Basic Concepts and Definition in Educational Assessment
Testing
It is one of the different methods used to measure the level of performance or achievement of the
learners. Testing also refers to the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the procedures designed
to get information about the extent of the performance of the students. Oral questionings, observations,
projects, performances and portfolios are the other assessment processes that will be discussed later in
detail.
Measurement
It is a process of quantifying or assigning number to the individual’s intelligence, personality, attitudes
and values, and achievement f the students. In other words, express the assessment data in terms of
numerical values and answer the question, “how much?” Common example of measurement is when a
teacher gives scores to the test of the students such as Renzel got 23 correct answers out of 25 items in
Mathematics test; Princess Mae got 95% in her English first grading periodic test; Ronnick’s score 88%
in his laboratory test in Biology. In the examples, numerical values are used to represent
the performance of the students in different subjects. After collecting the assessment data, the teacher
will use this to make decisions or judgment about the performance of the students in a certain
instruction.
Assessment
It is defined as an act or process of collecting and interpreting information about student learning.
Another source expands this statement by adding that it is a systematic process of gathering,
interpreting, and using this information about student learning. It is a very powerful tool for education
improvement. It emphasizes on individual student or groups of individuals and on the academic program
of a certain educational institution. There are different purposes of assessment such as: to provide
feedback to students and to serve as diagnostic tool for instruction.
Evaluation
refers to the process of judging the quality of what is good and what is desirable. It is the comparison of
data to a set of standard or learning criteria for the purpose of judging the worth or quality. Examples, in
judging the quality of an essay written by the students about their opinion regarding the first state of the
nation address of Pres. Benigno C. Aquino, evaluation occurs after the assessment data has been
collected and synthesized because it is only in this time where teacher is in the position to make
judgment about the performance of the students. Teachers evaluate how well or to what extent the
students attained the instructional outcomes
Assessment for Learning – before and during the instruction
Placement An assessment procedure used Readiness tests, aptitude tests,
to determine the pretests on course objectives,
learner’s prerequisite skills, self-report inventories,
degree of mastery of the course observational techniques,
goals, and/ or best modes of entrance exam
learning.
Diagnostic An assessment procedure used Published diagnostic tests,
to determine the teacher-made diagnostic tests,
causes of learner’s observational techniques
persistent learning difficulties
such as intellectual, physical,
emotional, and environmental
difficulties.
Formative An assessment procedure used Teacher-made tests, custom
to determine the made tests from textbook
learner’s learning publishers, observational
progress, provides feedback to techniques
reinforce learning, and corrects
learning errors.
Assessment of Learning – after the instruction
Summative An assessment procedure used Teacher-made survey test,
to determine the end-of-course performance rating scales,
achievement for assigning product scales
grades or certifying mastery of
objectives.
Assessment as Learning – monitoring own progress
Modes of Assessment
Recent Trends in Classroom Assessment
Standard Based Education -
is a system of teaching and learning that focuses all elements of the educational experience, including
teaching, assessment, grading, and reporting on standards that’s pan all throughout a student's
schooling. But what is a standard? A standard is a succinct, clearly written description of what a student
should know and be able to do after the lessons are taught
Outcome-Based Education (OBE)
- is a learner-centered approach to education which emphasizes what learners can demonstrate of
“knowing and doing.” OBE reforms sets well-defined guidelines for observable and quantifiable
outcomes.
Three Types of Learning
Cognitive Domain called for outcomes of mental activity.
Affective Domain describes learning objectives that emphasize a feeling tone, an emotion, or a degree
of acceptance or rejection.
David Krathwol
Receiving is being aware of or sensitive to the existence of certain ideas, material, or phenomena and
being willing to tolerate them. Examples include: to differentiate, to accept, to listen (for), to respond to.
Responding is committed in some small measure to the ideas, materials, or phenomena involved by
actively responding to them. Examples are: to comply with, to follow, to commend, to volunteer, to
spend leisure time in, to acclaim.
Valuing is willing to be perceived by others as valuing certain ideas, materials, or phenomena. Examples
include: to increase measured proficiency in, to relinquish, to subsidize, to support, to debate.
Organization is to relate the value to those already held and bring it into a harmonious and internally
consistent philosophy. Examples are: to discuss, to theorize, to formulate, to balance, to examine.
Characterization by value or value set is to act consistently in accordance with the values he or she has
internalized. Examples include: to revise, to require, to be rated high in the value, to avoid, to resist, to
manage, to resolve.
