After studying this chapter, you will be able to Explain the principles of an electric motor. Describe the construction and operation of a star- ting motor. Sketch a simple starting system circuit. Explain the operation of solenoids. OLList the functions of the main starter drive parts. Describe starter drive operation. ‘Compare different types of starting motars. Describe starting system safety features. The starting system has helped make the modern automobile a reliable and convenient means of transportation. It provides an easy method of starting the engine. Early “model-Ts” had to be cranked by hand to get the engine running. This took considerable strength and patience. Few car owners would be physically capable of start- ing a modern, multicylinder engine using a hand crank. The electric starting motor is designed to crank the engine with the simple turn of a key. Note! If any of the principles in this chapter are unclear, use the index to locate and review earlier text material, especially Chapter 8, Electricity and Electronics. ig. 28-1. Basie staring system oper 54 Modern Automotive Technology Starting System Fundamentals STARTING SYSTEM PRINCIPLES The starting system uses battery power and an ele. tric motor to turn the engine crankshaft for engine tar ting. Fig. 28-1 shows the basic parts and action of starting system. The major parts of a starting system include: 1. BATTERY (source of energy for starting system). IGNITION SWITCH (allows driver to control starting system operation). SOLENOID (high current lay oth for con.) necting battery to starting motor). STARTING MOTOR (high torque electric motor for turning gear on engine flywheel Starting system action ‘When you turn th ignition key to start, current flows through the solenoid col. This closes the solenoid con- tacts, connecting battery current to the starting motor, The motor turns the flywheel ring gear until the engine starts and runs on its own power. ‘When the engine starts, you release the ignition key. This breaks the current flow to the solenoid and starter. The starter stops turning and the starter gear moves away from the flywheel gear. J ! I i i i sion, Ignition switch energizes solenoid. Solenoid then energizes starting motor. Motor turns flywheel gear for engine starting. 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UL IE I8 iRianor cong "80 sBeqea| 2a 43109 Pea, ‘sWu31 3S3HL MONY aero pur ySnosyy 1n9 20} p MOH “IT I A ‘OY jase vfen _ 2 temperature, the battery is good. Six-volt batteries & 2 should maintain 4.8 volts, These: voltages are based on € a battery temperature above 70°F (21°C). Acoust ry may show a lower voltage. You will need a temperature compensation chart, like the oné in Fig. 27-24. It allows for any reduced battery per- formance caused by a low temperature. If the voltmeter reads below 9.5 volts at room temperature, battery performance is POOR. This would show that the battery is not producing enough current to properly run the starting motor. Before replacing the battery, however, a quick charge test should be completed. Quick (3 minute) charge test A quick charge test, also termed 3 minute charge test, willdetermine if the battery is sulfated (plates ruined). If the battery load test results are poor, fast charge the battery. Charge for 3 minutes at 30 to 40 amps. Test, the voltage while charging, as shown in Fig. 27-25. If the voltage goes ABOVE 15.5 volts (12-volt battery) or 7.8 volts (6-volt battery), the battery: plates are sulfated and ruined. A new battery should be installed in the vehicle. Hance MINUTES VOLTAGE Fig. 27-25. Three minuto charge test will double-check load © test. Charge battery at about 40 amps while measuring ba tery voltage for three minutes. I voltage increases above 15.5 volts, replace battery. (GMC) Other battery-related-problems If the battery passes all ofits tests, but does not per- form properly (starting motor does not crank, for ex- ~ ample), the following are some likely problems to check out. 1, Defective charging system. 2. Battery drain (light or other accessory ON). 3. Loose alternator belt. ~ 4, Corroded, loose, or defective battery cables. 5, Defective starting system. “Later textbook chapters cover the starting and charg- 2. Modern Automotive Technology ing systems. They will give you more information | relating to battery service. > ACTIVATING DRY CHARGED BATTERY bys * x! A new, dry-charged battery must be ac (readied for service) before installing. Put on | glasses and rubber gloves. Remove the cell c: electrolyte into each cell. to just cover the plates and separators. Replace the caps. Charge the battery as: ‘ed by the manufacturer. After charging, electrolyte level. Install the battery. yee REMOVING AND REPLACING BATTERY To remove a battery, first disconnect the cabli ‘Then loosen the battery hold-down. Using a bate strap or lifting tool, Fig. 27-26, lift the battery. ‘out of the vehicle. tae BATTERY CARRIER 2 ‘could splash out causing eye or skin injury. Always use @ bat- tery strap or carrier for safety. (Florida Dept. of Voc. Ed.) ] DANGER! Always wear safety glasses when carry- ing a battery. If you were to drop a battery, electrolyte (acid) could squirt out of the vent caps or broken case and into your face and eyes. 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