Course Name – Digital Image Processing
Course Code – CSE 324
Topic Name – GEOMETRIC MODELLING
Name of the Faculty – Dharma Devi
Electrical Engineering Department
GEOMETRIC MODELLING
INTRODUCTION
Geometric models explicitly represent the shape and structure of an object, and from these, one can (1) deduce what features will be
seen from any particular viewpoint and where they are expected to be and (2) determine under what circumstances a particular image
relationship is consistent with the model.
The Role of Geometric Modelling in aCAD System
Computer
Display
Mathematical
User representation
Interface Drawing
(Database)
Generation
Determine Determine
Analysis and
Manufacturing
General Requirements
Complete part representation including topologicaland geometrical data
– Geometry: shape and dimensions
– Topology: the connectivity and associativity of the object entities; it determines the relational information
between object entities
Able to transfer data directly from CAD to CAE andCAM.
Topology and Geometry
Basic Geometric Modelling Techniques
• 2-D Projection (Drawings)
• Wireframe Modelling
• Surface Modelling
Analytical Surface
Free-form, Curved, & Sculptured Surface
• Solid Modelling
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
Boundary Representation (B-Rep)
Feature Based Modelling
Parametric Modelling
2-D Projection
Problems:
Training is necessary to understand the drawing
Mistakes often occur
Does not support subsequent applications such asfinite element analysis (FEA) or NC part programming
Wireframe Modelling
• Developed in 1960s and referred as “a stick figure” or “an edge representation”
• The word “wireframe” is related to the fact that one may imagine a wire that is bent to follow the object edges to
generate a model.
• Model consists entirely of points, lines, arcs and circles, conics,and curves.
• In 3D wireframe model, an object is not recorded as a solid. Instead the vertices that define the boundary of the object,
or theintersections of the edges of the object boundary are recorded as a collection of points and their connectivity.
or
fro nt
front
ambiguous
Example of Wireframe Modelling
Surface Modelling
• A surface model is a set of faces.
• A surface model consists of wireframe entities that formthe basis to create surface entities.
• In general, a wireframe model can be extracted from a surface model by deleting or blanking all surface entities
• Shape design and representation of complex objects suchas car, ship, and airplane bodies as well as castings
• Used to be separated, shape model are now incorporated
into solid models
Examples of Surface Models
Free-form, Curved, or
Analytical Surfaces Sculptured Surface
Surface models define only the geometry, no topology.Shading is possible
Solid Modelling
The solid modelling technique is based upon the "half-space"concept.The boundary of the model separates the interior and exterior of
themodeled object.The object is defined by the volume space contained within thedefined boundary of the object.In general speaking, a
closed boundary is needed to define a solid object informational complete, valid, and unambiguous representation(Spatial
addressability)– points in space to be classified relative to the object, if it is inside, outside or on the object . Store both geometric and
topological information; can verifywhether two objects occupy the same space.Improves the quality of design, improves visualization,
and has potential for functional automation and integration.
Solid Modelling Support
Using volume information
Weight or volume calculation, centroids, moments ofinertia calculation,
Stress analysis (finite elements analysis), heatconduction calculations, dynamic analysis,
System Dynamics Analysis
Using volume and boundary information
Generation of CNC codes, and robotic and assemblysimulation
Wireframe Modelling
Advantages
Simple to construct
Does not require as much as computer time and memory asdoes surface or solid modelling (manufacturing display)
As a natural extension of drafting, it does not requireextensive training of users.
Form the basis for surface modelling as most surface algorithms require wireframe entities (such as points, linesand
curves)
Disadvantages
The input time is substantial and increases rapidly with thecomplexity of the object
Both topological and geometric data need to be user-input; while solid modelling requires only the input of geometric data.
Surface Modelling
Advantages:
Less ambiguous
Provide hidden line and surface algorithms to addrealism to the displayed geometry
Support shading
Support volume and mass calculation, finite element modelling, NC path generation, cross sectioning, and interference
detection.
Disadvantages
Require more training and mathematical background ofthe users
Require more CPU time and memory
Still ambiguous; no topological information
Awkward to construct
