1

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies that are relevant to

the foregoing research study.

Related Literature

The study review how street food vendors in Catarman, Northern Samar, ensure the

safety of their food. They interviewed vendors and observed their practices to understand

how well they knew and followed food safety rules. Despite being part of the same group,

vendors had varied approaches to keeping their food safe. The research found opportunities

to enhance food safety knowledge among these vendors, providing insights for policymakers

and regulators to improve regulations for street food safety.

The study is relevant to the broader topic of sanitation and preservation of street food

vendors in Calapan City. It provides insights into how street food vendors in Catarman,

Northern Samar, ensure food safety, which directly impacts sanitation efforts. By

understanding their practices, policymakers and regulators can improve food safety

measures in similar settings, leading to enhanced sanitation and preservation of street food.

The study explored ways to make water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) efforts

more sustainable through "system approaches," which consider all the different factors

affecting WASH outcomes. They found that while these approaches are used in various

ways, there isn't enough detailed information on how well they work. So, they conducted a

thorough review of existing research to see what's missing. They suggest four ways to

improve future research: use more methods that examine how different factors in WASH

systems are connected, apply these approaches in more places around the world, give

better details on what resources are needed for these approaches, and provide clearer

information on how these approaches actually improve WASH services. This study helps

J.P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City

288-9488 [email protected]
https://omnhscalapancity.com/ m
Oriental Mindoro National High School
 2

understand the current state of using system approaches for WASH and suggests ways to

make future research better.

The study's relevance lies in its exploration of methods to enhance sanitation

practices. These practices are essential for preserving the quality of street food sold by

vendors in Calapan City. Understanding and implementing sustainable water, sanitation, and

hygiene efforts are crucial for ensuring that street food remains safe and clean for

consumers. By improving sanitation, we can maintain the safety and quality of street food,

benefiting both vendors and consumers alike.

The study investigated how biosensors, which are like tiny sensors that can detect

things in our environment, are used in sanitation systems like toilets and sewage pipes. They

looked at research from the past 20 years to see how these biosensors help monitor the

health of individuals and communities. They found that biosensors can do things like detect

drug usage in communities, screen for viruses, and even diagnose conditions like diabetes.

Most of the studies they found were small-scale tests, not big studies. But they saw that

biosensors can provide real-time data, meaning information is available immediately, and

they're often cheaper than traditional methods. The study shows that this technology, called

Smart Sanitation, has the potential to make health monitoring faster and more accurate,both

for individuals and whole communities.

The study's relevance lies in its investigation of biosensors, which are small devices

that can detect things in the environment. It looked at how these biosensors are used in

sanitation systems like toilets and sewage pipes to monitor the health of individuals and

communities. Biosensors can detect things like drug usage in communities, screen for

viruses, and diagnose conditions like diabetes. Although most of the studies found were

small-scale tests, they showed that biosensors can provide real-time data and are often

cheaper than traditional methods. This research highlights the potential of biosensors,

J.P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City

288-9488 [email protected]
https://omnhscalapancity.com/ m
Oriental Mindoro National High School
 3

known as Smart Sanitation, to improve health monitoring, which could benefit street food

vendors in Calapan City by ensuring better sanitation and food safety for their customers.

The study looked at food safety among street food vendors and consumers in

Handan, China. They found that many vendors had poor hygiene practices, while younger

consumers had better attitudes toward food safety. The study recommends training for

vendors and improving operating conditions for street food stalls to enhance food safety.

The study's relevance lies in its examination of food safety among street food vendors

and consumers in Handan, China. By understanding the hygiene practices and attitudes of

vendors and consumers, it provides insights into how to improve sanitation and preservation

of street food. Implementing training for vendors and enhancing operating conditions, as

suggested by the study,could help ensure the safety of street food in calapan city, benefiting

both vendors and consumers.

The study looked at the health effects of not having clean water and good sanitation in

communities along the U.S.-Mexico border called colonias. These areas often have poor

housing, bad sewer systems, and unsafe water. Many people there don't have access to

clean drinking water, which can cause health problems. The research found very few studies

on this issue, so they suggest doing more research to understand and address the health

challenges in these communities. Early data shows that because of the lack of clean water,

people in colonias are more likely to get stomach illnesses, be exposed to cancer-causing

substances in their water, and feel stressed. These health problems are made worse by past

and current unfair treatment in the border region between the U.S. and Mexico.

The study's relevance is found in its examination of the health impacts of water and

sanitation issues in communities along the U.S.-Mexico border called colonias. While this

research focuses on a different geographical area, it highlights the importance of access to

J.P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City

288-9488 [email protected]
https://omnhscalapancity.com/ m
Oriental Mindoro National High School
 4

clean water and proper sanitation for public health. Similarly, street food vendors in Calapan

City rely on clean water and hygienic conditions to prepare safe food for consumers.

Understanding the health effects of water and sanitation insecurity in colonias can shed light

on the importance of ensuring sanitation and preservation practices among street food

vendors in Calapan City to protect the health of consumers.

Related Studies

In the study conducted by Hussam AlHazmi and others in 2021, they looked into the food

safety knowledge and hygiene practices of street food vendors in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

They surveyed 123 vendors and found that overall, vendors had good food safety knowledge

and satisfactory hygiene practices. Education level influenced their food safety knowledge,

while factors like gender and where they prepared food affected their hygiene practices. The

study emphasizes the importance of continuous education for vendors to maintain food

safety standards.

The study is relevant seeing that it discuss the food safety knowledge and hygiene practices

of street food vendors, which aligns with concerns about sanitation and preservation. By

investigating the practices of street food vendors in Jeddah, the study offers insights

applicable to similar vendors in Calapan City. It underscores the significance of educating

vendors and enforcing regulations to uphold cleanliness standards and ensure the safety of

street food, thereby protecting public health.

In the study by Toby Tyler M. Jose and Paulyn C. Villanueva in 2023, they checked how

clean street food vendors are in Calapan City and if it affects food safety. They surveyed 30

vendors and customers and found that vendors generally keep things clean, especially now.

Regular cleaning lowers the risk of food-related illnesses. They also found a strong link

J.P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City

288-9488 [email protected]
https://omnhscalapancity.com/ m
Oriental Mindoro National High School
 5

between vendor cleanliness and food safety. The researchers The researchers suggest that

vendors and staff should know and follow proper food safety practices to keep street food

safe. This study helps make street food safer in Calapan City and supports responsible

businesses.

The study is relevant considering it looks at how clean street food vendors are in Calapan

City, which is important for keeping food safe to eat. By checking how vendors keep things

clean, the study helps ensure that street food stays fresh and doesn't make people sick. It

gives ideas on how to make sure vendors keep things clean, which is vital for protecting

people's health and keeping street food safe to eat in Calapan City.

In the study by A. Amarender Reddy, Sandra Riccart, and Timothy Cadman in 2020, they

looked at how street-food vendors in Hyderabad and Delhi, India, follow food safety

standards. They found that many vendors weren't following basic safety rules, like wearing

aprons or having access to clean water and refrigerators. They also noticed that vendors in

wealthier areas with more education tended to follow safety standards better. The study

suggests promoting communication between vendors and customers to improve safety

practices, possibly through "clean street-food clubs."

The study is relevant seeing that it focuses on how street-food vendors in India follow food

safety standards, which directly relates to concerns about sanitation and preservation of

street food in Calapan City. By examining the behavior and attitudes of vendors regarding

food safety, it provides insights into the challenges vendors face in maintaining cleanliness

and preserving the quality of their food. These insights can inform efforts to improve

sanitation practices among street-food vendors in Calapan City, ultimately contributing to the

overall sanitation and preservation of street food in the city.

J.P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City

288-9488 [email protected]
https://omnhscalapancity.com/ m
Oriental Mindoro National High School
 6

In the study by Johnson Mwove in 2020, the focus was on the safety of street food in

Kiambu County, Kenya. They interviewed 345 vendors and observed their hygiene practices.

Most vendors lacked formal food safety training and handled food with bare hands. Many

stored food improperly, and few had obtained a food handler's certificate despite visits from

health officers. Overall, the study highlights significant health risks due to poor hygiene

practices among street food vendors in the area.

The study is relevant for the reason that it addresses similar concerns about the safety of

street food. While the study focuses on street food vendors in Kiambu County, Kenya, and

not Calapan City, the findings highlight common issues regarding hygiene practices among

street food vendors. This information is valuable for understanding the challenges vendors

face in maintaining food safety standards. By learning from the study's findings, efforts can

be made in Calapan City to improve sanitation practices among street food vendors,

ultimately ensuring the safety and preservation of street food for consumers.

In the study conducted by Yawukal Chane Kasahun et al., street food safety in Addis

Ababa, Ethiopia, was examined. They found that many people eat street food because it's

cheap and easy to get, but often get sick due to poor hygiene practices among vendors.

They surveyed 494 vendors and found that 78% had poor hygiene practices. Factors like

age, low income, cooking while sick, and lack of toilets were linked to this. They suggested

better training for vendors and improved infrastructure for safer food handling.

The study is relevant to understanding the sanitation and preservation practices of street

food vendors in Calapan City. It explores similar issues faced by vendors, such as poor

hygiene practices and safety measures, as seen in Addis Ababa. By learning from this

study's findings, insights can be gained to improve the street food environment in Calapan

City. This could lead to better health outcomes for both vendors and consumers.

J.P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City

288-9488 [email protected]
https://omnhscalapancity.com/ m
Oriental Mindoro National High School
 7

References

Madario, M. J., Pulga, H. L. G., Lim, K. M. C., & Dagalea, F. M. S. (2023).

Awareness and Practice of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) among Street
Food Vendors in Catarman, Northern Samar. Archives of Current Research
International, 23(7), 1-6.

Valcourt, N., Javernick-Will, A., Walters, J., & Linden, K. (2020). System
approaches to water, sanitation, and hygiene: a systematic literature review.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3),
702.

Rary, E., Anderson, S. M., Philbrick, B. D., Suresh, T., & Burton, J. (2020).
Smart sanitation—biosensors as a public health tool in sanitation
infrastructure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public
Health, 17(14), 5146

https://www.delightedcooling.com/what-is-food-sanitation.htm

Zheng, M., Wutich, A., Brewis, A., & Kavouras, S. (2022). Health impacts of
water and sanitation insecurity in the Global North: a scoping literature
review for US colonias on the Mexico border. Journal of Water and Health,
20(9), 1329-1342.

AlHazmi, H., Al-Raddadi, R., Alzhrani, W., Alzahrani, K., Turkistani, A., Qumri,
F., & AlHazmi, K. (2021). Food Safety Knowledge and Hygiene Practices
among Food Vendors of Street Food Trucks. Pharmacophore, 12(2-2021), 83-
92.

Jose, T. T. M., & Villanueva, P. C. (2023). Evaluation of The Hygiene

Procedures and Commitment to Food Safety of Calapan City Street Food
Vendors. American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation, 2(5),
22-28.

Reddy, A. A., Ricart, S., & Cadman, T. (2020). Driving factors of food safety
standards in India: learning from street-food vendors’ behaviour and attitude.
Food Security, 12(6), 1201-1217.

Mwove, J., Imathiu, S., Orina, O., & Karanja, P. (2020). Food safety knowledge
and practices of street food vendors in selected locations within Kiambu
County, Kenya.

Weldesenbet Hadgu, H., Chane Kasahun, Y., Negash, H., & Jara, D. (2024).
Food Hygiene, Safety Measures, and Associated Factors among Street Food
Vendors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Implications for Intervention Activity

J.P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City

288-9488 [email protected]
https://omnhscalapancity.com/ m
Oriental Mindoro National High School
 8

Design and Implementation. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation,

2024.

J.P. Rizal St., San Vicente East, Calapan City

288-9488 [email protected]
https://omnhscalapancity.com/ m
Oriental Mindoro National High School