Gr11 1.

2 cell membrane structure Functions: Transport material in and out of cell, protect the escape of important substances and protect cell from unwanted substances Phospholipids - The head of a phospholipid is hydrophilic because of the polarity and the tails are hydrophobic because of the fatty acids - When theyre place in water, they spontaneously form double ring, with the heads facing out and the tails facing in -> micelle - Membrane also contains glycoproteins cellular fingerprint, glycolipids and carbohydrates help preserve cell structure&shape in high temps and low temps - Integral proteins embedded - Peripheral proteints attached to inside Gr11 1.3 through the cell membrane Homeostasis the steady state that results from maintaining near constant conditions in the internal environment of a living thing - Cell membrane is resp. for maintaining homeostasis within a cell - They do this through their semi-permeable membrane - O2, CO2, H2O and amino acids can GET in - Protein, carbs, ions cant Diffusion - Method that allows small molecules to move through membrane - Goes from region of high conc -> low conc - Brownian Motion -> when atoms/mol. collide with each other causing them to change speed and direction. This drives diffusion - Concentration gradient -> the difference in concentrations between the two regions - Passive transport : does NOT require engery Osmosis - Form of passive transport and diffusion - Movement of osmosis depends on concentration of h2o in ECF and ICF - Hypertonic: when theres more water inside cell than outside, so water moves out of cell; could cause shrinking ->plasmolysis - Hypotonic: when theres more water outside cell than inside, so water moves into cell; could cause cell to swell ->lysis. Plants don t burst because their of the structure of their cell walls and they remain turgid - Isotonic when theres equal amounts of water in and out of cell so there is no net movement and water flow is equal ideal conditions Facilitated Diffusion - Passive transport - Channel proteins: ions that need to get through go through these charged tunnels. Ion must be right size and charge - Carrier proteins: take molecules such as glucose, with it. The molecule must be a specific size and shape, like a lock and key

Active transport - Requires energy - Used for getting certain substances out of cell that need to be taken from low conc to high conc - Use pumps: y Na-K Pump y Na-Glucose Pump y H+ Pump Na-K Pump: - 3 Na from inside go to a transporter and 2 K from outside go transporter. They carry proteins with them. Their linking causes receptor site to flip and release ions so you have 3 Na out, 2 K in. ATP adenosine triphosphate; organic. ADP adenosine diphosphate; in organic 1.4 Bulk Transport - active transport - used for transporting molecules that are too large to go through membrane - two forms: exocytosis and endocytosis Endocytosis - When large molecules enter the cell - Pinocytosis y Cellular drinking y Liquids/dissolved molecules push against membrane, membrane invaginates and forms vesicles in which molecules are packaged then transported around - Phagocytosis y Cellular eating y Large molecules, bacteria or whole cells, invaginations then vesicles in which molecules are packed and then transported - Receptor Mediated Endocytosis y Intake of very specific molecules y Vesicles are coated with receptors and substance has matching receptors. Lock and key Exocytosis - when large molecules leave the cell - vesicles packed with molecules are transported from diff areas of cell and push against cell membrane, fusing and releasing molecules - ex: hormones, proteins, polysaccharides, polynucleotides, mucus, etc 2.1 Structuring Cell Processes Essential cell tasks: - obtain food and energy - convert energy to ATP - construct & maintain molecules within cell - carry out chem. Reactions - eliminate waste - reproduce - keep into on building structure

Eukaryotic Cells Animal Cell membrane : fluid mosaic semi-permeable membrane that separates cell from external environment and controls movement of substances in and out of cell Cytoplasm: gel-like fluid composed mainly of water with dissolved material that provides chemical environment other organelles need to function Nucleus: command centre/brain of cell, containing DNA&RNA, surrounded by double membrane to prevent damage to genetic info from chemical reactions Nucleolus: specific area of chromatin responsible for production of ribosomes Nuclear pores: pores in nucleus large enough for ribosomes to leave and for large macromolecules to enter Chromatin: uncoiled DNA Ribosomes: 2 part structures found throughout the cell and cytoplasm that are responsible for the production of protein (lack membrane) Endoplasmic reticulum: stack of flattened membrane bound sacs sER smooth ER that lack ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing phospholipids and packaging macromolecules into vesicles & shipping them to Golgi or other parts of cell rER rough ER that are coated with ribosomes and are responsible for synthesizing proteins Golgi apparatus stack of flattened membrane bound sacs that receive vesicles from sER that contain enzymes to modify & package molecules, pack them into more vesicles and ship them to other areas of cell, or to membrane Mitochondria powerhouse of cell, double membrane that contain own DNA and can self-replicate, responsible for breaking down substances and extracting & converting energy into ATP Lysosome membrane bound vesicle containing enzymes used to break down used cell parts or substances within cell Peroxisome membrane bound vesicle containing enzymes that specifically break down fatty acids and toxic waste such as alcohol Centrosome organelle located near nucleus that helps arrange microtubules and organelles evenly during mitosis for equal split during division Vesicle small membrane bound transport sac Cytoskeleton complex network of fibres and filaments that keep cell structure in place yet allowing movement ; actin filaments: dense web underneath cell that moves and contracts essential in muscle cells. Intermediate filaments: anchor organelles to their specific place in cell. Microtubules: train tracks of cell, allow substances and ribosomes to move around cell, essential in spindle fibres, centrioles, cilia and flagella Plant Cell Structure Cell wall: consists mostly of cellulose, spaces between cellulose allow for movement of substances in and out of cell, but unlike cell membrane, cannot control the movement, yet protects from destruction in hypertonic and hypotonic conditions Central vacuole: provides cell with extra support by pushing against cell wall, contains toxic molecules, storage for energy and water Plastids: chloroplasts: double membrane, self replicating, perform photosynthesis Prokaryotic Cells - 1000s of ribosomes - Nucleoid: single loop of double stranded DNA, no membrane - Plasmids: help some bacteria resist antibiotics - Capsule/Slime Layer: extra protection around wall

Thylakoids: in photosynthetic prokaryotes, act like chloroplasts

1.4 enzymes - protein catalysts (substances that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process) - in a catalyzed reaction, reactants are turned into products faster than without the catalyst - in order for bond breaking to occur in a chemical reaction, molecules have to collide at a particular speed and geometrical orientation -