Topic:
Measurements of dispersion
Assignment
Submitted by:
Fatima Butt
Saif ur Rehman
Roll no:
2023-552 , 551
Submitted to:
Sir Haq Nawaz
Semester:
2nd (2023-2027) BS Islamic Education
Course:
General mathematics
Department of Islamic Education (IER)
Table of content
Sr. Contents Page no
No
1 Concept of range 1
2 Concept of Quartile 3
3 Type/Interquartile Range 3
4 Concept of standard deviation 4
5 Concept of variance 6
Concept of range:
The simplest measure of spread is the range. This is just the difference between
the Maximum and the minimum values in the set.
Example:
So, for example, when comparing Group A’s mathematics and English scores, we would
note that, although they have about the same mean scores, the range for mathematics is 62 marks
(the difference between 85 and 23), whereas the range for English is only 17 marks (the
difference between 62 and 45). Clearly, the mathematics marks are more spread out.
We return to the test scores for group A for Mathematics and English given earlier in this
chapter:
Group A: Mathematics 23, 25,46, 48, 48, 49, 53, 60, 61, 61, 61, 62, 69, 85
Group A: English 45, 48, 49, 52, 53, 53, 53, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62
We will compare group A’s marks for mathematics with their marks for English. By looking just
at the means (53.6 for mathematics and 53.7 for English), we might conclude that the sets of
marks for the two subjects were very similar. Looking at the actual data, it is clear that they are
not. The most striking feature is that the mathematics marks are more widely spread and the
English marks are relatively closely clustered together.
Formula of range:
Range = Maximum Value – Minimum Value
Characteristics of Range:
Range consists of values that are dependent variable. Range can be include real
numbers or other type of numbers. Range can be discrete (e.g. integers) or continuous (e.g. All
real numbers between 0 and 1) Range depends on the specific function or relation. Range can be
finite or infinite
Quartile concept:
A statistical term that describes a division of observations into four defined
intervals based on the values of the data and how they compare to the entire set of observations.
Quartile concept:
The Quartile Formula for Q1 = (n+1)” term
The Quartile Formula for Q3=(1 4 (n+1)”term
The Quartile Formula for Q2 Q3 Q1 (Equivalent to Median)
Example of Quartile:
In the Dataset (1,3,4,7,8,9,11)
The set is already in order
We find the Q1 which is the first quartile is the median of the lower half of the data set (not
including the median)
The median of this subset is the 2 number (Q1-3)
Find the median Q2 which is the middle value of the ordered data set Q2 is 7
Q3 the 3” quartile is the median of the upper half of the set Q3 is 9
So the data set are:Q1 is 3 (first quartile)
Q2 median is 7
Q3 is 9 (third quartile)
Interquartile Range Concept:
One or two exceptionally high or low scores in a set will result in the
range not being a good indication of how spread out is most of the data in the set - it might
therefore give a false impression when comparing two sets of data. So, it is better to use what is
called the interquartile range. This is simply the difference between quartiles. Since this
measures excludes the top quarter and the bottom quarter of the data, the set is not affected by
what happens at the extremes and the better indication is given of the spread of most of the data.
Interquartile Range Formula:
The Interquartile Range Formula is:
IQR = Q3 - Q1
Where Q3 is the upper quartile and Q1 is the lower quartile
Example:
If we had the data sets (1, 1, 5, 9, 9, 9) and (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) the median is 5 and the
mean is 5 for both of them but if you find the IQR of them you see it is 8 and 4, respectively.
Standard Deviation Concept:
Standard Deviation is a measure which shows how much variation (such
as spread, dispersion, spread,) from the mean exists. The standard deviation indicates a “typical”
deviation from the mean. It is a popular measure of the variability because it returns to the
original units of measure of the data set. Like the variance, if the data points are close to the
mean, there is a small variation whereas the data points are highly spread out from the mean,
then it has a high variance. Standard deviation calculates the extent to which the values differ
from the average. Standard deviation, the most widely used measure of dispersion, is based on all
values.
Population Sample
X - The value in the data distribution X - The value in the data distribution
- The Population Mean - The Sample Mean
N - The total number of observations n – The total number of observations
Characteristics of Standard deviation:
Standard deviation measures how spread out the values are
from the mean. Always non-negative. Standard deviation has the same unit of measurement as
the data. Standard deviation is affected by the extreme values. Standard deviation is the square
root of variance Standard deviation is used in data analysis, such as data visualization. The
standard deviation of a constant is 0.
Concept of variance:
The simple definition of the term “variance” is the spread between numbers in a
data set. Variance is a statistical measurement used to determine how far each number is from
the mean and from every other number in the set. You can calculate the variance by taking the
difference between each point and the mean.
Formula of variance:
Variance (σ²) = Σ(χι – μ)² / (n – 1)
Where:
Σ² = variance
Xi = individual data points
Μ = mean
N = number of data points
Example of Variance:
In the data set 2,4,6,8,10
• First we find the Mean which is 2+4+6+8+10/5 is 6
• Differences from the mean is -4,-2,0,2,4
Squared difference is 16,4,0,4,16
Variance is (16+4+0+4+16/5) = 8
Reference:
Reference: book edition 6th ptcb, statistics Hank book 5th edition, Stacey B laurel’s
statistics 1st edition
