CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL:
The problem of disposing and managing solid waste materials in all countries
has become one of the major environmental, economical and social issues. A
complete waste management system including source reduction, reuse, recycling, land
filling and incineration needs to be implemented to control the increasing waste
disposal problems. Typically a plastic is not recycled into the same type of plastic
products made from recycled plastics are often not recyclable. The use of
biodegradable plastics is increasing. I some of these gets mixed in the other plastics
for recycling, the reclaimed plastic is not recyclable because the variance in properties
and melt temperatures.
Among different waste fractions, plastic waste deserves special attention on
account non-biodegradable property which is creating a lot of problems on the
environment. In India approximately 40 million tonnes of solid waste is produced
annually. This is increasing at a rate of 1.5 to 2% every year. Plastics constitute 12.3%
of total waste produced most of which in the from discarded water bottles. The plastic
waste cannot be disposed of by dumping or burning as they produced uncontrolled
fire or contaminate the soil and vegetation.
Considerable researches and studies were carried out in some countries like
USA and UK on this topic. However there have been very limited studies in India on
plastic in concrete. Hence an attempt on the utilisation of waste plastic pet bottles as
partial replacement of aggregate is done and its mechanical behaviour is investigated.
1.1.1 Plastic:
Plastic is a material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi
synthetic organics that are malleable and can be moulded into solid objects of diverse
shapes. Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often
contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from
petrochemicals, but many are partially natural. Plasticity is the general property of all
materials that are able to irreversibly deform without breaking, but this occurs to such
a degree with this class of mouldable polymers that their name is an emphasis on
these ability.

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 Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility and
imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of
products, from paper clips to spaceships. They have already displaced many
traditional materials, such as wood, stone, horn and bone, leather, paper, metal, glass
and ceramic, in most of their former uses. In developed countries, about a third of
plastic is used in packaging and another third in buildings such as piping used in
plumbing or vinyl siding. Other uses Include automobiles (up to 20% plastic),
furniture and toys. In developing world, the ratios may be different for example;
reportedly 42% of India’s consumption is used in packaging. Plastics have many uses
in the medical field as well, to include polymer implants, however the field of plastic
surgery is not named for the use of plast8ic material, but rather the most generic
meaning of the world plasticity in regards to the reshaping of flesh.
1.1.2 Categories of plastic:
 Polyethylene Terephthalate ( PET or PETE)
 High density polyethylene ( HDPE)
 Polyvinyl chloride ( PVC)
 Low-density polyethylene ( LDPE )
 Polypropylene ( PP )
 Polyester ( PS)
1.2 PET BOTTLES:
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a general –purpose thermoplastic polymer
which belongs to the polyester family of polymers. Polyester resins are known for
their excellent combination of properties such as mechanical, thermal, chemical
resistance as well as dimensionalstability. PET is highly flexible, colourless and semi
– crystalline resin in its natural state.
Polyethylene terephthalate(PET) Is a type of plastic which is smooth,
transparent and relatively thin. It is also called stomach plastics. Pet is commonly
used during disposable, juice, mouthwash, with vegetable oil, cosmetics, soft
drinks;and water bottles production, because bet is anti-inflammatory and fully liquid.
Pet is also an anti-air preventing entrance of oxygen anti. Antimony trioxide, an
inorganic compound, is used as a catalyst for the production of pet and rubber
vulcanization.

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1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY PLASTIC WASTE:
Distribution of plastic waste is associated with human being populations.
Increase in human population has led to increase demands for plastic and plastic
products. Indiscriminate disposal of waste from plastic and plastic products can lead
to environmental pollution which is evident in several ways including environment
natural beauty deterioration entanglement and death of aquatic organisms, sewage
system blockage in Towns and cities especially in developing countries, resulting in
creating conductive environment for breeding mosquitoes and other disease causing
vectors and production of foul smell, reduction in water percolation an normal
agricultural soils aeration thus causing reduced productivity in such lands.
1.3.1 Land pollution due to plastic waste:
In human occupational and residential environment, plastic products are
present in large volume pollution by plastics and plastic products can damage and
contaminate the terrestrial environment and can be subsequently transferred to the
adequate environment. There is a shortage of data on the volume of plastic wastes on
land in comparison to the voluminous data which exist on plastic debris in marine
habitat, despite the fact that about 80% of the plastic waste present at sea originates
from land related sources. Dumping of plastic leads to a abiotic and biotic degradation
of the plastics where plastic additives can leach and eventually percolate into various
aspects of the environment, thereby causing soil and water contamination.
1.3.2 Water pollution due to plastic waste:
Approximately 165 million tonnes of plastic waste were estimated to be
present in the oceans of the world in 2012, while an average of 8 million tonnes of
plastics are annually released into the ocean with about 5 trillion plastic pieces
floating on the ocean. Typically, plastics in the oceans can degrade within a year but
not completely. During this plastic degradation process, toxic chemicals like
polystyrene and BPA can be released into water causing water pollution.
1.3.3 Air pollution due to plastic waste:
Carbon dioxide and methane are released into the air when plastic waste which
were land filled finally decompose. During the decomposition of solid waste in
landfills in 2008, an estimated co2 equivalent volume released into the atmosphere
was 2 million tonnes.

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 CO2 is a also released into the atmosphere during the burning of plastics and
plastic products, and the CO2 is capable of trapping radiant heat and hinder it from
escaping the earth causing global warming. Air pollution is one of the major
environmental threats to public health and it is responsible for more than 6 million
deaths associated with environmental pollution.
1.3.4 Effects of plastic wastes on Animals:
Animals are exposed to plastic waste majorly through injection an
enlargement however, ingestion is more frequent than enlargement most animals in
the oceans mistaking plastic waste dumped in the ocean for food, thereby ingesting
them. Further enlargement in plastic products like nets can cause harm, damage and
even death in marine animals.
1.3.5. Public health effects of plastic waste:
Micro plastics are major contaminants that can bio accumulate in the food
chain after ingestion by a wide range of freshwater and marine lives discharge to a
public health risk. Human consumption of animals exposed to micro plastics and
plastic additives can detrimental. Bio monitoring studies on human tissues have
shown that plastic environmental contaminants.
1.4 PROPERTIES OF PET RESIN:
 It has higher strength and stiffness than PBT.
 It is very strong and lightweight and hence easy and efficient to transport.
 It is known for its good gas (oxygen, carbon dioxide) and moisture barrier
properties.
 Itexhibits excellent electrical insulating properties.
 Pet has broad range of use temperature from 60°c to 80°c.
 It has low gas permeability, in particularly with carbon dioxide.
 PET is suitable for transparent applications, when quenching during
processing.
 PET does not break or fracture.
1.4.1 Chemical Properties:
 Excellent resistance to alcohols, aliphatic, hydrocarbons, oils, greases and
diluted acids.
 Moderate resistance to diluted alkalis, aromatic and halogeneted
hydrocarbons.

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1.4.2 Mechanical Properties:
 Coefficient of friction : 0.2 – 0.4
 Hardness Rockwell : 94 – 101
 Poisons's ratio :0.37 – 0.44 (oriented)
 Tensile modulus (GPA) :2 – 4
 Tensile strength(GPA) :80
1.4.3 Physical Properties:
 Density ( g.cm3): 1.3 – 1.4
 Flammability : self- extinguishing
 Limiting oxygen index(%) : 21
 Refractive index : 1.58 – 1.64
 Resistance of ultraviolet : Good
 Water absorption equilibrium (%):<0.7
 Water absorption over 24 hours (%): 0.1
 Specific gravity :1.3-1.4 g/cm3
 Glass transition temperature : 70° to 80°c
1.4.4 Properties of PET:
 PET is thermo plastic polyester with tensile and flexural modulus of elasticity
of about 2.9 and 2.4 GPA respectively tensile strength up to 60 MP and
excellent chemical resistance.
 PET is a semi crystalline polymer, with melting point of about 260°c.
 Glass transition temperature ranging from 70° to 80° c, in relation to amount
of crystalline region enclosed.
 Specific gravity is around 1.3 – 1.4 g/cm3.
 PET is a hard, stiff and dimensionally stable material that is usually used as
packaging for carbonated beverages, water and many food products.
 It’s crystallinevaries from amorphous to fairly high crystalline.
 PET consists of polymerised units of the monomer ethylene terephthalate,
with repeating C10H8O4 units.

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1.5 IMPORTANCE OF PET BOTTLES IN CONCRETE?
Over past few years, it is estimated that roughly 25 billion tonnes of concrete
manufactured each year gradually. The current concrete construction industries
consumed exist amount of natural aggregate and approximately 6 billion tonnes of
Portland cement. The excessive raw material consumption potentially releases
greenhouse gases leading to global warming. Therefore, the need to incorporate
recycled materials as a substitution to construction materials is essential to reduce the
landfill spaces as well as shortage of natural resources. Waste plastic increases with
increasing population and most of these materials are non-degradable.
As the world population grows, wastes of various types are being generated.
The creation of non-decaying and low biodegradable waste materials, combined with
a growing consumer population has resulted in waste disposal crisis. One solution to
this crisis is recycling into useful products. Many government agencies, private
organisations and individuals have completed or in the process of completing wide
variety of studies and research projects concerning the feasibility, environmental
suitability and performance of using waste pet in construction field which needs better
and cost efficient construction material and reuse of pet and save our world from
environmental pollution. With increase in development, there is an increase in the cost
of construction and the maintenance of payments.
1.6 NEED OF PLASTIC IN CONCRETE:
There are two primary problems this project addresses. First is the shortage of
River send is to be used as fine aggregate and second is the problem of disposal of
waste plastic bottles.
The construction industry in India faced a practical slow down situation.
Studies then showed that of the entire construction industry in India 78% of the
construction projects were based on illegal sand. The construction industry was now
faced with the issue of finding viable and practical alternatives to river sand as fine
aggregate.
In today's age a very large number of waste plastic bottles are generated in
each city. The plastic bottles are not easy to dispose off as they are non-degradable
and chemical treatment requires a large amount of chemical process and energy and
hence it is not effective.

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 The municipal corporations have an elaborate waste segregation system
through which the segregate waste and non-biodegradable waste are used to make
landfills. The use of plastic in landfills is harmful as under high pressure these
generate harmful compounds which lead into the ground and contaminate the
groundwater. Another drawback of using plastic in the landfills is that they create an
impermeable layer over the ground surface, which gets filled with water in the rainy
season. This causes several problems like water stagnation, hindrance in ground water
replenishment, compromise in the intehiity of the landfill, etc. This presents and
intermediate need to find a pragmatic way to disposal of waste plastic bottles.
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE:
 Lower impact strength than PBT.
 Lower malleability than PBT due to its slow crystallization rate.
 Affected by boiling water.
 Attacked by alkalis and strong bases.
 Attacked at high temperatures (60°c) by ketones, aromatic and chlorinated
hydrocarbons and diluted acids and bases.
 Poor burning behaviour.
1.8 ADVANTAGES OF WASTE PET BOTTLES IN CONCRETE:
 Thus the waste pet aggregate could be effectively used to reduce the Unit
Weight of concrete with result in a reduction in the dead weight of structural
concrete.
 PET in concrete provides reduction in use of conventional aggregate.
 PET in concrete reduces disposal of waste.
 PET in concrete provides prevention of Environmental pollution and energy
saving.
 The use of waste plastic aggregate in concrete can reduce the dead weight of
concrete, thus lowering the earthquake risk of building, and it could be helpful
in design anearthquakeresistant building.
 PET bottles could appear to be low cost materials which would help to resolve
solid waste problems and preventing environmental pollution.
 Waste plastic is economical and has a longer life.
 It is durable and corrosion resistant.

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 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Adda Y , BerhanuM, Gobena B et. al. (2005): in this Journal author said that
almost all reported papers in this area used different mix design proportions which
makes the finding difficulty to utilise the real practical application. Most of the
research undertakings ignored the use of standard concrete mix design ratio to
determine the workable range in real practise. Therefore, this study aims to investigate
the technical feasibility of plastic bags (polyethylene) and plastic bottles
(polyethylene Terephthalate) under nominal M20 grade mix design ratio using
volcanic pumice as an admixture and identify curve based operational cut off value
for practical application. The percent of plastic bags and plastic bottles aggregate
replacement range from 0.35% and 0.75% regular respectively. The variation between
plastic bag and bottle percent was made based on preliminary experiment done to
investigate the degree of workability of specimen upon increasing the plastic fraction
in the mix. In this study they used pumice admixture and other thing they have done
in the study is percent replacement of plastic aggregate is different from all other
groups designed for a compressive strength test. In this study the mix design was
1:1.5:3 according to Indian standard IS 456-2000. The casts were cured on open air
subsequent strength and compressive strength , split tensile test is carried out on 7,14
and 28 days. The test specimens were prepared using volcanic pumice as an
admixture and without admixture. Theoretically the presence of pumice is believed to
produce light weight concrete. Generally the density of concrete decreases with
increasing percent replacement of the plastic aggregate made from both plastic bottles
and bags. The density of concrete without pumice ranged from 2222kg/m3 to
1780kg/m3 whereas concrete consisting of pumice has density that ranges from
2190kg/m3 to1644kg/m3 for 0 and 35% plastic bag aggregate replacement
respectively for both groups.
Fraternali et.al. (2011):; in the present study the compressive strength of pet fibre
reinforced concrete is carried out and alsofounded the crack strength and ductility
behaviour of reinforced concrete by adding pet fibres of 40mm, 52mm long straight
fibres are used with in respective proportions. The 40mm straight fibres used in the
proportions 41%, 15% and 65.6% and 52 mm long straight fibres used in the
proportions 22%,2%,8% & 40%.

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 Four point bending test were performed on prismatic 150mm
×150mm×600mm specimens casted and cured 28 days. Compressive strength, first
crack, ductility and ultimate ductility index is carried out. The author concluded that
40mm long straight fibres led to 35%, 41%, 15%, and 65.6% respect improvements;
52mm long straight fibres led to 22%, 2%, 8% and 40% respective improvements;
8%, 12%, 34% and 54% respective improvements in compressive strength, first crack
ductility and ultimate ductility index.
Nibudey et. al. (2014): in this paper the author aim was to check compressive
strength and sorptivity at M20 and M30 concrete specimens incorporated with PET
fibres. Fibres used by volume of concrete matrix at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0%
volume fraction and he used straight fibres only. It was concluded that for both the
grades, sorptivity ( depth of water absorption ) decreased up to 1%. Strength increased
only up to 1% fibre content for both the grades. M20 grade with aspect ratio 50 of
fibre gave maximum increase in strength comparatively.
Hasan Taherkhan et.al.(2014): in this present study the author was to check various
strength aspects, abrasion characteristics and elastic modulus of the specimens
Incorporated with fibres. In this journal pet fibres of constant width of 2mm and
length 1cm,2cm and 3cm were incorporated directly at 0.5% and 1% volume fraction
of the matrix 0.5% fibre content mix of all lengths was more workable.
Compressivestrength reduced with increasing fibre content as well as increasing
lengths. It was least for 3mm length and 1% fibre volume fraction. Bulk density of the
fibre incorporated mixture reduced from 2375 kg/m3 to 2350kg/m3 and 2325 kg/m3
at 1% fibre content at 1.5% respectively. Flexural strength was more for long fibres
than smaller ones.Itdecreased with increasing fibre content. Split tensile strength
decreased for all fibrecontents. Resistance of pet fibres reinforced concrete abrasion
was good.
Prabhu et.al. (2014):the author focused of this paper is to study the impact of aspect
ratios and volume of fibres on concrete mix. In this study the possibility of using
waste pet bottles as the different aspect ratio of 17,33 and 50 size of fibre added into
the concrete with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. Pet bottle fibres for fine aggregate
wereproducedand compared against control mix with no replacement. Straight fibres
are used in this study. Around 27 number of cubes and cylinder’s casted and cured to
find out the 3 days,7 days and 28 days compressive strength, split tensile strength and
flexural strength of concrete is carried out.

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 The author concluded that development in strength was higher for aspect ratio
33. The significant improvement in strengths were observed with inclusion of plastic
fibres in concrete. The optimum strength was observed at 1% of fibre content for all
type of strengths. The pet fibres increased both ductility and energy absorption of the
axially compressor concrete samples. The highest ductility belonged to the specimen
with pc equal to 1.5%. However, the ductility and energy capacity decreases as the
fibre increases.
Kaothara et. al. (2015): replacing pet fibres with fine aggregates and comparing
workability and compressive strength aspects of concrete mix incorporated with pet
fibre with controlled specimens at different volume fractional ranging from 0.5% to
3% at an interval of 0.5%. They found that workability linearly decreased with the
fibre incorporation levels for 3% volume fraction there was a substantial decrease
from 5mm to 0mm compaction factor also decreased from 0.86 to 0.62 at 3%
incorporation level. Strength improvement were seen only up to 1%.
Asha and Rasmi et.al. (2015): conducted an experiment to compare the mechanical
properties and workability of straight and crimped fibres With the controlled
specimens. The fibres used as direct inclusion by volume of concrete ranging from
0.5% to 1.5%. They said workability decreased by fibre addition at the all addition
levels as well as aspect ratios. Slump values were relatively higher for straight fibres
than crimped fibres. Crimped fibres provide greater strength than straight ones.
MB Hossain, P Bhowmik et. al. (2016): the present study has selected waste PET, a
polymer compound of polyethylene terephthalate, to investigate its possible use of
plastic aggregate in concrete application. The waste plastic has used in concrete with
partial replacement of 5%, 10% and 20% by volume of conventional course
aggregate. Four types of concrete specimens including one without plastic aggregate
for comparison purpose, were prepared. All concrete specimens were tested for it’s
different mechanical properties after a curing period of 7,21 and 28 days. Various
physical properties of all aggregates and fresh concrete properties were also tested in
the laboratory. It is found that the concrete specimen containing waste PET at 10%
volume showed higher compressive strength and modulus of elasticity than other
specimens with waste plastic aggregate. The splitting tensile strength was about 8-
11% of compressive strength. The flexural strength of concrete specimen containing
plastic aggregate was lower than that of concrete specimens without plastic aggregate.

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 It was found that strength of concrete containing pet aggregate falls in the
category of lightweight concrete in terms of their strength, specific gravity and
density. Thus, the waste PET aggregate could be effectively used to reduce the unit
weight of concrete which results in the reduction in dead weight of structural
concrete.
Naveen lasiyalet. al. (2016): in this present study, the authors focussed on the
ability of using waste pet bottles as partial replacement agent for fine aggregate in
concrete with 1%, 2% and 3% replacement of pet bottle fibres for fine aggregate are
produced and compared against control mix with no replacement. The replacement
percentage is by weight of total fine aggregate content derived from the mixture
proportioned. The test to be performed on hardened concrete after 7, 14, 28 and 56
days of curing are compression test, flexural test and split tensile test. It was noted
that compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength decreased up to
2% replacement of fine aggregate with pet flakes and it is drastically decreased for
3% replacement. Hence replacement of the fine aggregate with 2% of Pet bottle flakes
will be reasonable. It is also concluded that the concrete with the PET fibres reduced
the weight of concrete and thus if motor with plastic fibres can be made into light
weight concrete based on unit weight.
Altamashuddinkhan Nadimallaet. al. (2019): in this paper, the attention of authors
was focussed on the behaviour of hardened and fresh properties of concrete almost
depend upon different shapes, size of pet bottle aggregates as partial replacement of
fine aggregate. The shredded fractions of pet bottles aggregate are flaky within two
sizes as follows coarse and fine. The heat-treated aggregate is in a spherical shape.
variances in shape, size and texture of pet bottle aggregates transmute the fresh
properties of concrete mixes, which conclusively modify the mechanical behaviour.
The three different sizes and shapes of pet bottle aggregates replaced the fine
aggregate were tested after 7 and 28 days of curing. It was concluded that the non-
uniform, angular and sharp edges pet bottle aggregates reduce the slump value of
concrete mixes. The smooth-surface and spherical textured pet bottles aggregate
increases the concrete slump value. It was identified that the compressive strength
enhanced up to 5% to 10% substitution of the fine aggregate with pet bottles waste
and it is diminished for 15% and 20% replacement. The flexural and split tensile
strength were observed to improved up to 10% addition of fine aggregate with pet
bottles aggregate and it is diminished for 15% and 20% replacement.

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 It is also pretended that the suitable amount utilisation of pet bottles as sand
replacements in concrete will improve the physical behaviour and performance of
recycled material concrete as compared to conventional concrete.
MastanVali N, ASAOI et. al. (2017): In this journal the author said that polyethylene
terephthalate PET is a standout amongst the most well known purchaser plastic
utilised and is broadly utilised as a crude material to items, for example mineral water
bottles, soda pop jugs, compartments for bundling of sustenance and other shopper
product's. Among various waste parts, plastic waste merits extraordinary
consideration on record decay able material which is drawing attention of everybody.
Nearly 60 million tonnes of waste is disposed annually in developing nations like
India which is growing 2.5 to 4% rapidly. The authors said that the goal of this paper
to decide ideal quality and impact of utilisation of reused pet as fractional substitution
of fine total in common Portland bond. In these study concrete with 0%, 5%, 10%,
15% and 20% pet container waste for fine total were delivered with three different
grades of concrete for M20, M25 and M30.They were used pet bottle waste granules.
Fine aggregate, OPC 53 grade cement and coarse aggregate of size 20mm and 10mm
in the concrete mix. With the concrete mix, they casted 150mm×150mm×150mm
cubes, 100mm×100mm×500mm beams 150mm×600mm diameter of 36 members are
casted. After 7 and 28 days of curing they carried out compressive strength test,and
split tensile strength test. They were concluded as substitution rate as it is to some
degree same for the 5% and 10%. The supplanting of the fine total with 10% of pet
jug strands will be sensible then different rates the solid with the pet waste
significantly reduces the cement weight these helps in the preparation of concrete
technology with reduced amount of unit weight.
Techmophilia (IJAERD)et. al. (2018):in this paper the author introduced the
replacing of bricks with plastic bottles and respective benefits in building
construction. The detailed comparison of characteristics with conventional bricks,
mortar and cast of brick bottle with plastic bottles is done. Compressive strength test
for each bottle was determined on universal testing machine utm. Weight of empty pet
bottles and completely filled bottle were noted and amount of soil used was calculated
for the same. Similarly the compressive strength of brick was calculated by taking
average values and the results are compared and analysed.

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SalahaladainAldyet. al. (2017):this study is to explore the possible use of recycled
plastic waste material. The plastic fibres added is proved to be economical. The fibres
added 0% to 3% and the compressive strength was determined after 28 days of curing
period and compared with control concrete. A total of 21 specimens were prepared
and cube with dimension 150mm×150mm×150mm were compression test were done
at 28 days from initial casting with a maximum load capacity of 3000KN. The
compressive strength of each specimen type was determined by averaging three
specimen strength values. The results shows the increase in compressive strength by
12%.
Parvesh Kumar et. al. (2017):the paper contributes to reducing the unit weight of
concrete. This is useful in applications requiring nonbearing lightweight concrete such
as concrete panels used as facades. For a given w/c the use of plastic In the mix
design lowers the density compressive strength and split tensile strength of the
concrete. The shape and texture of aggregate affects the properties of fresh concrete
more than hardened concrete. The large component of plastic waste is low density of
polyethylene is 23%, higher density of polyethylene is 17.4% polypropylene is 18.5%
of polystyrene is 12.7%, polyvinylchloride 10.7%, polyethylene terephthalate is 9.7%
where the materials are used for study. Virgin polypropylene fibres are 19mm.
Recycled plastic is produced by melted processed plastic all the molten automobile
bummers into the long stands which are cut to 28mm length. Automobile shredded
residue comprised mainly mixed plastics and some rubbers with a maximum particles
dimensions of 19mm. The concrete is made by replacing 100% coarse aggregate with
plastic aggregate. The water cement ratio was taken 0.4, 0.42, 0.44, 0.46, 0.48, 0.50
and 0.52. If the recycled aggregate in the concrete of the buildings under investigation
shown to be energy point of view. Plastic can be used to replace some of the
aggregate in a concrete mixture and the failure of concrete due to failure of bond
between cement paste and plastic aggregate.
ManhalA Jibrae et. al. (2017):the paper presents a method of strengthen concrete by
the addition of percentages recycled waste plastic. The Experimental investigation is
done by replacing 1%, 3% and 5% fine aggregate with recycled waste plastic and
killed for 7 and 28 days and the compressive strength , splitting tensile strength and
flexural strength of the concrete is carried out.

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 The experiment programme consist of casting and testing of 42
(100mm×100mm×100mm) cubes for determining compressive strength, 42 cylinders
for ( 100mm×200mm) indirect tensile strength and 42 prism
(100mm×100mm×500mm) for flexural strength of concrete. The materials are used to
mixed design was chosen are cement, sand, gravel, waste plastic, water and water
cement ratio used was0.46. The tests found to be decreased with increasing the
percentage of waste plastic bottle and plastic bags. In similar manner that when
percentage is added waste plastic bags are increased from zero to 5% it can also be
stated that the effect of waste plastic bottle on the decreasing strength is less than the
waste of plastic bags.
Zeinab Z. Ismail et. al. (2017):This study involved 86 experiments and254 tests to
determine the efficiency of reusing waste plastic in the production of concrete. All of
the concrete mixtures were tested at a room temperature. These test include
performing slump test, fresh density, Dry density, compressive strength, flexural
strength and toughness indices. The reuse of waste is important from different points
and it also help to save and recycle energy production process. The material used in
the study are as follows cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. The aggregates
are confining to chemical to physical properties. The result of slump test of waste
plastic concrete mixtures are presented. The reductions of slump are 68.3%, 88.3%,
and 95.33%. This reduction particles are angular and others have non uniform shapes
resulting in less fluidity. These tests conducting the different values of waste plastic
below the slump of the concrete mixtures. The work based on the consideration that
workability has a board range from very low to high workability for different
applications.

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 CHAPTER 3
SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF WORK
3.1 GENERAL
From the detailed literature review on use of pet bottles in concrete mixes, it is
found that replacement with natural aggregates with pet bottles is possible. In this
context the scope and objective of the project is planned.
3.2 SCOPE OF WORK
Present study is focussed to review the literature on use of pet bottles in
concrete mixes in the range of 30- 40 MPa grade of concretes is consider for analysis
and compared the fresh and hardened properties of pet bottles made with different
dosages.
3.3 OBJECTIVES OF WORK
1. Reviewing journals on use of pet bottles for sustainable development of
concrete.
2. Analysing and comparing different fresh and hardened properties of concrete
mixes in the range of 30-40 MPa.

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 CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
4.1 GENERAL:
Based on scope and objective of the study the detailed review of literature is
carried out on concrete mixes in the range of 30 MPa- 40 MPa. To know the design of
concrete mixes a sample of concrete mix is designed as per IS 10262:2019.
4.2 DESIGN MIX RATIO OF CONCRETE:
A-1 Design stipulation for proportioning
1. Grade of concrete :M30
2. Type of cement : 53 grade OPC
3. Maximum nominal size of aggregate: 20m
4. Workability: 100mm
5. Exposure condition : severe
6. Degree of supervision: good
7. Maximum cement content: 450kg/m^3
8. Chemical admixture : Not recommended
A-2 Test data for materials
1. Cement : OPC 53 grade
2. Specific gravity of cement: 3.15
3.Specific gravity of fine aggregate :2.6
4.Specific gravity of coarse aggregate :2.7
5.Water absorption on coarse aggregate:0.5%
6. Water absorption on fine aggregate:1%
7.Free moisture for coarse and fine aggregate:nil
8.Fine aggregate ( zone) : Zone-1
A-3: Target strength for mix proportion
f'ck= fck+1.65S
Where f’ck= Target mean compressive strength at 28 days,
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
S= standard deviation
From standard deviation Table , S=5
Therefore, target strength
=30+1.65(5)=38.25kg/m3

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A-4 Selection of water content ratio
According to IS:456-2000 of table No:5
Water-cement ratio based on durability= 0.45
A-5 Selection of water content
From table no: 2 of IS 10262-2009
For 20mm maximum size of aggregate, maximum water content=180
litre but given required slump=100mm. Foradditional of 25 mm slump increase
water content by 3%.
Additional water content = 50/25×3=6%
Water content= 186+6/100×186=197.16litre.
A-6 Calculation of cement content
Water-cement ratio=0.45
Cement content= 197.16/0.45= 438kg/ m^3
From table-5 of IS 456 minimum cement content for severe exposure
condition=320kg/m^3
As per IS 456-2000 maximum cement content=450kg/m^3
The cement content adopted=438kg/m^3.
A-7 Estimation of aggregate proportions
According to IS 10262-2009, of table no-3,
 For 20mm nominal size aggregate and sand confirming to given
zone(zone-1).
The volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate=0.60.
 The volume of fine aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate=1-
volume of coarse aggregate
=1-0.6=0.4
A-8 Mix calculations
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
o volume of concrete=1m^3
o volume of cement=mass of cement/specific gravity of cement×1/1000
=438/3.15×1/1000=0.140m^3
o volume of water= mass of water/ specific gravity of water×1/1000
= 197/1×1/1000=0.197m^3
o volume of air voids=0.02m^3

17
  Total aggregate volume=volume of concrete-(volume of water + volume of
cement) – volume of air voids
1-(0.197+0.140)-0.02 = 0.64m^3
 Volume of coarse aggregate =total aggregate volume × volume of coarse
aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate
=0.64×0.4 =0.384
 Volume of fine aggregate = total aggregate volume × volume of fine aggregate
per unit volume of total aggregate
=0.64×0.4 =0.256
 Mass of coarse aggregate = volume of coarse aggregate × specific gravity of
coarse aggregate ×100
=0.384 ×2.7 ×1000 = 1036.8 kg
 Mass of fine aggregate = volume of fine aggregate × specific gravity of fine
aggregate ×1000
=0.256×2.6×1000=665.6 kg
 Modified water content = water content + ( water absorption by fine
aggregate × weight of fine aggregate) + ( water absorption by coarse aggregate
× weight of coarse aggregate )
=197+(0.5/100×1036.8)+(1/100×665.6)= 208.84 litre.
A-9 Mix proportions
Cement. = 438 kg/ m^3
Water. = 197 kg/m^3
Fine aggregate. = 665.6 kg/m^3
Coarse aggregate. = 1036.8 kg / m^ 3

Cement=438/438=1
Fine aggregate=665.6/438=1.51
Coarse aggregate=1036.8/438=2.36
Water cement ratio =208.84/438=0.476
MIX PROPORTION FOR M30:C:F.A:C.A:W/C = 1:1.51:2.36:0.47

18
4.3 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE:
4.3.1 Measurement of workability
The word workability or workable concrete signifies much wider and deeper
meaning than the other terminology consistency often used loosely for workability.
Consistency is a general term to indicate the degree of fluidity or the degree of
mobility.
The factors helping concrete to have more lubricating effect to reduce internal
friction for helping easy compaction are given below:
(a)Water content (b) Mi Proportions (c) Size of aggregate (d) Shape of aggregate (e)
Surface texture of aggregate (f) Grading of aggregate (g)Use of admixture.
The following tests are commonly employed to measure workability.
 Slump Cone test:
Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of
concrete which can be employed either in laboratory or at the site of work. It is not a
suitable method for very wet or very dry concrete. It does not measure all factors
contributing to workability, nor it is always representative of the playability of the
concrete.
The pattern of slump indicates the characteristics of concrete in addition to the
slump value. If the concrete slumps evenly it is called true slump. If one half of the
cone slides down, it is called shear slump. In case of shear slump, the slump value is
measured as a difference in height between the height of the mould and the average
value of the subsidence.
Apparatus:
 The slump cone apparatus for conducting the slump test essentially consist of a
metallic mould in the form of a frustum of a cone having the internal dimensions
as under: bottom diameter: 20cm,top diameter: 10 cm, height: 30 cm and
thickness of the metallic sheet of the mould should not be thinner than 1.6mm.
 Weights and weighing device, Tamper (16mm in diameter and 600 mm length),
ruler, tools and containers for mixing or concrete mixer etc.

19
4.4 PREPARATION OF TESTING SPECIMEN:
The cast iron moulds are cleaned of dust particles with mineral oil on all sides
before concrete is poured in the moulds. The moulds are and applied placed on a level
platform. The well mixed concrete is filled it into the moulds and kept on vibration
table, excess concrete was removed with the trowel and top surface is finished level
and smooth as per IS 516-1969.
4.4.1 Mixing of Concrete
The materials are collected and calculated to prepare concrete according to
design mix. Cement and aggregate are weighed according to design mix then
uniformly mixed with trowel so that the mixture is uniformly mixed, calculated
amount of water is added to mixture and mixed uniformly. Mixing of ingredients is
done in pan mixer of capacity 100 litres. The cementationsmaterials are thoroughly
blended and then the aggregate is added and mixed followed by gradual addition of
water and mixing. Wet mixing is done until a mixture of uniform colour and
consistency are achieved which is then ready for casting.
4.4.2 Casting of Specimens
Concrete specimens of 150×150×150 mm cubes, 150mm in dia and 300mm
depth cylinder and 100×100×500mm prisms, were casting. After 24 hours the
specimens were demoulded and subjected to curing for 7days, 14days and 28days in
clean fresh water.
4.4.3 Curing of the specimens:
The specimens are left in the moulds undisturbed at room temperature for
about 24 hours after casting. The specimens are then removed from the moulds and
immediately transferred to the different curing environment tubes i.e. cubes are cured
in freshwater.
4.5 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE
4.5.1 Compression Strength test
The cubical moulds of size 150mm× 150mm× 150mm were cleaned and
checked against the joint movement. A coat of oil was applied on the inner surface of
the moulds and kept ready for concreting operation. Meanwhile the required
quantities if cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate (passing through IS sieve of
20mm size and retained on 4.75 mm) for the particular mix are weighed accurately for
concreting.

20
 Fine aggregate and cement were mixed thoroughly in a hand mixer such that
the colour of the mixture is uniform. Then, weighed quantity of coarse aggregate is
added to the mixer and then is rotated till uniform dry mixture is obtained. Then,
calculated quantity of pet bottle fibre and water is added mixing continued for about 3
to 5 minutes to get a uniform mix. The wet concrete is now poured into the moulds
and for every 2 to 3 layers and compacted manually. After concreting operations, the
upper surface is levelled and finished with a mason’s trowel. The corresponding
identification Mark’s were labelled over the finished surface and they were tested for
7 and 28 day strengths in a compressive strength testing machine.
4.5.2 Cylinder Splitting Tension Test
The Cylindrical specimens of diameter 100mm and height 200mm were tested
on compression testing machine of capacity 2000KN. The test is carried out by
placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between the loading surfaces of a
compression machine and the load is applied until failure of the cylinder, along the
vertical diameter.
Where, P= Compressive load on cylinder
L= Length of cylinder
D=Diameter of cylinder
4.5.3 Flexural Strength Test:
A concrete beam of 150 mm × 150 mm is prepared with its span at least three
times the depth. Flexural strength of concrete is measured by loading the beams. As
the modulus of Rupture in MPa, the flexural strength is expressed and by standard test
methods ASTM C78 (third-point loading) or ASTM C293 (centre-point loading) is
determined.
The flexural strength Fb is calculated by
Fb = pl/bd^2 (when a>13.0cm for 10cm specimen or a>20.0cm for 15.0 cm specimen)
or
Fb=3pa/bd^2( when a<13.3cm but >11.0cm for 10.0 cm specimen or a< 20.0 cm but
> 17.0 for 15.0 cm specimen)
Where a is the distance between the nearest support end the line of fracture.
b is the weight of the specimen in cm.
d is the failure point depth in cm.
I is supported length in cm.
P is the maximum load in kg.

21
4.5.4 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test (UPV):
An ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV) test is an in-situ, non-destructive test to
check the quality of concrete and natural rocks. In this test, the strength and quality of
concrete or rock is assessed by measuring the velocity of an ultrasonic pulse passing
through a concrete structure or natural rock formation. This test is conducted by
passing a pulse of ultrasonic through concrete to be tested and measuring the time
taken by pulse to get trough the structure. Higher velocities indicate good quality and
continuity of the material, while slower velocities may indicate concrete with many
cracks or voids.
Ultrasonic testing equipment includes a pulse generation circuit, consisting of
electronic circuit for generating pulses and a transducer for transforming electronic
pulse into mechanical pulse having an oscillation frequency in range of 40 KHz to 50
KHz, and a pulse reception circuit that receives the signal. The transducer, clock,
oscillation circuit, and power source are assembled for use. After calibration to a
standard sample of material with known properties, the transducers are placed on
opposite sides of the material. Pulse velocity is measured by a simple formula:
Pulse velocity= D/T m/s
4.6 DURABILITY TEST ON CONCRETE
4.6.1: Acid attack test:
Cube of size 150 × 150 × 150 mm is used for this test, after 28 days, curing
specimens were immersed in hydrochloric acid of5% solution diluted with distilled
water and allowed the cubes for or another 90 days curing under hydrochloric acid.
To maintain the uniform concentration solution is replaced every 15 days. After 90
days specimens are removed from the acid and allowed to dry in the room
temperature, surface of the specimen should be cleaned before tested is in
compression testing machine. compressive strength after acid attack is noted and loss
in percentage is calculated with reference to 28 days compressive strength.
4.6.2 : Chloride Attack Test
To evaluate the behaviour of PET fiber reinforced concrete under chloride rich
environment chloride attack test was conducted on specimen. 150 × 150 × 150 mm
cubes were used after 28 days curing. 3.5 % of sodium chloride was diluted in the 100
litres of distilled water. To maintain the uniform concentration sodium chloride
solution is replaced every 15 days.

22
 After 90 days specimens are removed from the chloride attack and allow to
dry in the room temperature, surface of the specimen should be cleaned before tested
in compression testing machine. Compressive strength after chloride attack is noted
and loss in percentage is calculated with reference to 28 days compressive strength.
4.6.3: Rapid Chloride Permeability Test
Specimen of 100 mm diameter and 50 mm thick wire used for Rapid chloride
penetration test. After 28 days curing under room temperature, the specimens are
taken out and allowed todry out for another 24 hours and then specimens are tested
for chloride permeability. Before testing specimens were ensure that free from
moisture. The rapid chloride permeability assembly as per ASTM C1202. Specimen is
placed in between the plexiglass container one end of the plexiglass was filled with
3% NaCl solution and it was subjected to cathode. Opposite end is anode portion and
it was filled with 0.3 N NaOH solutions. Then the anode and cathode portions are
subjected to 60V DC power and the charge passed was measured with the help of
bridging unit. Total duration of test is 6 hours and reading was taken at every 30
minutes . Charge passed was calculated as ASTM C 1202.

23
 CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the above experimental program the following are the results obtained
from literature review are analysed and tabulated in the following chapter.
5.1 FRESH PROPERTIES OF PET BASED CONCRETES:
Table 5.1 shows the slump value for different mixes with various dosages of
replacement of PET bottles with natural aggregates. Based on the results it is found
that by replacing natural aggregates with PET bottles there is loss of slump value.
Table 5.1 Slump Test Values for different dosages of PET bottles
Aggregate
Slump test
Author Mixes Aggregate percentage of
(mm)
fibres added
0 70
E.Rahmani 0 127
M30 F.A
et.al 0 127
5 60
5 120
M.Dehestani 5 122
M 30 F.A
et.al 10 50
10 120
10 122
Nabajyoti 15 45
M 40 C.A
saikia et.al 15 120
15 110

5.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR PET BASED

CONCRETES:
Figs 5.1- 5.3 and Table 5.2, shows the results of hardened properties of
concrete mixes of strength 30 MPa- 40 MPa containing PET bottles as replacement to
natural aggregates. From results it is found that the strength of concrete mixes is on
par upto 5 to 10 % replacement of PET bottles. On the other hand there is a decrease
in strength of hardened properties by replacing PET bottles upto 15 to 20% is
observed from test results of authors.

24
 Figs 5.4 and 5.5 show the variation of Compressive strength versus dosage of
PET bottles and variation of Split Tensile Strength versus dosage of PET bottles.
Table 5.3 show the results for durability of concrete mixes containing PET bottles,
from acid strength loss values it is observed that PET bottles based concrete upto 1%
by volume replacement is better when compared to other dosages.
Table 5.2 Hardened Properties for different dosages of PET based concretes
Aggregate Spilt
Compressive Flexure
Grad percentag Tensile
Author Aggregate strength strength
e e of fibers strength
(Mpa) (Mpa)
added (Mpa)
M30 F.A 0 32 5.6 3.7
E.
5 35 6 3.6
Rahman
10 32 5.5 3.2
i et.al
15 29 5.2 3
M 30 F.A 0 39 6.3 4
M.
5 41 6.5 3.9
Dehesta
10 40 5.8 3.7
ni et.al
15 34 5.4 3.2
M 30 F.A 0 32 3 4.5
Mastanv 5 33 4 4.7
ali N 10 31 4.2 5.1
et.al 15 28 3.5 5
20 25 3.2 4.9
M 40 F.A 0 42.02 6.75 3.21
Naveen
1 41.7 6.5 3.11
Lasiyal
2 40.5 6.41 3.02
et.al
3 36.39 6.2 2.82
M 40 F.a 0 43 4.8 3.5
Nabajyo
5 36 4.5 3.2
ti saikia
10 32 3.8 2.7
et.al
15 28 3 2.2

25
 50
45

Compressive Strength in MPa

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 15 15 15 15
% OF DOSAGE OF PET BOTTLES

Figure 5.1 Compressive Strength results Vs Percentage of PET bottles

8
Split Tensile Strength in MPa

7
6
5
4
3 Series1
2
1
0
0 0 0 1 2 3 5 5 10 10 15 15
% OF DOSAGE OF PET BOTTLES

Figure 5.2 Split Tensile Strength results Vs Percentage of PET bottles

6

5
Flexural Strenght in MPa

0
0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 15 15 15 15 20
% OF DOSAGE OF PET BOTTLES

Figure 5.3 Flexural Strength results Vs Percentage of PET bottles

26
 Compressive Strength in MPa
45

40
f(x) = − 0.613834057341442 x + 38.7797237185057
35 R² = 0.525534147859763

30

25

20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
% OF DOSAGE OF PET BOTTLES

Figure 5.4 Variation of Compressive Strength Vs Dosage of PET Bottles

7
6.8 f(x) = 6.76385478850969 x^-0.0790918129091971
Split Tensile Strength in MPa

R² = 0.76903919507246
6.6
6.4
6.2 f(x) = − 0.0696866096866097 x + 6.39660968660969
R² = 0.606927079877919
6
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
% OF DOSAGE OF PET BOTTLES

Figure 5.5 Variation of Split Tensile Strength Vs Dosage of PET Bottles

Table 5.3 Durability Results on PET Bottles based Concrete:

Acid attack test chloride attack test Rapid chloride

( in percentage of ( in percentage of permeability
loss) 90 days loss) test(coloumbs)
Conventional
Conventional Conventional
Concrete 20.65
Concrete 12.4% Concrete 1789
Mpa
PFC1 -11.8% PFC1- 24.95Mpa PFC1 – 1770
PFC2 -12.9% PFC2- 23.98Mpa PFC2 – 1770
PFC3 -13.4% PFC3- 22.28Mpa PFC3 – 1770
PFC4 -11.5% PFC4- 26.74Mpa PFC4 – 1765
PFC5-12.1% PFC5- 24.73 Mpa PFC5 – 1765
PFC6-14.6% PFC6- 22.95 Mpa PFC6 – 1765
PFC7-10.3% PFC7- 29.01Mpa PFC7 – 1760
PFC8-11.8% PFC8- 25.19Mpa PFC8 – 1760
PFC9-12.9% PFC9- 23.26Mpa PFC9- 1760

27
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
From results and discussion on the use of PET bottles in concrete mixes the
fallowing conclusions are arrived.
 The solid with PET waste significantly reduces the cement weight and this helps
in the preparation of concrete technology with reduced amount of unit weight.
 The non-uniform, angular and shape edges bottles aggregate reduce the slump
value of concrete mixes.
 The smooth surface and spherical textured PET bottle aggregate increases the
concrete slump value.
 The compressive quality expanded up to 10% supplanting of the fine total with pet
container filaments and it step by step diminished for 15% and 20% substitutions.
Thus supplanting of fine total with 10% substitutions will be sensible.
 The flexural quality expanded up to 10% supplanting of the fine total with pet
container waste and it slowly diminished for 15% and continuous as before for
20% substitutions.
 It was identified that the compressive strength enhanced it up to 5% to 10%
substitution of the fine aggregate with PET bottles waste and it is diminished for
15% to 20% replacements.
 The flexural and split tensile strength were observed to improved up to 10%
additional of the fine aggregate with PET bottle aggregate and it is diminished for
15% and 20% replacement.
 From the above literature review it is pretended that the suitable amount utilisation
of PET bottles as sand replacement in concrete will improve the physical
behaviour and performance of recycled material concrete as compared to
conventional concrete.
Conclusion on durability test on concrete:
From the test results the following conclusions are arrived, Mixes with PET
fibres of volume fraction 1.00% and aspect ratio 0.45 perform better in both acid and
chloride attack, loss strength ratio of all the mixes are in the ranges of 10.3% to 15.5%
and in RCPT all the specimen allowed the chloride penetration in low level, from
which PFC6 mix perform exhibit low value among all the mixes.

CHAPTER 7
28
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