Big Bang Theory Proponents of the Big Bang Theory

A cosmological model explaining how the universe

began, suggesting it started its expansion about 13.8 ● Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaître
billion years ago ● Edwin Powell Hubble
● Arno Penzias
The big bang theory is often misunderstood as an ● Robert Wilson
explosion

Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaître

Bread-raisin model
● Considered the first proponent of the big
A model comparing the universe to bread, where the
bang theory
raisins represent galaxies that move apart as the
● Lemaître suggested the universe originated
dough rises
in an explosive act of a primeval atom
● Lemaître's theory was not recognized by
In the big bang theory, matter dilutes as the universe
most cosmologists at the time
expands

Hubble's law
Doppler effect
● Provides evidence that the universe is
The change in the wavelength (or frequency) of a
expanding
wave when there is motion that increases or decreases
the distance between the receiver and the source ● Edwin Powell Hubble established Hubble's
law in 1929
Redshift ● Hubble discovered that galaxies are moving
Occurs when electromagnetic waves shift to longer away from Earth with velocities
wavelengths as the source moves away from the proportional to their distance
observer
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation
Albert Einstein proposed the theory of general Thermal energy released when ionized gases became
relativity 1916 neutral particles as the early universe cooled down

General relativity Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered CMB

Describes the concept of space-time as a fabric that radiation in 1964
can be stretched
The discovery of CMB radiation provided strong
The big bang theory suggests that the universe started evidence for the Big Bang Theory
as a "singularity"
One problem with the Big Bang Theory is that it fails
The singularity is predicted to be in the core of a to explain how the universe was created
black hole with very high temperature and density
The nature of the singularity is still a mystery to
many scientists

Nucleosynthesis
The formation of elements, such as hydrogen and
helium, leading to the formation of stars and galaxies
Steady State Theory
A theory suggesting that the universe has no The steady state theory was proposed by Hermann
beginning and no end, continuously expanding while Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle
creating matter 1948

The steady state theory states that the universe always Proponents of the Steady State Theory
looks the same in any time or space
● Hermann Bondi
As a container increases in volume, it gets heavier as ● Thomas Gold
well ● Fred Hoyle

Density The steady state idea may have started when Bondi
The mass per unit volume of a substance and Gold watched a horror movie entitled “Dead of
Night”
The container's density does not change as the object
The steady state theory did not explain how matter
increases in size
could be generated out of nothing
Steady State Theory
A theory that explains the origin of the universe,
The steady state theory was widely accepted even
stating that it has no beginning and no end
before the proposal of the big bang theory
Steady State Theory
The steady state theory is not parallel with the law of
conservation of energy and mass
● The universe has always been here
● The universe will always be present
The discovery of the cosmic microwave background
● The universe always looks the same in any
radiation significantly supported the big bang theory
time or space
● The universe continuously expands while
The cosmic radiation was proven to be equal in any
creating matter
direction of the universe
● The density of the universe remains constant

The rate of the death of stars is equal to the rate of

birth of stars

The universe is not evolving over time according to

the steady state theory

Both the big bang and steady state theory

Explain that the universe is expanding

The big bang shows

The density of matter decreases over time

Steady state shows

The universe maintains a constant density as it
expands

In the steady state theory, matter is constantly created

as the universe expands
Oscillating Universe Theory Guide Questions
The universe is expanding and will contract once all
the energy after the big bang has been used up 1. What happens in the interstellar dust in the
first round of the activity?
Oscillating Universe Theory 2. What is the difference between interstellar
dust, planetesimals, and protoplanets in the
● Combines the big bang and the big crunch activity?
● The big crunch occurs when the universe 3. What are the differences between the first
expands and eventually reverses stage and second stage of planet formation
● Another universe will be born after reaching which is represented by the second and third
the point of singularity round respectively?
4. How is the activity related to how planets
were formed?
Richard Tolman theorized that the universe may be
first in the cycle or a result of a previous big bounce
event

Big Bounce
The event that occurs when the universe reverses and
attains the point of singularity

Richard Tolman made essential contributions to

theoretical cosmology

In his monograph, Tolman documented that the

universe has zero energy because positive mass
energy and negative gravitational energy cancel each
other

The oscillating universe theory suggested that the

universe would collapse on its own after reaching full
expansion

The postulated end of the universe is by big freeze or

heat death

The nebular theory explains the origin of the solar

system

Nebula
A cloud from which stars originate

The shift from undifferentiated cloud to whole solar

system formation takes approximately a hundred
million years

Role card to the planetesimal group with different

interstellar dust.
Nebular theory Jovian planets
A theory that explains the origin of the solar system
● Jupiter
Nebula means cloud, indicating that stars originate ● Saturn
from interstellar gas and dust. ● Uranus
● Neptune
The shift from undifferentiated cloud to whole solar
system formation takes approximately a hundred
million years. Jovian planets are huge planets made up of gases
without land surfaces.
Three major steps of solar system formation
according to nebular theory Jovian planets were formed farther from the sun
because the temperature is cool enough for the gases
● Cloud collapse to condense.
● Formation of the protoplanetary disk
● Growth of planets Growth of planets
1. Dust and grains surrounding the sun formed
Cloud collapse clumps
1. Huge cloud of molecular gas and dust 2. Clumps accreted forming planetesimals
2. Something occurred to make the cloud collapse 3. Planetesimals collide and fuse to form planets
3. Possible reasons are shockwaves from a supernova
or the effect of a passing star Planetesimal
4. Collapse at the center of the cloud due to gravity A small celestial body that tends to fuse to form the
planets of the solar system
The collapsing of the cloud makes it spin faster.
Proponents of the Nebular Theory
Rotational velocity is inversely proportional to
radius. ● Emanuel Swedenborg
● Immanuel Kant
The collapsed cloud of interstellar gas and dust ● Pierre-Simon Laplace
results in a smaller radius
It will spin faster
The nebular theory assumes that dust particles will be
The collapsed cloud results in a flattened disk of attached to each other forming a planet.
cloud with a central bulge.
This is not true for Saturn because the particles
Metals and silicates could exist near the sun because surrounding it repel each other.
these compounds have higher boiling points.
The nebular theory does not follow the law of angular
Terrestrial planets including Mercury, Venus, Earth, momentum.
and Mars were formed containing a high
concentration of metals and silicates. Uranus and Venus rotate in a clockwise direction,
opposing the counterclockwise rotation of other
The terrestrial planets could not grow in huge planets.
diameter because of the limited reserve of metallic
elements in the solar nebula. Key points of Nebular Theory

● Nebula means cloud

● Three major steps of solar system formation
Guide Questions

1. What happens when two objects bump into

each other too fast?
2. Give at least two characteristics of a dust
trap.
3. What is the importance of dust traps?
The encounter theory proposes that the planets were The tidal theory explains that the solar system formed
formed from the material ejected from the sun during as a result of a near collision between a passing star
an encounter with another celestial object. and the sun.

Forms of the encounter theory Tidal Theory

1. Gravitational attraction pulls mass of dust and gas
● Planetesimal theory from the remaining nebula
● Tidal theory 2. Gas particles condense into liquid and solid states
3. Particles clump together to form cosmic bodies of
different sizes
Planetesimal Theory 4. Bodies further condensed into planets
1. A passing star nearly collided with the protosun
2. Massive gravitational pull causes protosun to eject Proponents of the Tidal Theory
filaments of material
3. Materials condensed into planetesimals ● James Jeans
4. Planets formed through accretion ● Harold Jeffreys

The planetesimal theory describes Earth starting from

a solid mass smaller than its present size. The tidal theory is problematic because the hot
material from either star cannot contract.
The oceans and the atmosphere were formed on Earth
through volcanic activities. Key points of Encounter Theory

Proponents of the Planetesimal Theory ● Planets formed from material ejected from
the sun
Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin ● Includes planetesimal theory and tidal
theory
Forest Ray Moulton

The planetesimal theory is no longer accepted today

due to the fact that hot material from the sun expands
and dissipates rather than contract.