Mechanics of Solids: Important Formulas
UNIT I: SIMPLE STRESSES & STRAINS
• Stress:
P
σ=
A
where P is the load and A is the cross-sectional area.
• Strain:
∆L
ε=
L
where ∆L is the change in length and L is the original length.
• Hooke’s Law:
σ =E·ε
where E is the Young’s modulus.
• Poisson’s Ratio:
εlateral
ν=−
εlongitudinal
• Volumetric Strain:
ev = εx + εy + εz
• Relation Between Elastic Constants:
E = 2G(1 + ν) and E = 3K(1 − 2ν)
where G is the shear modulus and K is the bulk modulus.
• Principal Stresses and Mohr’s Circle
– Principal Stresses: σ1 , σ2
– Principal Planes:
2τxy
tan(2θ) =
σx − σy
• Strain Energy:
σ2
U= ·V
2E
1
• Resilience:
– Gradual Load:
P2
U=
2AE
– Sudden Load:
P2
U=
AE
UNIT II: SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MO-
MENT
• Shear Force (SF) and Bending Moment (BM) Definitions:
X X
SF = vertical forces and BM = moments about a section
• Relation Between Load, SF, and BM:
dM dV
=V and = w(x)
dx dx
• Point of Contra flexure: Where M = 0.
UNIT III: FLEXURAL STRESSES & SHEAR
STRESSES
• Bending Equation:
M σ E
= =
I y R
where M is the moment, I is the moment of inertia, σ is the stress, y is
the distance from the neutral axis, and R is the radius of curvature.
• Section Modulus:
– Rectangular:
bd2
Z=
6
– Circular:
πd3
Z=
32
2
Section Modulus Formulas
– Rectangular Section:
bd2
Z=
6
where b is the width and d is the depth of the section.
– Circular Section:
πd3
Z=
32
where d is the diameter of the section.
– Hollow Circular Section:
π(d4o − d4i )
Z=
32do
where do is the outer diameter and di is the inner diameter.
– I-Section:
I
Z=
y
where I is the moment of inertia about the neutral axis, and y is the
distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber.
– T-Section:
I
Z=
y
where I is the moment of inertia about the neutral axis, and y is
the distance from the neutral axis to the outermost fiber (similar to
I-section, but specific for T-sections based on geometry).
– Triangular Section (with base at the bottom):
bh2
Z=
24
where b is the base width and h is the height of the triangle.
• Shear Stress Distribution:
V ·Q
τ=
I ·b
where Q is the first moment of area about the neutral axis.
UNIT IV: DEFLECTION OF BEAMS & TOR-
SION
• Slope and Deflection:
d2 y M
=
dx2 EI
3
• Methods for Deflection:
– Double Integration Method
– Macaulay’s Method
• Torsion of Circular Shafts:
T ·r
τ=
J
where T is torque, r is the radius, and J is the polar moment of inertia.
• Transmission of Power:
2πN T
P =
60
where N is RPM.
UNIT V: THIN AND THICK CYLINDERS &
COLUMNS AND STRUTS
• Thin Cylinders:
– Circumferential Stress:
p·d
σc =
2t
– Longitudinal Stress:
p·d
σl =
4t
• Thick Cylinders (Lame’s Formula):
A
σr = +B
r2
where A and B are constants.
• Euler’s Formula for Columns:
π 2 EI
Pcr =
(KL)2
where K is the effective length factor.
