M. Sc.
Physics (Semester II)
PHY 201: Quantum Mechanics-II
Credit: 4
Max. Marks: 60+20
Time: 3 Hours
Note: Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question No. 1 will be
compulsory and will consist of 4-6 conceptual questions uniformly distributed over the whole
syllabus. In addition to Question No. 1, there will be four units in the question paper with each unit
consisting of two questions taken from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Students will select
one question from each unit. The question paper is expected to contain problems to the extent of
20% of total marks. Each question will carry 12 marks.
Course Outcomes (COs)
After successful completion of the course on Quantum Mechanics-II, a student will be able to:
PHY201.1 Formulate perturbation, variational and WKB methods for obtaining approximate
solutions of the Schrödinger equation, and apply these to simple physical situations.
PHY201.2 Comprehend on how perturbation can remove the degeneracy, particularly
explanation of the Zeeman and Stark effects.
PHY201.3 Use the WKB method to understand tunneling through a barrier and the alpha decay
process.
PHY201.4 Apply the time-dependent perturbation theory to deal with atom-em radiation
interaction and calculate explicitly the transition probability for the induced
absorption and emission processes.
PHY201.5 Explicate the electronic structure of many-electron atoms in central-field
approximation, and estimate the central potential using the Thomas-Fermi and
Hartree methods.
PHY201.6 Have an understanding of the nature of molecular energy levels, and calculate these
for diatomic molecules.
PHY201.7 Grasp the basics of non-relativistic quantum scattering theory, and learn the partial
waves and Green’s function methods for deriving scattering cross-sections.
PHY201.8 Calculate and analyze scattering cross-sections for finite square well, hard sphere
and screened Coulomb potentials.
Unit I: Approximate methods for bound states-I (13 hrs.)
Stationary perturbation theory: Non-degenerate case- First-order and second-order corrections to
energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, Perturbation of an oscillator (harmonic and anharmonic
( ) perturbations), Ground state of Helium atom; Degenerate case- Removal of
degeneracy in first and second order, Zeeman effect without electron spin, First-order Stark
effect in n=2 state of Hydrogen, Fine structure of hydrogen atom (Relativistic and spin-orbit
coupling corrections); Rayleigh-Ritz variational method: Ground and excited states, Application
to ground state of Helium, Van der Waals interaction using perturbation and variational methods.
Unit II: Approximate methods for bound states-II (12 hrs.)
The WKB approximation: Classical limit, Approximate solutions, Asymptotic nature of the
solutions, Solution near a turning point, Linear turning point, Connection at the turning point,
Asymptotic connection formulae, Application to energy levels of a quantum well, tunneling
through a potential barrier and alpha decay; First-order time-dependent perturbation theory,
Transition probability for constant and harmonic perturbations, Transition to a group of final
states- The Fermi golden rule, Applications: Ionization of a hydrogen atom, Ionization
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probability, Interaction of an atom with em radiation (semi-classical treatment), Transition
probability for induced absorption and emission, perturbation theory in scattering problems.
Unit III: Selected applications of Quantum Mechanics (12 hrs.)
Atomic structure of many-electron atoms: Central-field approximation, Periodic system of
elements, Thomas-Fermi statistical model, Evaluation of the potential, Hartree's self-consistent
fields and connection with the variational method, Corrections to the central-field approximation,
L-S and j-j couplings; Molecular structure: Classification of energy levels, Wave equation; The
Hydrogen molecule: Potential energy function, The Morse potential, Rotation and vibration of
diatomic molecules, Energy levels.
Unit IV: Quantum theory of scattering (12 hrs.)
Scattering experiments and cross-sections, The laboratory and centre-of-mass systems, Scattering
amplitude and cross-section; The method of partial waves: Phase shift, Differential and total
cross-sections, Relation between phase shift and scattering potential, Convergence of the partial-
wave series, Scattering by a finite square well, Resonances- Breit-Wigner formula, Scattering by
a hard-sphere potential; Green's function method: Lippmann-Schwinger equation, The Born
series, The first Born approximation, Scattering of an electron by a screened Coulomb potential
in Born approximation and validity criterion; Scattering of two identical spinless bosons, and
spin-1/2 fermions.
References:
1. Quantum Mechanics (3rd edition) by L. I. Schiff
2. Quantum Mechanics (2nd edition) by B. H. Bransden and Joachain
3. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd edition) by David J. Griffiths
4. Quantum Mechanics by A. K. Ghatak and S. Loknathan
5. A Textbook of Quantum Mechanics by P. M. Mathews and K. Venkatesan
6. Quantum Mechanics by John L. Powell and B. Crasemann
7. Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications (2nd edition) by N. Zettili
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PHY 202: Nuclear and Particle Physics
Credit: 4
Max. Marks: 60+20
Time: 3 Hours
Note: Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question No. 1 will be
compulsory and will consist of 4-6 conceptual questions uniformly distributed over the whole
syllabus. In addition to Question No. 1, there will be four units in the question paper with each unit
consisting of two questions taken from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Students will select
one question from each unit. The question paper is expected to contain problems to the extent of
20% of total marks. Each question will carry 12 marks.
Course Outcomes (COs)
After successful completion of the course on Nuclear and Particle Physics, a student will be able to:
PHY202.1 Understand the energy loss processes of different energetic particles in a medium and
mechanisms of interaction of gamma photon with matter.
PHY202.2 Learn about the basic properties and characteristics of Nuclear forces, and their
mediating particle.
PHY202.3 Know and learn about various type of detectors used in nuclear physics experiments,
unique properties of different detectors and their applications in the field of nuclear
physics.
PHY202.4 Differentiate between different type of nuclear reactions, relevant aspects associated
with nuclear reactions and kinematics of such reactions.
PHY202.5 Describe certain properties associated with nuclei, models governing different
aspects of nuclear behaviour and detailed understanding of deuteron problem.
PHY202.6 Understand the phenomenon of radioactive decays of alpha and beta particles, their
detailed formalism.
PHY202.7 Know about different elementary particles, their quark content and quark model.
PHY202.8 Learn about decay of some elementary particles and laws governing such decays.
Unit I: Radiation Interaction and Nuclear Forces (12 hrs.)
Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter: qualitative description of various energy loss
mechanisms, their relative contribution in case of heavy ions and electrons, classical stopping
power equation for electronic energy-loss (no derivation) with significance of various terms
involved, behavior of electronic energy-loss curve as a function of ion velocity, concept of energy
straggling and range straggling and their correlation; Interaction of Gamma Radiation with Matter:
features of photoelectric, Compton and pair production processes, Nuclear Forces: experimental
evidence of charge symmetry and charge independence of nuclear forces, concept of isospin, Meson
theory of nuclear forces, relationship between the range of the force and mass of the mediating
particle.
Unit II: Radiation Detectors and Nuclear Reactions (12 hrs.)
Gamma Ray Spectrometer: basic principle and working of NaI (Tl) scintillation detector,
mechanism of pulse formation, basic idea of pulse processing unit, concept of energy resolution and
efficiency of detector and its applications; Semiconductor Detectors: basic principle, construction
and working and applications of Si surface barrier detector, high purity germanium detector.
Nuclear Reactions: types of nuclear reactions, Q-value of a nuclear reaction and its determination,
definition of cross section and its significance, elementary idea of compound nuclear reactions and
direct reactions. concept of neutron detection, Coulomb excitation, nuclear kinematics.
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Unit III: Nuclear Properties and Radioactive Decays
Basic nuclear properties: size, shape and charge distribution, spin and parity. Binding energy, semi-
empirical mass formula, liquid drop model, Deuteron problem; Ground state of deuteron, Magnetic
moment and its importance in the determination of exact ground state of deuteron. Radioactive
Decays: energetics of alpha decay, tunnel theory of alpha decay, energetics of beta decay, Fermi
theory of allowed beta decay, importance of Fermi-Kurie plot, parity non-conserving property of
neutrino;
Unit IV: Particle Physics (12 hrs.)
Units in high energy physics; Classification of particles- fermions and bosons, particles and
antiparticles; Strange particles, Basic idea of different fundamental types of interactions with
suitable examples; Quark flavors and their quantum numbers, Quarks as constituents of Hadrons,
Qualitative idea of Quark confinement and asymptotic freedom, necessity of introducing the Color
quantum no., Quark model, decay of pion and muon, Gell-Mann Nishijima formula, conservation
laws.
References:
1. Introduction to Experimental Nuclear Physics by R. M. Singru.
2. Elements of Nuclear Physics by W. E. Meyerhof.
3. Nuclear Radiation Detectors by S. S. Kapoor and V. S. Ramamurthy
4. Introduction to High Energy Physics (2nd edition) by D. H. Perkins.
5. Radiation Detection and Measurement by G. F. Knoll.
6. Nuclear Physics Theory and Experiment, by R. R. Roy and B. P. Nigam.
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PHY 203: Solid State Physics
Credit: 4
Max. Marks: 60+20
Time: 3 Hours
Note: Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question No. 1 will be
compulsory and will consist of 4-6 conceptual questions uniformly distributed over the whole
syllabus. In addition to Question No. 1, there will be four units in the question paper with each
unit consisting of two questions taken from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Students will
select one question from each unit. The question paper is expected to contain problems to the
extent of 20% of total marks. Each question will carry 12 marks.
Course Outcomes (COs)
After successful completion of the course on Solid State Physics, a student will be able to:
PHY203.1 Analyze the structure of a crystalline solid in terms of lattice, basis and unit cell, and
of a non-crystalline solid on the basis of pair-distribution function.
PHY203.2 Deduce the structure of a crystalline solid from an analysis of the XRD pattern and
the theoretically calculated crystal structure factor.
PHY203.3 Calculate the dispersion of lattice waves for crystals with mono- and diatomic basis,
and understand the principle underlying its experimental measurement using neutron
scattering.
PHY203.4 Acquire an understanding of the concept of phonon and use it to determine the lattice
heat capacity in the Einstein and Debye models.
PHY203.5 Learn the Bloch’s theorem, its application to the KP model, solve the one-electron
Schrödinger equation for a periodic potential to see the emergence of energy bands,
and classify materials into conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
PHY203.6 Learn and apply the tight binding and Wigner-Seitz methods for calculating the
energy bands.
PHY203.7 Grasp important characteristics of superconductors, along with qualitative aspects of
the BCS theory of superconductivity.
PHY203.8 Explain the flux quantization in a superconducting ring, and the DC and AC
Josephson effects.
Unit I: Crystal structure (12 hrs.)
Recapitulation of basic concepts: Bravais lattice and Primitive vectors; Primitive, Conventional and
Wigner-Seitz unit cells; Crystal structures and lattices with bases; Symmetry operations and
fundamental types of lattices; Index system for crystal planes. Determination of crystal structure by
diffraction: Reciprocal lattice and Brillouin zones (examples of sc, bcc and fcc lattices); Bragg and
Laue formulations of X-ray diffraction by a crystal and their equivalence; Laue equations; Ewald
construction; Brillouin interpretation; Crystal and atomic structure factors; Structure factor of the
bcc and fcc lattices, Examples of NaCl and diamond; Experimental methods of structure analysis:
Types of probe beam, The Laue, rotating crystal and powder methods. Non-crystalline solids:
Diffraction pattern; Monatomic amorphous materials; Pair-distribution function.
Unit II: Lattice dynamics and thermal properties (12 hrs.)
Binding in solids: Crystals of inert gases, Lennard-Jones potential; Qualitative idea of Ionic,
Covalent and Metallic binding. Classical theory of lattice vibration (in harmonic approximation):
Vibrations of crystals with monatomic basis- Dispersion relation, First Brillouin zone, Group
velocity; Two atoms per primitive basis- dispersion of acoustical and optical modes. Quantization
of lattice waves: Phonons, Phonon momentum, Inelastic scattering of neutrons by phonons.
Thermal properties: Lattice (phonon) heat capacity; Normal modes; Density of states in one and
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three dimensions; Models of Debye and Einstein; Effects due to anharmonic crystal interactions;
Thermal expansion; Thermal conductivity.
Unit III: Electronic properties of solids (12 hrs.)
Failure of the free electron gas model; Band theory of solids: Nearly free electron model, Energy
gap; Periodic potential and Bloch's theorem; Kronig-Penney model; Wave equation of electron in a
periodic potential, Solution of the central equation, Approximate solution at and near a zone
boundary; Periodic, extended and reduced zone schemes of energy band representation; Number of
orbitals in a band; Classification into metals, semiconductors and insulators. Calculation of energy
bands: Tight binding method and its application to sc and bcc structures; Wigner-Seitz method,
Cohesive energy; Pseudo-potential methods (qualitative idea).
Unit IV: Superconductivity (12 hrs.)
Experimental survey: Superconductivity and its occurrence, Destruction of superconductivity by
magnetic fields, Meissner effect, Type I and type II superconductors, Entropy, Free energy, Heat
capacity, Energy gap, Microwave and infrared properties, Isotope effect; Theoretical survey:
Thermodynamics of the superconducting transition, London equation, Coherence length;
Microscopic theory: Qualitative features of the BCS theory, BCS ground state wave function;
Quantitative predictions of the BCS theory, critical temperature, energy gap, critical field, specific
heat; Flux quantization in a superconducting ring; Dc and Ac Josephson effects; Macroscopic long-
range quantum interference; High Tc superconductors (introduction only).
References:
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics (7th edition ) by Charles Kittel
2. Solid State Physics by Neil W. Ashcroft and N. David Mermin
3. Solid State Physics: An Introduction to Theory and Experiment by H. Ibach and H. Luth
4. Principles of the Theory of Solids (2nd edition) by J. M. Ziman
5. Condensed Matter Physics by Michael P. Marder
6. Applied Solid State Physics by Rajnikant
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PHY 204: Electronic Devices and Circuits-II
Credit: 4
Max. Marks: 60+20
Time: 3 Hours
Note: Nine questions will be set and students will attempt five questions. Question No. 1 will be
compulsory and will consist of 4-6 conceptual questions uniformly distributed over the whole
syllabus. In addition to Question No. 1, there will be four units in the question paper with each unit
consisting of two questions taken from the corresponding units of the syllabus. Students will select
one question from each unit. The question paper is expected to contain problems to the extent of
20% of total marks. Each question will carry 12 marks.
Course Outcomes (COs)
After successful completion of the course on Electronic Devices and Circuits-II, a student will be able to
PHY204.1 Well acquainted with the basic structures, operations, characteristics and biasing
schemes of various field effect transistors.
PHY204.2 Understand the operations of different multivibrator circuits.
PHY204.3 Develop a clear understanding of the basics of OPAMPS, its operating modes,
internal structure of an IC OPAMP and its vital design parameters.
PHY204.4 Become familiar with the basic structure, operation, characteristics and important
applications of negative resistance devices.
PHY204.5 Design and describe the operations of various families of logic gates.
PHY204.6 Simplify involved Boolean expressions with the help of Boolean algebra and K-map
PHY204.7 Explain the construction, operation, characteristics and important technological
applications of various photonic devices.
PHY204.8 Explain the construction, operation, characteristics and important technological
applications of different temperature sensitive devices.
Unit I: Field Effect Transistors and Multivibrators (12 hrs.)
Basic structure and operation of JFET, calculation of pinch off voltage, V-I characteristics of JFET, the FET
small signal model, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), physical structure,
operation and characteristics, enhancement and depleted modes of operation, metal semiconductor field
effect transistor (MESFET), low frequency common source and common drain FET amplifiers, FET biasing,
FET as a voltage variable resistor (VVR); Multivibrators: a fixed biased transistor, a self-biased transistor
and a direct connected bistable multivibrator circuits, Schmitt trigger circuit, triggering techniques for
bistable multivibrators, collector-coupled and emitter-coupled monostable and astable multivibrators.
Unit II: OPAMPs and Negative Resistance Devices (12 hrs.)
The basic OPAMP, inverting and non-inverting mode of operation of OPAMP, effect of negative feedback on
input and output resistances of OPAMPs, the differential amplifier, common mode rejection ratio (CMRR),
the emitter coupled differential amplifier, the transfer characteristics of a differential amplifier, an IC
OPAMP (MC-1530 Motorola) and its dc analysis, offset voltages and currents, universal balancing
techniques, measurement of OPAMP parameters; basic working principles, characteristics and applications
of uni-junction transistor (UJT), four layer diode (pnpn-diode), tunnel diode and silicon controlled rectifier
(SCR).
Unit III: Digital Circuits (14 hrs.)
Digital (binary) operation of a system, logic systems, the OR gate, the AND gate, the NOT gate, the
exclusive OR gate, De Morgan’s laws, Boolean algebra, the NAND and NOR diode-transistor gates,
Modified DTL gates, fan-in and fan-out, wired logics, high threshold logic (HTL) gates, transistor- transistor
logic (TTL) gates, output stages for TTL gates, resistance-transistor logic (RTL) gates, direct coupled
transistor logic (DCTL) gates, emitter coupled logic (ECL) gates, digital MOSFET circuits, complementary
MOS (CMOS) logic gates, comparison of logic families, Karnaugh- map (K-map) up to four variable and its
applications.
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Unit IV: Optoelectronic and Temperature Sensing Devices (11 hrs.)
Radiative and nonradiative transitions, basic construction, operation, characteristics and applications of solar
cells, light dependent resistance (LDR), photodiodes, p-i-n diodes, metal semiconductor photodiodes,
avalanche photodiodes, light emitting diodes (LEDs), semiconductor diode lasers, photo transistors,
resistance thermometers, thermocouples and thermistors.
References:
1. Integrated Electronics by J. Millman and C. C. Halkias
2. Pulse, digital and switching waveforms by J. Millman and H. Taub
3. Electronic devices and circuits by Y. N. Bapat
4. Microwave devices and circuits by Samuel Y. Liao
5. Physics of semiconductor Devices by S. M. Sze
6. Electronic instrumentation and measurement techniques by W. D. Cooper and A. D. Helfrick
7. OPAMPs and linear IC circuits by Ramakant A. Gayakwad
8. Electronics for Scientists and Engineers: Devices, Circuits and Systems by TV Viswanathan, GK Mehta
and V Rajaraman
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