NSTP REVIEWER
by: CHARIE MANGANAAN & JENNA NUÑEZ
● Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms, affecting
Dimensions of Development: Health Awareness upper respiratory tract and lungs,
potentially spreading to the brain.
● Prevention:
○ Handwashing, avoiding farms/live
1. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
animal markets, cooking poultry
thoroughly, avoiding
Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by cross-contamination.
viruses or bacteria that can spread from person to
person through direct contact with bodily fluids, 1.3. Swine Flu (H1N1)
contaminated surfaces, insect bites, or the air.
● Cause: H1N1 virus, a "quadruple
1.1. Dengue Fever reassortant" flu virus affecting pigs, birds,
and humans.
● Cause: Dengue virus (DENV) transmitted by ● History: Caused the 1918 pandemic and
the Aedes aegypti mosquito. 2009 outbreak.
● Geographic Areas: Common in tropical and ● Transmission: Inhaling airborne droplets
subtropical regions (Southeast Asia, Africa, from an infected person’s cough, sneeze, or
Americas). close contact.
● Incubation: 4 to 10 days after mosquito ● Symptoms: Fever, cough, sore throat,
bite. fatigue, headache, and sometimes vomiting
● Symptoms: and diarrhea.
○ High fever (up to 104°F/40°C) ● Prevention: Flu vaccination (flu shot or
○ Severe headache, pain behind the nasal spray).
eyes ● Vaccine Side Effects:
○ Joint and muscle pain (“breakbone ○ Flu shot: Minor swelling, heaviness
fever”) in arms, soreness.
○ Nausea, vomiting, fatigue ○ Nasal spray: Runny nose, headache,
○ Rash appearing 2-5 days after fever cough.
○ Mild bleeding (e.g., nosebleeds)
● Severe Dengue (Dengue Hemorrhagic 1.4. Typhoid Fever
Fever):
○ Severe abdominal pain, persistent ● Cause: Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi,
vomiting spreads through contaminated food and
○ Bleeding under the skin, mucous water.
membranes ● Symptoms:
○ Difficulty breathing, drop in blood ○ High fever, weakness, abdominal
pressure (shock) pain, headache, loss of appetite
○ Diarrhea or constipation, rash
1.2. Bird Flu (Avian Influenza) (rose-colored spots on the
abdomen)
● Cause: Influenza A virus (often H5N1) ● Treatment:
primarily found in birds, but occasionally ○ Antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin,
infects humans. azithromycin, ceftriaxone.
● Transmission: Contact with infected birds’ ○ Hydration, rest, and
saliva, respiratory droplets, feces, or dust over-the-counter medication for
particles in animal habitats. fever.
NSTP REVIEWER
by: CHARIE MANGANAAN & JENNA NUÑEZ
1.5. Tuberculosis (TB) 2. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
● Cause: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Non-communicable diseases are typically caused
● Transmission: Airborne droplets from a
by lifestyle factors (e.g., poor diet, smoking, lack of
person with active pulmonary TB.
exercise) and are not spread from person to
● Commonly Affected Organs: Lungs, lymph
person.
nodes, bones, kidneys, brain, and more.
● Risk Groups:
2.1. Hypertension
○ People with weakened immune
systems
● Cause: High blood pressure due to factors
○ Residents in crowded conditions
like stress, poor diet, and sedentary
(e.g., slums, prisons)
lifestyle.
○ Healthcare workers, smokers, and
● Symptoms: Often asymptomatic but may
malnourished individuals
cause headaches, shortness of breath, or
● Prevention:
nosebleeds at severe stages.
○ DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment,
● Prevention:
Short-course), BCG vaccination,
○ Healthy eating (low sodium, low-fat
and improving living conditions.
diet), regular exercise, maintaining
○ Free TB treatment available through
healthy weight, avoiding smoking,
health centers.
and moderate alcohol intake.
● What are the stages of high blood
1.6. HIV/AIDS
pressure?
○ Stage 1: 140/90 mmHg
● Cause: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
○ Stage 2: 160/100 mmHg
(HIV), leading to Acquired
○ Stage 3: 180/110 mmHg
Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
○ Stage 4: 210/120 mmHg
● Transmission:
○ Unprotected sex, sharing needles,
2.2. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
mother-to-child transmission, and
contact with infected blood.
● Causes:
● Symptoms:
○ High blood pressure, smoking, high
○ Weakened immune system,
cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, lack
increased vulnerability to infections
of physical activity, family history,
and certain cancers.
and age.
● Prevention:
● Consequences:
○ Awareness campaigns, screening,
○ Heart Attack: Blockage of blood flow
condom use, and Pre-Exposure
to the heart, causing permanent
Prophylaxis (PrEP).
damage to heart muscle.
● Treatment: Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) to
○ Stroke: Obstruction of blood flow to
manage HIV and prevent progression to
the brain, leading to brain damage.
AIDS.
● Prevention:
○ Quit smoking, manage diabetes and
cholesterol, exercise regularly, eat a
heart-healthy diet, and manage
stress.
NSTP REVIEWER
by: CHARIE MANGANAAN & JENNA NUÑEZ
2.3. Diabetes 3. Prevention and Control of Diseases
● Types:
● Communicable Diseases:
○ Type 1: Autoimmune, the body does
○ Vaccination, good hygiene, safe
not produce insulin. Lifelong insulin
food and water consumption,
therapy required.
avoiding exposure to infected
○ Type 2: The body is resistant to
individuals.
insulin, often linked to obesity and
● Non-Communicable Diseases:
inactivity.
○ Healthy lifestyle habits (diet,
● Symptoms: High blood sugar, frequent
exercise), regular health check-ups,
urination, excessive thirst, and fatigue.
controlling blood pressure and
● Prevention and Management:
blood sugar, reducing stress, and
○ Healthy diet, regular exercise,
avoiding smoking and excessive
weight management, and blood
alcohol consumption.
sugar monitoring.
○ Medications like metformin or
insulin therapy if necessary.
2.4. Cancer
4. Treatment Approaches
● Cause: Uncontrolled growth of abnormal ● For Communicable Diseases:
cells forming tumors, affecting various ○ Antibiotics for bacterial infections
parts of the body. (e.g., TB, typhoid fever), antivirals
● Types: for viral infections (e.g., HIV, flu),
○ Carcinoma: Affects epithelial symptom management (hydration,
tissues (e.g., skin, lungs, breast). rest).
○ Sarcoma: Affects connective tissues ● For Non-Communicable Diseases:
(e.g., bone, cartilage, muscle). ○ Lifestyle modifications (diet,
○ Lymphoma & Myeloma: Affects the exercise), medications (e.g., insulin
immune system (lymph nodes, bone for diabetes, antihypertensives for
marrow). high blood pressure), and regular
○ Brain & Spinal Cord Cancer: Affects monitoring to prevent
the central nervous system. complications.
● Symptoms: Lumps, unexplained weight
loss, fever, fatigue, pain, or visible tumors.
● Prevention: Regular screenings,
maintaining a healthy lifestyle (diet,
exercise), avoiding tobacco.
