SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

SECOND SEMESTER
GEd 109
ENGR. GRACE R. DE CASTRO
ChE 1202
HEADING ✓ It bridges the gap between humanities and natural
SUBHEADING sciences so that human will be able to better
1. Term confront the moral, ethical, and existential dilemmas
brought by the continued developments in science
and technology.
LECTURE 1:
B. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY THE WORLD

A. INTERRELATION OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,

AND SOCIETY

1. SCIENCE
• came from the Latin word “Scientia” meaning
knowledge.
• a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific
method.
• a process used to solve problems or develop and
understanding of nature that involves testing
possible answers.
• process of acquiring knowledge.

2. TECHNOLOGY
• came from the Greek word “techne” meaning art, FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO 600 BC
skill, or cunning of hand. • 3000 BC – Ancient Egyptians already had
• application of scientific knowledge, laws, and reasonably sophisticated medical practices.
principles to produce services, materials, tools, and • 2650 BC – a man named Imhotep was renowned for
machines aimed to solving real-world problems. his knowledge of medicine.
• application of scientific knowledge for the people. • Trial and error was the heart of Egyptian medicine.
• Papyrus – an ancient form of paper made from the
3. SOCIETY papyrus plant.
• came from the Latin word “societas” meaning a • Egyptian took thin slices of the stem of the papyrus
friendly association with others. plant, laid them crosswise on top of each other, and
• group of individuals characterized by common moistened them, and then pressed and dried them.
interest and may have distinct culture and • Before papyrus, Egyptians, Sumerians, and other
institutions. races wrote on clay tablets or smooth rocks.
• group of people who uses technology and who are • 3000 BC until 1100 AD – Papyrus was used as a
studying science. writing material in ancient Egypt.
• Mesopotamians were making pottery using the first
Science and Technology known potter’s wheel. Not long after, horse-drawn
• Science drives technology by making new chariots were being used.
technology possible through scientific • 1,000 BC - Chinese were using compasses to aid
breakthroughs. themselves in their travels.
• Engineers focus on using science to develop
products. THE ADVENT OF SCIENCE (600 BC TO 500 AD)
• Technology is a huge factor in scientific experiments. • Ancient Greeks – early thinkers and they were the
first true scientists; collected facts and observations.
• Circa 385 BC – Plato founded the Academy.
• Aristotle – Plato’s student who began the “scientific
revolution” of the Hellenistic period culminating In
the 3rd to 2nd centuries with scholars including
Eratosthenes, Euclid, Aristarchus of Samos,
Hipparchus, and Archimedes.
• When anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy,
geography, mathematics, and astronomy
bloomed.

ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE

• 8th to 14th Century – period of cultural, economic,
and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam with
several contemporary scholars dating the end of the
era to the fifteenth to sixteenth century.
✓ STS is a relatively young field that combines • Begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun
previously independent and older disciplines such as al-Rashid with the inauguration of the House of
History of Science, Philosophy of Science, and Wisdom in Baghdad.
Sociology of Science.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
SECOND SEMESTER
GEd 109
ENGR. GRACE R. DE CASTRO
ChE 1202
• Alchemy and chemistry, botany and agronomy, both industrialists and experimentalists alike in the
geography and cartography, ophthalmology, 18th century.
pharmacology, physics, and zoology. • science of metallurgy - tailoring of alloy steels to
• Astronomy was useful in determining the Qibla; industrial specifications
botany is applied in agriculture and geography • science of chemistry - creation of new substances,
enabled scientists to make accurate maps. like the aniline dyes and electricity and magnetism
• Mathematics also flourished during the Islamic • creation of thermodynamics
Golden Age with the works of Al--Khwarizmi, • Technological changes:
Avicenna and Jamshid al Kashi that led to advance o Use of iron and steel
in algebra, trigonometry, geometry and Arabic o Use of coal, the steam engine, electricity,
numerals. petroleum, and the internal-combustion
• Islamic doctors described diseases like smallpox engine
and measles. o Spinning jenny and the power loom
o Factory system
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ANCIENT CHINA o Steam locomotive, steamship, automobile,
• Four Great Inventions: compass, gunpowder, airplane, telegraph, and radio
papermaking, and printing. o Increasing application of science to industry
• “Gunpowder, the compass, and the printing press
were the three great inventions which ushered un 20th CENTURY SCIENCE: PHYSICS AND INFORMATION
bourgeois society.” – Karl Marx AGE
• Science is dealing now with the complexity of the real
THE RENAISSANCE (1300 AD – 1600 AD) world.
• 14th century – Golden Age of Science. • Changes in many areas of sciences
• 1453 – rediscovery of ancient scientific texts was • Cosmology – improved our knowledge of the place
accelerated and the invention of printing that man and his planet occupy in the universe.
democratized learning and allowed a faster • 1905 – formulation of the Theory of Relativity
propagation of new ideas. • physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and
• 1450 to 1630 – Marie Boas Hall coined the term astronomy
Scientific Renaissance to designate the early phase • 1953 - structure of DNA as described by Crick and
of Scientific Revolution. Watson, the carrier of genetic information (Rosch,
• Peter Dear has argued for a two-phase model of 2014).
early modern science: a Scientific Renaissance of • seen medicine find a cure for many life-threatening
the 15th and 16th centuries, focused on the diseases and the beginning of organ transplants.
restoration of the natural knowledge of the ancients;
and a Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE FOURTH
when scientists shifted from recovery to innovation. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• Development of printing – most important • GPS systems, Apple’s Siri, Netflix recommendations,
technological advancement of all in this period. About Facebook’s ability to recognize your face and tag you
the mid-15th century in Germany and Johannes in a friend’s photo.
Gutenberg is usually called its inventor. • Artificial intelligence (AI) – describes computers
• Between 1250 and 1350 – block printing on wood that can “think” like humans — recognizing complex
came to the West from China. patterns, processing information, drawing
• 1467 – the invention of wooden press reached Italy conclusions, and making recommendations.
• 1470s - Hungary and Poland • New computational technologies - make
• 1483 – Scandinavia computers smarter.
• 1500 - presses of Europe had produced some six • Virtual reality (VR) – offers immersive digital
million books. experiences (using a VR headset) that simulate the
real world, while augmented reality merges the digital
THE ENLIGHTMENT PERIOD (1715 AD to 1789 AD) and physical worlds.
• Radical reorientation – reason over superstition • Biotechnology – develops new pharmaceuticals
and science over blind faith. and materials, more efficient industrial manufacturing
• Produced numerous books, essays, inventions, processes, and cleaner, more efficient energy
scientific discoveries, laws, wars, and revolutions. sources.
• Key natural philosophers of the Scientific • Robotics – design, manufacture, and use of robots
Revolution: Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, and for personal and commercial use.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. • 3D printing – allows manufacturing businesses to
• 1686 – Isaac Newton published his “Principia print their own parts, with less tooling, at a lower cost,
Mathematica” consists in the comprehension of a and faster than via traditional processes.
diversity of physical phenomena • Internet of Things (IoT) – describes the idea of
• 1689 – John Locke with his “Essay Concerning everyday items — from medical wearables that
Human Understanding”. monitor users’ physical condition to cars and tracking
devices inserted into parcels — being connected to
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760 – 1840) the internet and identifiable by other devices.
• Close observation and careful generalization • Energy capture, storage, and transmission –
leading to practical utilization were characteristic of represent a growing market sector, spurred by the
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
SECOND SEMESTER
GEd 109
ENGR. GRACE R. DE CASTRO
ChE 1202
falling cost of renewable energy technologies and o serum lab
improvements in battery storage capacity. o library
• Philippine Journal of Science - scientific journal
C. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND published researches done in local laboratories and
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES reported global scientific developments that had
relevance to the Philippine society.
PRE-SPANISH ERA • December 8, 1933 – the National Research Council
• 40 000 years ago – first inhabitants who settled in of the Philippines was established.
Palawan and Batangas made simple tools or
weapons of stone. COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
• The use of clay, when mixed with water and then • “The State shall promote scientific research and
shaped into smth b4 sun drying. invention…”
• Early Filipinos have learned how to extract, smelt • The prevailing situations during the time of
and refine metals like copper, gold, bronze and Commonwealth period to the Japanese regime had
iron from nature. made developments in science and technology
• The inhabitants also learned how to weave cotton, practically impossible.
engaged themselves in agriculture and are
knowledgeable on building boats for coastal trade. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE
• Primitive Filipinos were in perfect harmony w nature • 1946 – Bureau of Science to Institute of Science
• 1950 – lack of basic information which were
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA necessities to the country’s industries, lack of
• Royal and Pontifical University of Santo Tomas – support and minimal budget for scientific research.
highest institution of learning :’) • 1958 – Philippine Congress passed the Science Act
• Dr. Jose P. Rizal – epitome of the Renaissance man of 1958 which established the National Science
in the Philippine context; contributed on the Development Board (NSDB).
sanitation of household in the area due to his • More craftsmen, tradesmen, and technicians.
knowledge on science and engineering. • “There has been little innovation in the education and
• 1887 – Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de training of scientists and engineers since
Manila was created independence in 1946.” – Caoili
• Cronica de Ciencias Medicas de Filipinas – the
Laboratorio’s publication, probably the first scientific SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 1960s TO 1990s
journal in the country • Section 9(1) of the 1973 Philippine Constitution:
• 19th Century - Manila has become a cosmopolitan advancement of science and technology shall have
center and modern amenities were introduced to the priority in the national development.
city. • April 6, 1968 – Marcos proclaimed the 35-hectare
• The Philippines had evolved into a primary land in Bicutan, Taguig as the site of the Philippine
agricultural exporting economy. Science Community.
• 1969 – the government provided funds to private
AMERICAN PERIOD universities to conduct research and create courses
• Rapid growth of science and technology in PH in science and technology.
• Philippine Normal School and University of the • 1970s – focus on science and technology was given
Philippines – provided the needs for professionally- to applied research to generate products and
trained Filipinos in building the government’s processed beneficial to the society.
organization and programs. • Research institutes established under the NSDB:
• The growth and application of science were still o Philippine Coconut Research Institute
concentrated on the health sector. o Philippine Textile Research Institute
• The University of the Philippines Los Baños o Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
opened the College of Agriculture in 1909 while the • 1972 – Presidential Decree No. 4: the National
University of the Philippines – Diliman opened the Grains Authority was created followed by the
Colleges of Arts, Engineering and Veterinary Philippine Council for Agricultural Research.
Medicine in 1910. • Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
• Sent qualified Filipinos abroad for advanced training. Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
• Youths need to be educated as teachers, engineers, – established under the Dept. of National Defense to
physicians, and lawyers in American colleges to provide environmental protection and to utilize
further capacitate the Filipinos in various fields. scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the
• Government provided more support for the people through Presidential Decree No. 78, s.
development of science; created the Bureau of 1972.
Government Laboratories in and was later • 1973 – Philippine National Oil Company created
changed to Bureau of Science – served as the by Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973
primary training ground for Filipino scientists; paved • National Academy of Science and Technology 0
the way for pioneering scientific research, i.e., study established under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A,
of various tropical diseases like leprosy, tuberculosis, s. 1976 to strengthen the scientific culture in the
cholera, dengue fever, malaria, and beri- country.
beri.(primary research center until WWII) • 1980s – science and tech was still focused on
o bio lab applied research.
o chem lab
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
SECOND SEMESTER
GEd 109
ENGR. GRACE R. DE CASTRO
ChE 1202
• 1982 – NSDB was further reorganized into a • Science and Technology Agenda for National
National Science and Technology Authority Development (STAND) – a program that was
(NSTA) composed of four research and development significant to the field of S&T.
Councils: • In the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration,
o Philippine Council for Agriculture and numerous laws and projects were implemented.
Resources Research and Development • “Filipinnovation” was the coined term used in
(PCARRD) helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in
o Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Asia.
Research Development (PCIERD) • Philippine Science High School (PSHS) – focuses
o Philippine Council for Health Research and on science, technology and mathematics in their
Development (PCHRD) curriculum.
o and the National Research Council of the • Recently, the Philippines ranked 73rd out of 128
Philippines (NRCP) economies in terms of Science and Technology and
• March 1983 – Executive Order No. 889 – for the Innovation (STI) index.
establishment of a national network of centers in • Technology adoption allows a country’s firms and
basic sciences. citizens to benefit from innovations created in other
• Six new institutes were created: The National countries and allows it to catch up and even leap--
Institutes of Physics, Geological Sciences, Natural frog obsolete technologies.
Sciences Research, Chemistry, Biology and
Mathematical Sciences. HOPES IN PHILIPPINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• Scientific Career System – established in the Civil • April 2016 - the country launched into space its first
Service by Presidential Decree No. 901 on 19 July micro-satellite called Diwata-1. It provides real-time,
1983. high-resolution and multi-color infrared images for
• 1986 – National Science and Technology various applications. It enables a more precise
Authority was replaced by the Department of estimate of the country’s agricultural production,
Science and Technology. provides images of watersheds and floodplains for a
• 1987-1992 – science and technology's role in better understanding of water available for irrigation,
economic recovery and sustained economic growth power and domestic consumption. The satellite also
was highlighted. provides accurate information on any disturbance
• By virtue of Executive Order 128 signed on 30 and degradation of forest and upland areas.
January 1987, the functions and responsibilities of • June 2012 – Project NOAH was initiated to help
DOST expanded correspondingly to include the manage risks associated with natural hazards and
following: disasters. Nationwide Operational Assessment of
1. Pursue the declared state policy of Hazards (NOAH) - uses the Lidar (light detection
supporting local scientific and technological and ranging) technology. It helps the government in
effort. providing timely warning with a lead time of at least
2. Develop local capability to achieve six hours in the wake of impending floods.
technological self-reliance. • Intelligent Operation Center Platform - the center
3. Encourage greater private sector resulted in the creation of a dashboard that allows
participation in research and development. authorized government agencies, such as police, fire
• 1992 - funding for the science and technology sector and anti-terrorism task force, to use analytics
was tripled from 464 million in 1986 to 1.7 billion software for monitoring events and operations in real
• Department of Science and Technology (DOST) – time.
charged with the twin mandate of providing central
direction, leadership, and coordination of all scientific CURRENT INITIATIVES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
and technological activities, and of formulating IN THE COUNTRY
policies, programs and projects to support national • Advanced Device and Materials Testing
development. Laboratories – The center houses advanced
• The Science and Technology Master Plan – aimed equipment for failure analysis and materials
at the modernization of the production sector, characterization to address advanced analytical
upgrading research activities, and development of needs for quality control, materials identification and
infrastructure for science and technological R&D.
purposes. • Electronics Products Development Center – used
• Research and Development Plan – examine and to design, develop and test hardware and software
determine which areas of research needed attention for electronic products.
and must be given priority. • Genome Center – a core facility that combines basic
• 1998 - estimated 3,000 competent scientists and and applied research for the development of health
engineers in the Philippines. diagnostics, therapeutics, DNA forensics and
• Two newly built Philippine Science High Schools preventive products, and improved crop varieties.
in Visayas and Mindanao promotes further • drug-discovery facilities which address the
development of young kids through advance S&T requirements for producing high-quality and globally
curriculum. acceptable drug candidates.
• Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna • radiation processing facilities – used to degrade,
Carta for Science and Technology Personnel graft, or crosslink polymers, monomers, or chemical
(Republic Act No. 8439) was established. compounds for industrial, agricultural, environmental
and medical applications.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
SECOND SEMESTER
GEd 109
ENGR. GRACE R. DE CASTRO
ChE 1202
• Die and Mold Solutions Center – enhances the • Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial
competitiveness of the local tool and die sector Worlds – laid the foundations for a revolution in how
through the localization of currently imported dies Europeans would view the world and its place in the
and molds. universe.
2. TYCHO BRAHE
D. PARADIGM SHIFT • Tracked the entire orbits of various stars and
planets.
SCIENTIFIC DIAGRAM • He kept extensive records of his observations but did
• A framework containing all the commonly accepted not really know what to do with them.
views about a subject, conventions about what 3. JOHANNES KEPLER
direction research should take and how it should be • Existing Paradigm: Circular orbits of planets
performed. • New Paradigm: Elliptical orbits of planets
• It dictates: 4. GALILEO GALILEI
✓ what is observed and measured • Telescope
✓ the questions we ask about those • Existing Paradigm: Heavenly bodies consist of
observations ethereal substances.
✓ how the questions are formulated • New Paradigm: Heavenly bodies consist of physical
✓ how the results are interpreted matter.
✓ how research is carried out 5. ISAAC NEWTON
✓ what equipment is appropriate • Existing Paradigm: Forces of nature are unique.
• New Paradigm: Universal physics laws of nature.
• LAWS OF MOTION
o Inertia: Objects don’t change their motion
unless a force acts on them.
o Acceleration: The force of an object is
equal to its mass times its acceleration
(F=ma).
o Action-reaction: Every action has an equal
and opposite reaction.

B. THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

PROBLEM:
✓ Theory of Biological Evolution
✓ Natural Selection
✓ Understanding Diversity of Life
• normal science – current paradigm is in place, the
anomalies are discounted as acceptable levels of 1. CHARLES DARWIN
error.
• Existing Paradigm: Species are created.
• Revolutionary science – these anomalies become
• New Paradigm: Natural selection – organisms
the center of attention as scientists attempt to
change/adapt to survive in their environment.
construct a new world view that incorporates and
2. WILLIAM PALEY
explains them.
• Natural Theology – he argued that just as the
• Once a new paradigm is developed, however,
complex, purposeful design of a watch implies the
there is a return to “normal science” under the
existence of a watchmaker, the complexity and
new worldview.
functionality of the natural world imply the
existence of a divine creator.
LECTURE 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED SOCIETY C. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
1. SIGMUND FREUD
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION • Existing Paradigm: Mental disorders are organic.
A period where paradigm shifts occurred and where • New Paradigm: Psychoanalysis – method of
scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and treatment that relies on the unconscious and
accepted by the people were challenged and opposed. conscious mind.

A. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION D. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN MESOAMERICA

PROBLEM: • The Mesoamerican civilization was isolated from
✓ Astronomy the accumulated scientific knowledge of Africa,
✓ Paths of Planetary Orbits Asia, and Europe.
✓ Understanding the Position of the Earth • Because of this isolation, Mesoamerican civilization
developed on their own and became much more self-
1. NICOLAS COPERNICUS reliant.
• Existing Paradigm: Earth as the Center of the Solar • Maya civilization – the most advanced
System Mesoamerican civilization that was well on its way to
• New Paradigm: Sun as the Center of the Solar developing true science.
System
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
SECOND SEMESTER
GEd 109
ENGR. GRACE R. DE CASTRO
ChE 1202
• Maya hieroglyphs – pictorial script that allowed • Laird Scranton – deepened our understanding of
them to record all knowledge on long strips of paper Malian cosmological myths and their perceptions
folded harmonica-style into books. of the structure of matter and physical world.
• Dresden Codex – contains predictions of solar • Nubian builders – in the field of mathematics, they
eclipses for centuries and a table of predicted calculated the volumes of building materials for
positions of Venus. masonry, as well as the slopes of the pyramids, for
• Tlachtli – a game played by Meso-American construction purposes.
civilizations from earliest times. • In the field of Medicine – common patterns and
• Maya Calendar – Maya made predictions by aligning trends emerged across the continent. Among the
stars with two objects that were separated by a large common principles and procedures were
distance, a technique that achieved great accuracy hydrotherapy, heat therapy, spinal manipulation,
of angular measurements. quarantine, bone-setting, and surgery.
• The Maya were the first to use pitched ceilings in • Metal products – various types of metal products
their buildings after the invention of corbelled vault. have been used over the time by Africans, ranging
• American people were gifted horticulturalists and from gold, tin, silver, bronze, brass, and iron/steel.
cultivated crop plants from the earliest times. • Ethiopia and Sudan – major suppliers of gold in the
• Plants that originated in Meso-America were the North and East Africa.
following: • Kingdom of Monomotapa – reigned supreme as a
• Corn (maize) major gold producer in South Africa.
• Papaya • Various metal products served as a wide range of
• Avocado purposes, including:
• Cocoa ✓ Armor
• 2000 – 1500 BC – several sculptures found in Meso- ✓ Jewelry
America Sites have clear magnetic properties. ✓ Cooking utensils
✓ Cloth dyeing
E. ASIAN SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION ✓ Sculpture
• Japan – probably the most notable country in Asia in ✓ Agricultural tools
terms of scientific and technological advancement. • Ancient, Medieval, and Contemporary Africa –
• The general conception is that many of the cutting- builders integrated the concepts of the arch, the
edge technological developments emanate from dome, and columns and aisled in their constructions.
Asia.
• South Korea’s cultural popularity (pogi mo mingyu n H. INFORMATION REVOLUTION
jaehyun) • Information Revolution – a period of change that
• Taiwan is following a similar path to Japan. describes current economic, social, and
technological trends beyond the Industrial
F. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN MIDDLE EAST Revolution.
• Mesopotamia – greater progress was made in • Information Age – Information Revolution was
astronomy and mathematics. fueled by advances in semiconductor technology
leading to the information age in the early 21st
• Egyptians – excelled in medicine, engineering and
century.
architecture, and surveying.
• Computers – unique machines; help extend the
• Babylonians – led in the development of such
brain power. They follow sets of instructions called
practical arts as irrigation.
computer programs or software.
• Of all the accomplishments of the ancient Middle
• Computerized robots – they’ve been replacing
East, the invention of alphabet is probably the
blue-collar workers; might soon be replacing white-
greatest.
collar workers as well.
G. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AFRICA • Microprocessor chip – 1971 was when the
invention of the microprocessor chip at Intel that
• Judith Carney “Black Rice,” has received
made personal computers possible occurred.
considerable acclaim and has been influential in
reevaluating the history of agriculture in the • Age of the Internet – the information revolution led
Americans, emphasizing the need to recognize the us to the age of the internet, where optical
contributions of African and African-descended communication networks play a key role in delivering
people to global history. massive amounts of data.
• Africa – the history of the sciences in Africa is rich • Network growth – the world has experienced
and diverse. phenomenal network growth during the last decade,
and further growth is imminent.
• African Plants – a variety of African plants were
adopted in Asia, including coffee, the oil palm, fonio • Undersea Fiber Communication Systems in 2002
or acha, African rice, and sorghum. Legumes, – the optical fiber communication industry moved into
grain, vegetables, tubers, wild, or cultivated fruits the “coherent” era.
also had medicinal implications for Africans and were • We can transport an order of magnitude more bits
used as anesthetics or pain killers, analgesics for than just five years ago.
the control of fever, antidotes to counter poisons, • We can encode information into phase, polarization,
and anthelmint aimed at deworming. and amplitude of electromagnetic wave.
• Africa’s areas of scientific investigation – include • We send over 10,000,000,000,000 bits every second
the fields of astronomy, physics, and across the Atlantic Ocean in a single strand of fiber.
mathematics.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
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GEd 109
ENGR. GRACE R. DE CASTRO
ChE 1202
• Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) – scientific B. MAJOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AND
leader of an 1858 endeavor that built the first PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN
submarine cable with a transmission speed of one THE PHILIPPINES
word per minute.
IMPACT OF INFORMATION REVOLUTION NOTABLE PERSONALITIES AND CONTRIBUTIONS
• E-Commerce – the explosive emergence of the
Internet as a major worldwide distribution channel for 1. AISA MIJENO
goods, services, and managerial and professional • A Filipino engineer, innovator, and social
jobs. entrepreneur, best known for co-founding SALt
• E-Commerce – Electronic commerce; buying and (Sustainable Alternative Lighting), a company that
selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of developed an innovative lamp powered by
funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily saltwater.
the Internet. These business transactions occur • Her invention and entrepreneurial journey have
either as business-to-business (B2B), business-to- garnered international attention, highlighting the
consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer or potential of sustainable technology to address real-
consumer-to-business. world problems, particularly in remote and
• Biotechnology – the technology that utilizes underserved communities.
biological systems, living organisms or parts of this • SALt Lamp – its inspiration came from Mijeno’s
to develop or create different products, e.g., brewing experiences living with the Butbut tribe in the
and baking bread (use of yeast). mountains of Kalinga Philippines. Observing the
• Fish farming – within the next fifty years fish farming tribe’s reliance on kerosene lamps and candles for
may change us from hunters and gatherers on the lighting—which are not only hazardous but also
seas into "marine pastoralists"—just as a similar expensive and environmentally harmful—Mijeno
innovation some 10,000 years ago changed our sought a safer, more sustainable alternative. This
ancestors from hunters and gatherers on the land lamp operates using a galvanic cell battery, which
into agriculturists and pastoralists. generates electricity from a saline solution. This
innovative devise only requires a glass of water
LECTURE 3: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE mixed with two tablespoons of salt to provide light for
eight hours.
NATION BUILDING IN THE PHILIPPINES

A. THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY AGENDA

1. THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(DOST)
• At the forefront of the Philippine government’s
science and technology agenda is the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST).
• KEY INITIATIVES:
✓ Science for Change Program (S4CP)
✓ Balik Scientist Program
✓ Philippine Science High School System 2. RAMON C. BARBA
(PSHSS) • A distinguished Filipino scientist and inventor, best
• IMPACT: known for his significant contributions to the field of
✓ Enhanced research and development plant physiology, particularly his groundbreaking
capabilities. work on the induction of flowering of mangoes
✓ Improvement in the quality of science using potassium nitrate. His research has had a
education. profound impact on the agricultural sector, not only in
✓ Strengthening of the innovation ecosystem the Philippines but also around the world, by
in the Philippines. enabling off-season production of mangoes and
2. BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY (BSU) KIST PARK significantly increasing mango yield.
• The Batangas State University Knowledge, • Barba’s most notable achievement is his
Innovation, Science, and Technology (KIST) Park development of a method to induce flowering in
is a pioneering initiative in the Philippines aimed at mango trees using potassium nitrate spray. Before
fostering innovation and technological advancement his discovery in the early 1970s, mango trees in the
through close collaboration between academia, Philippines flowered only once a year, leading to
industry, and government. seasonal mango production. Barba’s method
• OBJECTIVES: involved spraying the trees with a solution of
✓ Foster innovation and R&D potassium nitrate, which stimulates them to flower
✓ Industry-Academia Collaboration with a week. This technique allows for the production
✓ Entrepreneurship and Business Incubation of mangoes several times a year, dramatically
✓ Talent Development increasing productivity and profitability for mango
✓ Community Engagement and Development farmers.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
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ENGR. GRACE R. DE CASTRO
ChE 1202
✓ Calamansi nip – a concentrate made from
calamansi aimed at preventing Vit C
deficiency.
✓ Palayok oven – a clay oven that could be
used to cook more efficiently.

5. ANGEL C. ALCALA
• A prominent Filipino scientist renowned for his
extensive work in marine biology and herpetology.
• Alcala’s pioneering work in establishing marine
reserves in the Philippines during the 1980s has had
a profound impact on marine conservation
strategies worldwide. He advocated for the creation
3. FE VILLANUEVA DEL MUNDO of no-fishing zones, which led to the establishment
• A distinguished of 1 000 marine protected areas in the Philippines.
Filipino
pediatrician
made significant
contributions to
the field of
pediatrics in the
Philippines and
is recognized for
her pioneering
work and
dedication to
child healthcare.
• Her methods,
like the BRAT (banana, rice, apple, tea) diet for
curing diarrhea, have spread throughout the world
and saved millions. Del Mundo’s field of natural C. SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
science and the field of public health was
something she was actively involved in. She CURRENT STATE
authored the Textbook of Pediatrics, as well as Science education in the Philippines faces several
hundreds of articles and medical reports on diseases challenges, including resource limitations, teacher training,
such as dengue, polio, and measles. and curriculum relevance. However, initiatives like the K-12
program aiming to enhance STEM (Science, Technology,
4. MARIA Y. OROSA Engineering, and Mathematics) education through curriculum
• She completed improvements and teacher development.
her
undergraduate NOTABLE EFFORTS
studies at the • STEM Education Programs – efforts to bolster
University of STEM education through enhanced curriculum and
the the introduction of STEM strands in senior high
Philippines, school.
where she • Philippine Science High School (PSHS) System –
showed early offers a curriculum with a strong emphasis on
promise in the science and mathematics, intended to prepare
sciences. She students for careers in STEM fields.
then pursued
further The journey of science and technology in the Philippines
education in is a testament to its critical role in nation-building.
the United Through government initiatives, the contributions of
States, earning remarkable individuals, and the evolution of science
a degree in education, the Philippines is steadily advancing towards
a future where science and technology drive sustainable
pharmaceutical chemistry from the University of development and inclusive growth.
Washington, Seattle. Additionally, she obtained
degrees in food chemistry and canning technology.
• NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS:
✓ Banana Ketchup – a popular Filipino
condiment as a more affordable alternative
to tomato ketchup.
✓ Soayalac – a nutrient-rich drink derived
from soya beans, intended to be a protein
supplement.