, we get
Question 13:
Probability that A speaks truth is . A coin is tossed. A report that a head appears. The
probability that actually there was head is
A. B. C. D.
Solution:
Let be the events such that
A speaks truth
A speaks false
Let X be the event that a head appears.
If a coin is tossed, then it may result in either head (H) or tail (T).
The probability of getting a head is whether A speaks truth or not.
The probability that there is actually a head is given by .
Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Question 14:
If A and B are two events such that , then which of the following is correct?
A. B. C. D. None of these
Solution:
If , then
Also,
Consider
Consider
Since,
From (2), we get
Thus, option (C) is correct.
