Teacher’s

MANUAL

Class–8
 Class–8
Section-1 Geography
1 Resources and Development
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (b), 2. (d), 3. (d), 4. (a), 5. (b), 6. (c)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. resources, 2. biotic, 3. Ubiquitous resources,
4. Localised, 5. actual, 6. inexhaustible
C. Write true or false : 1. True, 2. False, 3. False, 4. False, 5. True, 6. True
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. A resource is anything that can be used to satisfy human wants.
Resources include : • Things which are present in the environment and
which humans use directly and., • Things which humans transform into
usable materials to satisfy their needs.
2. Actual or Developed Resources : Those resources whose total quantity
and quality are at present known are called actual or developed
resources.
The quality and quantity of these resources are known to us. The iron-
ore and coal deposits in Jharkhand, the petroleum deposits in West
Asian countries, gold deposits and diamonds in South Africa and the
rich black soils of the Deccan Plateau in Maharashtra are some
examples of actual resources.
3. On the basis of origin.
4. Non-renewable Resources : Resources which take thousands of years
to get replenished are called non-renewable resources. Since, it takes
more than the life span of humans to replenish these resources, so they
are called non-renewable resources. For example, petroleum and coal
can take millions of years to form and hence they are non-renewable
resources.
5. When we use natural resources properly for today’s need and also
conserve them for the future generation, is called sustainable
development. The use of resource should be sustainable.
6. We can use the principle of three Rs to make sustainable development
possible. Three Rs stand for Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. A resource is anything that can be used to satisfy human wants.
Resources include : • Things which are present in the environment and
which humans use directly and., • Things which humans transform into
usable materials to satisfy their needs. The air that we breathe, the
water that we drink, the food that we eat, the minerals that we use, our
means of travel, means of communication, entertainment facilities are
all examples of resources. As such, the list of resources is endless.
The use of resources depends upon : • The needs of the people of a
region., • Their knowledge., • The level of technology they process.
2. Human-made resources are those which humans create using
technology and skills. In the process, natural substances are
transformed into useful products. Even the technology used to make
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 such products is a human-made resource. Aircrafts, machinery,
buildings, roads, railways tracks, etc. are some examples of human-
made resources. Institutions like schools, and service like banking, are
also human-made resources. Similarly, when carpenters make furniture
from wood, they change wood into a man-made resource.
3. Renewable Resources : Resources which can be renewed by
reproduction are called renewable resources. They can also be renewed
by physical, mechanical or chemical processes. Some of these
resources are unlimited, like solar and wind energy. These are called
inexhaustible resources. Their quantity is not affected by human
activities. For example, agricultural crops take a short time to renew
while others, like water, take a comparatively longer time and still
others, such as forests, may take even longer period of time to
replenish.
4. Conservation Resources : It is a fact that the population of the world
is growing each year. With more people the demand for all kinds of
resources keeps multiplying at a rapid rate. This leads to resources
being over-exploited, exhausted, damaged and misused. It is necessary
to use resources carefully and with prudence as they form our life-
support system. Indiscriminate and unscientific use will lead to
depletion of resources and later generation will suffer from an acute
shortage of resources. Using natural resources carefully without
wasting them is called conservation of resources. When we use natural
resources properly for today’s need and also conserve them for the
future generation, is called sustainable development. The use of
resource should be sustainable.
We can use the principle of three Rs to make sustainable development
possible. Three Rs stand for Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. We should
reduce our consumption of certain items whenever possible. Many old
items can be reused by making them into useful items. For example,
old cloth can be used for making rugs and doormats. Paper, glass, iron
and tin can be recycled many times. After recycling, many useful items
are made from these discarded items.
5. Human beings are also resources and perhaps are the most important
resources. Every person has a unique set of skills and knowledge which
makes him contribute towards the society in some way or the other.
People take continuous education and training to become useful human
resources. Education and training improve quality of people’s skills and
knowledge. Improving the quality of people’s skills so that they are
able to create more resources is known as human resource
development.
Hots Questions :
1. The use of resources should be sustainable because many non
renewable resources like coal and petroleum can be exhausted if they
are over exploited. Sustainability of resources means that resources
should be utilised in such a way so that requirements of not only the
present generation but also the future generations are met. Over
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 exploitation of resources would result in depletion of various fossil
fuels, metals etc. This will hamper the economic development of the
nations. Further, the over exploitation of resources also seriously
impact the environment. For example, the Bellary mining in the state of
Karnataka has threatened the environmental balance.
2. A renewable resource is a substance of economic value that can be
replaced or replenished in the same or less amount of time as it takes to
draw the supply down. Some renewable resources have essentially an
endless supply, such as solar energy, wind energy and geothermal
pressure, while other resources are considered renewable even though
some time or effort must go into their renewal, such as wood, oxygen,
leather and fish. Most precious metals are considered renewable as
well; even though they are not naturally replaced, they can be recycled
because they are not destroyed during their extraction and use.

2 Natural Resources : Land and Soil

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (b), 2. (a), 3. (c), 4. (c), 5. (b)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. altitude, 2. altitude, 3. tablelands, 4. leaching,
5. economy
C. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Subsoil (a) D Horizon
2. Topsoil (b) C Horizon
3. Parent rock (c) B Horizon
4. Bedrock (d) A Horizon
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. The Himalayas (Asia), the Kunlun Shan (Asia),
2. Old mountains become rounded and low in altitude due to the forces of
erosion, such as the Aravallis in India.
3. Two island groups are the Andaman and Nicobar islands in the Bay of
Bengal, and Lakshadweep islands in the Arbian Sea.
4. Indo-Gangetic plains, coastal plains.
5. Topsoil
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. The land surface is not uniform everywhere. Mountains, plains and
plateaus are the major landforms, which vary from place to place in
terms of shape and size; as well as they change with the passage of
time Landforms are subjected to sudden change due to earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions or floods; also they change gradually due to wind
and water movement.
2. • Some major mountain ranges of the world are the Rockies (North
America), the Andes (South America), the Alps (Europe), the Atlas
(Africa), the Himalayas (Asia), the Kunlun Shan (Asia), the Khingan
Shan (Asia) and the Great Dividing Range (Australia)., • The major
plains of the world are the Ganga-Brahmaputra Plains (Asia, India),
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 Prairies (North America), the Steppes (Europe) and the Yangtze-Kiang
Plains (Asia, China)., • Some of the famous plateaus of the world are the
Brazilian Plateau (South America), the Deccan Plateau (India, Asia), the
Bolivian Plateau (South America), the Tibetan Plateau (Asia) and the
Arabian Plateau (Asia).
3. Layers of Soil : The thickness of soil can be divided into four layers,
also called horizons :
(i) Topsoil or A Horizon : This is the topmost layer of soil. It
comprises of humus and fine particles of rock. Humus is the presence
of decayed plants and dead organisms in the soil, which help the soil to
become fertile., (ii) Subsoil or B Horizon : Just under the topsoil is
present the subsoil. It comprises of sand, silt and clay. Water collects in
this layer, but this layer is free from humus., (iii) Parent Rock or C
Horizon : The parent rock is formed by the forces of weathering and
erosion from the bedrock. This comprises of minerals, rock pieces and
soil., (iv) Bedrock or D Horizon : The bedrock is solid from which
upper layers of soil are formed.
4. Soil Erosion : Soil erosion makes millions of hectares of land
unproductive. In soil erosion, the topsoil is carried away by running
water or wind. These two factors are further influenced by natural and
cultural factors. The natural factors include deforestation, use of
chemical fertilizers, over-irrigation, unscientific methods of farming
and over grazing by animals
5. Soil Conservation : Soil is very important for a country’s economy.
Therefore, steps have to be taken to conserve, protect, renew and
maintain soil fertility. The following measures can be applied to limit
the effect of soil erosion and soil exhaustion :
(i) Terrace farming : In this method, a series of wide terraces or steps
are made along the slope on the hills. This type of farming is mostly
followed in Asian countries for rice cultivation., (ii) Contour
ploughing : The flowing rainwater is a major cause of soil erosion in
hills. In contour ploughing, the hilly fields are ploughed, harrowed and
sown along the natural contours of the hills rather than up and down the
slopes. This checks rainwater from flowing down the hill causing soil
erosion. This also allows the water to seep into the ground., (iii)
Strip cropping : In this method, grasses and other small grain crops
are planted alternatively with cultivated crops. These crops absorb the
moisture and hold the topsoil together., (iv) Planting of gullies : This
is done by constructing dams of stones or fixing wire-netting or
planting trees across gullies, in order to check rainwater from flowing
away., (v) Shelter bolts : This method is suitable where wind erosion
takes place. In it, belts of trees and shrubs are planted to check the
velocity of the wind., (vi) Cover planting : Cover crops are planted
between the young trees in plantations, so that necessary nutrients, such
as nitrogen, can be supplied to the soil.
Hots Questions :
1. The earth’s surface can be broadly divided into two formsland and
water. Land fulfils almost 95% of human needs for food, clothing,

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 housing and wood. But it covers less than 30% of the total earth’s
surface is not inhabitable. Nearly 90% of the world’s population (over
six billion people) occupies only 30% of the total land surface. The
remaining land is either very thinly populated or completely
uninhabited. Different factors, especially physical features or climate
are responsible for this. The utilisation of land depends on its physical
features as well as on the inhabitants who occupy it.
2. Plains are low altitude regions. They are flat and fertile, so are suitable
for habitation; this is the reason that plains have the densest
populations. Some of them have been cradles of famous civilizations.
The plains are usually drained by big rivers and their tributaries,
supplying water for different needs. Also, it is easier to build roads, lay
railways and undertake other construction activities in the plains.
There are many reasons why people live in certain places. Areas with
moderate temperatures and enough rainfall are densely populated,
because people find good farming conditions there. Raw materials also
attract groups of people. North-western Germany and parts of England
are densely populated because coal is mined there. Economic reasons
also play an important role in choosing where to live. People go to
places where they can find jobs and where the economy is strong.

3 Natural Resource : Water

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (c), 2. (b), 3. (b), 4. (a)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. watery plant, 2. salinity, 3. fresh, 4. environment
C. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Groundwater recharge (a) Rehabilitation problem
2. Watershed management (b) Use of sea water
3. Desalination (c) Rainwater harvesting
4. Construction of large dam (d) Planned management of
water resources of a specified land area
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. Construction of Dams
2. Oceans, rivers, ponds.
3. Drip Irrigation : It is a highly efficient method of irrigation which can
be used for all types of crops. This method supplies water to plants near
its roots through a system of tubes or sprinklers.
4. It involves artificial recharge of underground water by allowing
rainwater to seep underground.
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. Oceans, rivers, ponds, reservoirs, lakes, glaciers, seas, ground water
streams, polar ice caps.
2. In the context of rainwater harvesting and conservation of water, the
term watershed refers to the basin of a tributary. It may have a small
stream or it may not have any such stream, but whenever it rains the

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 water flows through it finally to join some stream. Watershed
management is a land management programme of a watershed area
through the integration of the three natural resources : land, water and
vegetation of the area : in a manner that ensures the best possible use of
these resources. Its main aim is to save water in arid and semi-arid
zones by effective control over rapid run off of rainwater.
3. The Earth is referred to as a ‘Watery Planet’ as two-thirds of it is
covered with water. Then what is it that makes it precious and a highly
rare gift of nature? Water is the most important element in the
biosphere and is essential for the existence of all forms of life on the
Earth. All plants and animals in a given physical environment are
closely interlinked and interdependent, so they cannot exist without
each other. Human activities and economic developments are
dependent on water.
4. Rainwater Harvesting : It involves artificial recharge of underground
water by allowing rainwater to seep underground.
The main objectives of rainwater harvesting are : (i) To reduce run off.
(ii) To augment the groundwater storage and raise the water table., (iii)
To reduce groundwater pollution., (iv) To overcome the problem of
flooding and stagnation of water during the monsoon season. (v) To
recharge the groundwater aquifers for perennial availability of
groundwater.
The process of rainwater harvesting is simple and environment-
friendly. A few methods in use are as follows : (a) By using existing
wells, rainwater is first collected in small settling pits to remove turbid
substances and then fed into the wells through pipes., (b) In this method
percolation pits are dug a little away from buildings. The rainwater is
fed into the pits through plastic pipes. The mouth of the pits is kept
covered due to evaporation and prevent mixing of undesirable
substances from the surroundings., (c) Rainwater can also be stored in
underground storage tanks for a few months and can be used directly
for washing, flushing and other purposes.
Hots Questions :
Do yourself.
Task for Creative Activities :
1. Do yourself
2. (i) Overuse of Water (ii) Pollution of Water
3. (i) Consider the water footprint of your diet. Some foods require a lot
more water to produce than others. According to WaterFootprint, it
takes 140 liters (35 gallons) of water to make just one cup of coffee,
1,000 liters (270 gallons) to make one liter of milk, and 16,000 liters to
make one pound of beef. Check out this online water footprint
calculator to see how much water some common foods need in order to
be produced. The same principles of decreasing the carbon footprint of
your diet (eating local, eating organic, and eating less meat) are
generally the same principles for decreasing the water footprint., (ii)
Don't leave the tap running needlessly. If you are washing your face and
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 you need to get the tap warm, use that initial cooler water to brush your
teeth, and then wash your face afterwards when the hot water starts
coming out., (iii) Choose and use your appliances wisely. Use energy
star appliances whenever possible and always use them at full capacity.
Choose economy settings and don't run the dishwasher half-full.
Natural Resources :
4 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (b), 2. (c), 3. (a), 4. (c)
B. Give a example of the following : 1. Sal, Teak, 2. Cedar, Fir, 3. Mahogany,
Rosewood, 4. Savana, Pampas
C. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Deciduous forests (a) Pine, fire
2. Mediterranean forests (b) Rubber, mohogany
3. Tropical evergreen forests (c) Sandalwood, reak
4. Sub-arctic evergreen forests (d) Steppes
5. Grasslands (e) Pines, spruces
D. Write true or false : 1. False, 2. True, 3. True
E. Distinguish between :
1. Deciduous Forests : These forests consist of trees almost all of which
shed their leaves in a particular season of the year. This device helps
them to reduce loss of moisture by transpiration.
Everyreon Forests : Trees in these forests do not shed their leaves
simultaneously during any season of the year. These forests are
widespread in the world
2. Tropical Grasslands : Tropical grasslands occur on either side of the
equator in the interior of the continents in the tropical regions. These
grasslands are found in northern Australia, the Brazilian Highlands and
Gulana Highlands in South America, and the Sudan countries in Africa.
All these areas have burning desert on one side and steaming forest on
the other. They are characterized by high temperature and 40-80 cm of
rainfall occurring in markedly contrasting wet and dry seasons. The
grasses grow rapidly in hot-wet season but often wither in the dry
season. They reach a height of about 2 metres. High grasses provide
excellent cover for animals. These grasslands have different names in
different areas: Savanna in Africa, Pampas in the highlands of Brazil
and Ilanos in Central Venezuela.
Mid-latitude Grasslands : These grasslands occur in the interior of
continents in the middle latitudes which receive a moderate rainfall.
They have different names in different regions : Steppes in Eurasia,
Prairies in North America, Pampas in Argentina, Velds in South Africa
and Downs in South-East Australia. These areas have severe winters
when the ground is frozen and often snow-covered. In early summers
the land turns into “sea of grass” brightened with flowering bulbs and
scattered trees and shrubs. The Prairies, Steppes and the Downs have
been largely cleared and brought under cultivation.
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 3. Deforestation and Desertification : Forests are important components
of our environment as well as economy. There is a serious concern over
the threat to biological diversity on the Earth. The cause of concern is
that biodiversity is becoming extinct today due to human interference.
In this age of industry and urbanization, the growing population is
converting forests into lands and thus, more lands being cleared of their
forests, more soils being tilled to grow crops and more areas being used
to erect homes, construct roads and build parking lots. And all the
activities that channel resources have led to rapid shrieking of the
world’s forest cover and desertification on an unprecedented scale with
a serious negative effect on environment and global climate.
Overgrazing by cattle and trees felling in some areas have resulted in
large-scale deforestation, often followed by erosion. Forest fire is the
greatest natural enemy of forests. However, it is man who has
destroyed forests in a most want on manner.
F. Short Answer type questions :
1. A forest is a large area of land covered mainly by trees and
undergrowing shrubs. Today they occupy almost 30 per cent of the
world’s land area. Forests provide food and shelter for animals and
refresh the atmosphere by turning carbon dioxide into oxygen. More
than 2,000 million people use firewood for cooking and heating. There
is also a huge trade in forest products, soft wood for building and
making paper and hardwood for furniture. Other products include fruits,
nuts and spices, gums and resins, rubber and many vital medicines.
2. Wildlife may be defined as living organisms that are neither human nor
domesticated, especially mammals, birds and fish which are hunted by
man. The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 also defines wildlife as, “any
animals, bees, butterflies, crustacean, fish, moth and aquatic and land
vegetation which form part of any habitat.”
3. Tropical Grasslands : Tropical grasslands occur on either side of the
equator in the interior of the continents in the tropical regions. These
grasslands are found in northern Australia, the Brazilian Highlands and
Gulana Highlands in South America, and the Sudan countries in Africa.
All these areas have burning desert on one side and steaming forest on
the other. They are characterized by high temperature and 40-80 cm of
rainfall occurring in markedly contrasting wet and dry seasons. The
grasses grow rapidly in hot-wet season but often wither in the dry
season. They reach a height of about 2 metres. High grasses provide
excellent cover for animals. These grasslands have different names in
different areas: Savanna in Africa, Pampas in the highlands of Brazil
and Ilanos in Central Venezuela.
Hots Questions :
A forest is a large area of land covered mainly by trees and undergrowing
shrubs. Today they occupy almost 30 per cent of the world’s land area.
Forests provide food and shelter for animals and refresh the atmosphere by
turning carbon dioxide into oxygen. More than 2,000 million people use

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 firewood for cooking and heating. There is also a huge trade in forest
products, soft wood for building and making paper and hardwood for
furniture. Other products include fruits, nuts and spices, gums and resins,
rubber and many vital medicines.

Natural Resources :
5 Minerals and Power Resources
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (c), 2. (a), 3. (c), 4. (a)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. Earth’s crust, 2. quarrying, 3. Colour, hardness,
4. mine, 5. iron
C. Write the store housing countries of the following :
1. Iron Russia China
2. Petroleum Kuwait Saudi Arabia
3. Copper Chile USA
4. Gold USA Germany
D. Give a single technical term for the following :
1. Hydro Energy, 2. Solar Cell, 3. Wind Energy, 4.Tidal Energy
5. Quarrying
E. Distinguish between :
1. Metallic Minerals : These minerals contain one or more metals,
usually in combination with other non-metal elements. These metals
are basically found in the form of ores from nature. Metallic minerals,
from which metals can be economically extracted, are called the ores of
these metals.
Non-Metallic Minerals : The minerals other than metals are non-
metallic minerals. They do not contain metal. Majority of minerals are
inorganic in nature. Coal and petroleum owe their origin to the fossils
of plants and animals and hence are organic in nature. Since they are
used as fuel, they are also known as fossil fuels or mineral fuels.
Sulphur, nitrate, mica, petroleum, salt, potash, etc. are other examples
of non-metallic minerals.
2. Covventional Sources of Energy : Coal, mineral oil, natural gas and
hydro-electricity are termed as conventional sources of energy because
they have been used since the early times. Power generated by using
minerals as coal, petroleum oil and natural gas are exhaustible. Hence,
every care should be taken to use them judiciously and conserve them
for the future generations.
Non-conventional Sources of Energy : The coal and oil beneath the
Earth cannot last forever. So, other ways of generating energy are being
found. Much attention is directed towards tapping the Earth’s free energy
sources: Sun, wind, tides and geothermal. These sources are inexhaustible.
As and when technology succeeds in harnessing these sources, cheap and
abundant energy will be available without causing pollution.
F. Answer the following questions :
1. Iron : It is the most widely used metal in the world because it is
available in abundance and can be produced at a low cost and as it can
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 be hammered, rolled, cast, drawn into wire, welded and combined with
other metals to form alloys. It can be mixed with different kinds of
metals such as manganese, nickel and chromium, etc. to prepare
different alloys. There are three types of iron ore : magnetite, haematite,
limonite.
2. Copper : Copper is a non-ferrous metal. It is a very soft, brown
coloured metal. It is malleable and corrosion resistant. It is mainly used
for electrical industry because it is a good conductor. In recent years,
the increasing use of glass fibres have reduced the pressure on copper.
It is mainly used in electrical transmission and for making alloys; like
brass, bronze, German silver, etc.
3. Non-conventional Sources of Energy : The coal and oil beneath the
Earth cannot last forever. So, other ways of generating energy are being
found. Much attention is directed towards tapping the Earth’s free energy
sources: Sun, wind, tides and geothermal. These sources are inexhaustible.
As and when technology succeeds in harnessing these sources, cheap and
abundant energy will be available without causing pollution.
4. Petroleum : Petroleum is another major fossil fuel or source of energy
all over the world. It has many names like mineral oil, rock oil, crude
oil, etc. Mineral oil has greater importance for modern manufacturing
and transport sectors because it is very light in weight.
Petroleum is referred to as liquid gold because of its scarcity and
diversified uses.
5. Energy-saving Tips : (i) Use public transport whenever possible., (ii)
Walk or ride a bicycle for short distances., (iii) Get your vehicle
serviced regularly to keep it in good condition and to keep petrol
consumption down. (iv) Switch off fans and lights as you leave the
room., (v) Use tubelights and CFLs rather than bulbs., (vi) Use pressure
cooker for faster cooking.
6. At present most of the world’s power is produced by coal, oil and
natural gas. These fuels are made of the remains of plants, animals and
microorganisms. For this reason, they are called fossil fuels.
Hots Questions :
Do yourself.

6 Agriculture
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (a), 2. (d), 3. (d), 4. (b)
B. Give reasons for each of the following :
1. It requires temperature over 22°C during the growing season and over
26°C at the time of ripening. Rainfall between 150-200 cm is necessary.
2. They grow well in moderately high temperatures, varying from 25°C to
30°C and in areas having an annual rainfall of 50 cm to 75 cm.
3. because Green Revolution,
4. Tea plants require moderate temperature of about 25°C and a rainfall of
about 200 cm per year.,

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 5. The jute plant requires high temperature with a minimum of 27°C and
rainfall 170 to 200 cm. The jute plant originated in the Indian sub-
continent. It grows best in well drained sand loam and requires warm
and humid climate.
C. Write true or false : 1. True, 2. False, 3. False, 4. True
D. Write down the temperature, rainfall and soil required for the
following crops :
Crops Temperature Rainfall Soil
Jute 27°C 170-200 cm Loamy soil
Rice 22-26°C 150-200 cm Sandy, clay
Wheat 15-25°C 10-15 cm Light clay
Tea 25°C 200 cm Mountain soil
Coffee 15-25°C 100-150 cm Mountain soil
E. Differentiate between the two pairs :
1. Nomadic Herding : It is practised by those people who rear cattle,
sheep, goats, camels and yaks. These animals are dependent on the
natural vegetation in the area. Herders move their animals from one place
to another in search of fodder. It is prevalent in the Sahara, east and
south-west Africa, parts of western and central Asia and northern Eurasia.
Shifting Cultivation : This is the most primitive form of agriculture.
With the evolution of civilisation, man developed land for agriculture by
cutting trees made his life comfortable by starting and growing crops.
The shifting cultivators clear a patch of ground by felling trees and
cutting the bushes and grasses. Shifting agriculture is practiced in certain
regions of the world where sedentary agriculture is not convenient.
2. Fibres : Vegetable fibres are obtained from seeds stems, leaves and fruit
cases. Fibre is a material with hair like structure produced from
vegetables, animals, minerals and chemicals. Animal fibres are produced
from insects such as silkworm, from animals such as camels, sheep,
goats, yaks, llamas, alpacas, rabbits and reindeers. Mineral fibres such as
glass, is made from silica sand. Synthetic fibres are derived from
chemical treatment of natural cellulose, which is made from wood pulp.
Tea : Tea has great utility as an important beverage in the world. Tea is
made from the young leaves of the tea plant. Tea plants require moderate
temperature of about 25°C and a rainfall of about 200 cm per year.
3. Intensive Agriculture : In this method of farming, even from a small
piece of land, farmed get a very high per hectare yield by using good
quality seeds, ample fertilizers, ensuring regular water supply and
applying more labourer. The farmers in this type of agriculture work on
their small size holdings with the help of their families. They use
insecticides and pesticides and there are arrangements for irrigation water.
Extensive Agriculture : Most of the work on the farms is done by
machines, tractors, levelers, seeds drills and combined harvesters.
Compared to intensive agriculture, the amount of capital and labour
applied per unit area is relatively small here. It therefore called
extensive agriculture.

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F. Short Answer type questions :
1. India, Bangladesh
2. Farms in the USA are quit big with an average size being about 400
acres. Farmers generally reside in the farms. While in India an average
land-holding is only 2.3 hectares in area. In large farms, as in the case
with the USA the farmer can do the cultivation work unhampered and
can use power machinery from top to bottom from sowing to reaping,
threshing the corn and then storing the same in the godowns. Due to
this, production is very high and the farmers earn a lot of profit.
3. China
4. Cotton, Jute
5. Tea : India, Srilanka, Bangla Desh, Japan
Coffee : Brazil, Columbia, Coted Ivoire, Guatemala
G. Long Answer type questions :
1. The word agriculture is derived from the Latin words ‘agri’ that means
soil and ‘culture’ meaning cultivation or tilling of soil.
2. Russia, Ukraine, the USA, Canada, China, Argentina, Australia, India
and most of the European countries.
3. Subsistence Agriculture
It is a form of primitive agriculture. It represents the first human
attempt to grow food for their subsistence. This type of agriculture is
practiced mainly to meet the ‘‘requirements of the local community.’’ It
is found in some parts of the equatorial and tropical forests where
people use simple tools or implements and produce food for their own
immediate needs. In this type of agriculture farmers select only those
crops which they have to use and generally include cereals, pulses, oil
seeds, etc.
4. It requires temperature over 22°C during the growing season and over
26°C at the time of ripening. Rainfall between 150-200cm is necessary.
5. Now getting finance from banks has been made easier for the farmers.
This has led to tremendous increases in the production of crops
especially food grains. This increases in the production of cereals as a
result of high yielding varieties of seeds, fertilizers and irrigation is
known as Green Revolution.
6. Most of the work on the farms is done by machines, tractors, levelers,
seeds drills and combined harvesters. Compared to intensive
agriculture, the amount of capital and labour applied per unit area is
relatively small here. It therefore called extensive agriculture.
Hots Questions :
The farmers depend on money leaders for their various requirements.
Majority of farmers lack storage facilities. They are not properly educated.
They do not have sufficient capital to undertake modern farming.

7 Industries
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (b), 2. (c), 3. (c)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. labour, 2. Public Sector, 3. Cotton, 4. TISCO,
118
C. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Cottage industry (a) Ship-building
2. Small-scale industry (b) Coffee
3. Large-scale industry (c) Vegetable oil
4. Consumer goods industry (d) Basket making
D. Write the name of the following :
1. Two major industries Iron and Steel Ship building
of India
2. Two agro based industries Jute Sugar
of India
3. Two consumer goods Tea Coffee
industries
4. Two iron and steel TISCO IISCO
industries of India
E. Short Answer type questions :
1. An economic activity in which some goods are manufactured, or some
minerals are extracted or some service is provided is called an
industry. For example, in iron and steel industry, iron and steel are
manufactures. In coal industry, coal is extracted. In tourism industry, a
service is provided.
2. Factors Affecting Location Of Industries : The location of an
industry at a particular place is governed by various physical and
human factors.
Traditionally, the physical or geographical factors are :
(i) Relief : Most of the industries are established in plains or plateau
regions., (ii) Climatic Conditions : Ideal or favourable climatic
conditions are suitable for every type of industry., (iii) Supply of Raw
Material : All industries use raw materials which should be available
at the nearby areas. It reduces the cost of manufacuring., (iv) Others :
Besides, supply of power in the close proximity, supply of cheap and
efficient labour, means of cheap and quick transportation, availability
of water, etc. are other physical or geographical factors for the
development of industries.
3. Iron and Steel Industry, Petro - Chemical Industry
4. Classification of Industries : The industries can be classified in many
ways. Important basis of classification are the following :
(i) On the Basis of Size : The investment of capital, strength or number
of workers employed and the quantum of production are the main
parameters which decide the size of a industry. On the basis of the size,
industries are classified into large-scale, small-scale and household
industry., (ii) On the Basis of Ownership : The ownership pattern and
management of industries in a country is based on her economic
system, production relation and the industrial policy. Thus, the
classification depends on the basis of the economic system like public,
private, joint and co-operative sector. (iii) On the Basis of Raw
Material : Based on the sources of raw materials, industries may be
classified as agro-based and mineral-based.

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F. Long Answer type questions :
1. The textile industry is the oldest industry in the world. People of Indus
Valley Civilization, about 5,500 years ago were the first to use cotton
clothes. The Industrial Revolution in England in early phase was
confined to finding and developing machines to do the jobs then done
by human hand like ginning, weaving, spinning, etc. The word textile
means ‘to weave’ and the first textiles were all woven. Originally,
textiles were fabrics made by spinning natural fibres into threads and
then weaving them together on a loom. Modern textiles are also
produced by other methods such as knitting or felting and include such
materials as lace, braid and net.The five most important natural fibres
are wool, cotton, silk, linen and jute. Silk was first made in ancient
China. Linen made from the flex plant is used for shirts, sheets and
table napkins, and jute which grows best in India and Bangladesh is
used to make sacks, mating, ropes and twine. Now the chemical
industry produces synthetic fibres such as acrylic and nylon which can
be made stronger, cheaper, more elastic and easier to wash than natural
fibres. Weaving is still traditionally practised at home in many parts of
the world. Textile making was the first industry to be completely
mechanized, starting with cotton in Britain in the 18th century. But
history of industrial development in Japan, India, Brazil and Egypt
started with the development of textile industry.
2. Distribution of Iron and Steel Industry : Iron and steel industry is a
heavy industry. It requires heavy and bulky raw materials : coal, iron
ore, manganese and limestone in large volume and its products are also
heavy. The industry, therefore, has developed mostly in and around the
mining areas where the raw materials could be easily brought.
The United States of America, countries of western Europe, Russia,
Ukraine, China and India are the major producer of iron and steel in the
world.
3. Factors Affecting Location of Industries : The location of an industry
at a particular place is governed by various physical and human factors.
Traditionally, the physical or geographical factors are :
(i) Relief : Most of the industries are established in plains or plateau
regions., (ii) Climatic Conditions : Ideal or favourable climatic
conditions are suitable for every type of industry., (iii) Supply of Raw
Material : All industries use raw materials which should be available
at the nearby areas. It reduces the cost of manufacuring., (iv) Others :
Besides, supply of power in the close proximity, supply of cheap and
efficient labour, means of cheap and quick transportation, availability
of water, etc. are other physical or geographical factors for the
development of industries.
4. Large-scale Industries : These industries have large number of labour
and have huge investments. They can be in any public, private or co-
operative sector. All combine to assure together large scale production
in large-scale industries. In such large-scale industries, the management
is very complex and it is hierarchically divided into owners, managers
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 and labourers. Specialization in production and special attention taken
towards the quality control are the main features of large-scale
industries. The raw-material used in large-scale industries is procured
from far off places and the market for the finished goods is at national
and international level. Modern iron and steel industry, ship-building,
textile and petro-chemical industries are some examples of large-scale
industries.
5. On the Basis of Raw Material : Based on the sources of raw
materials, industries may be classified as agro-based and mineral-based.
Some industries utilize the agricultural products as raw materials, for
example, jute, tea, sugar, cotton and vegetable oil industries, etc. They
are called agro-based industries. The industries which use minerals as
basic raw materials are called mineral-based industries. Examples are
: iron and steel, chemicals and industries engaged in processing of
fossil fuels. In this case also, sub-classifications like metallic, non-
metallic, ferrous and non-ferrous industries may be used.
The industries which produce goods for final consumption, e.g. edible
oil, tea, coffee, bread, biscuits, radio, television, etc. are called
consumer goods industries.
Industries based on chemicals are termed chemical industries.
Chemicals are used in agriculture, metallic industry, textiles, leather,
paper, glass, soap, food processing industries. Hence, it is very
important industry for the development of modern petro-chemical
industries because chemical fertilizers, paints, varnish, plastic and
medicines are the products of petro-chemical industry. Forest-based
industries, like paper and pulp industry, rayon, turpentine oil and
furniture industry are based on the raw materials obtained from the
forests and used as raw materials in industries.
Hots Questions :
Do yourself.

8 India and the World : Some Case Studies

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (b), 2. (b), 3. (a)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. Santa Clara County, California, USA 2. 1907,
3. textile
C. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Japan (a) California
2. India (b) Osaka
3. USA (c) Jamshedpur
4. Software (d) Ahmedabad
5. Iron and steel (e) Silicon Valley
6. Textile (f) Detroit

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D. Short Answer type questions :
1. Jamshedpur
2. Santa Clara County, California, USA
3. Santa Clara County, California, popularly known as Silicon Valley,
gave birth to and nurtured the semi-conductor industry in the United
States. The Valley stretching over 25 miles includes 13 cities. This
Valley has always been famous for its citrus fruit and orchards. But in
the last couple of decades, it has become famous as Silicon Valley.
Today Santa Clara Valley is best known as the headquarters or hub of
such firm as Hewlett Packard, Intel and Lockheed Aerospace. In
addition to the computers, firms in this region produce peripheral
equipment like disk, tape drives circuits/chips, radars, microwave, etc.
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. Tata Iron and Steel Industry at Jamshedpur in Jharkhand (India) :
The modern iron and steel industry made its appearance in India in
1874 with the production of pig iron in the blast furnace set up at Kulti
in West Bengal. But the real beginning of modern iron and steel
industry was made in 1907 only when Tata Iron and Steel Company
was set up at Jamshedpur (stretch at that time). Jamshedpur is a planned
city which was developed by Jamshedji Tata, the founder of the
company in 1907. Within a period of 5 years it started the production of
steel ingots in 1912. It is a private sector enterprise.
2. Development of Information Technology in Bengaluru, Karnataka
(India) : The capital of Karnataka, Bengaluru (Bangalore) is one of the
biggest cities of India in the peninsular plateau region. The fastest
growth of IT industry took place in Bengaluru. There are many specific
advantages by the development of information technology. Some are
following :
(i) After independence, India made much progress in the field of
electronics. To develop broadcasting and telecommunication, the Indian
government set up the Indian telephone industry near Bengaluru in
1950., (ii) Bharat Electronics Ltd is another government undertaking
set up at Bengaluru in 1959. Bengaluru is indeed the electronic capital
of the country., (iii) During the last two decades, many electronic
companies under private sector have been established., (iv) Electronics
and computers have a very close relationship. During the last three
decades, the computer industry has been developed at Bengaluru., (v)
Since the late 1970s, Bengaluru has been developing as a computer
software production centre and earned a worldwide name., (vi) In 1991,
a software technology park was set up in Bengaluru. Recently, the
Indian Institute of Information Technology has been set up here. In
2000 the number of IT companies went up to 782.
Santa Clara County, California, popularly known as Silicon Valley,
gave birth to and nurtured the semi-conductor industry in the United
States. The Valley stretching over 25 miles includes 13 cities. This
Valley has always been famous for its citrus fruit and orchards. But in
the last couple of decades, it has become famous as Silicon Valley.
122
 Today Santa Clara Valley is best known as the headquarters or hub of such
firm as Hewlett Packard, Intel and Lockheed Aerospace. In addition to the
computers, firms in this region produce peripheral equipment like disk,
tape drives circuits/chips, radars, microwave, etc. In 1951, Stanford
Industrial Park was set up near the Stanford University which is a high
technology centre. Prof F. Terman played an important role in the
development of computer and electronics industry in this region. Terman
encouraged his students in electrical engineering to stay in the area and
establish their own companies one of the first companies was set up by
William Hewlett and David Packard in a garage near the university
campus. IBM, NASA, XEROX, etc. also started their research
departments in the Silicon Valley.
3. Jamshedpur in Jharkhand (India) : (i) High grade iron ore is available
from Mayurbhanj and Bonai districts of Orissa and Singbhum district of
Jharkhand., (ii) Coal is available from Jharia and Raniganj coal-fields.
Limestone comes from Gangpur in Orissa., (iii) Manganese is obtained
from Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar district of Orissa.
Iron and Steel Industry at Detroit in USA : (i) Limestone is obtained
from the neighbourhood of Alpena located on the western coast of lake
Huron. Limestone is also available from Applachian mountains., (ii)
Water is available in plenty from the local rivers and Lake Erie for
cooling., (iii) This part of United States is densely populated which
ensures large supply of labour.
Hots Questions :
The rising population and the growing economy of the world require efficient
and widespread means of communication. These are required not only within
the same city or from one part of the country to another, but also with the
countries of the world. Radio, television, fax and computers connected people in
different parts of the world. These modern means such as computers,
calculators, etc. are concerned with information technology (IT) and services.
The Infotech industries have brought a revolutionary change in the economic
set up and in the lifestyle of the people. This technology is known as
information technology or knowledge-based industry.
Task for Creative Activities
1. Do yourself.
2.(i) ITI Infosys, (ii) Shahpur Mill, Calico Mill, (iii) BEL, ITI

9 Human Resources
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (b), 2. (c), 3. (a), 4. (a), 5. (d)
B. Explain the following terms :
1. Migration is the movement of people from one area to another area.
2. Emigrants are people who leave a country and immigrants are those who
arrive in a country.
3. Births are measured using the birth rate. Birth rate is the number of live
births per 1000 people.
4. The death rate is the number of death per 1000 people.
5. India has 41% dependent population and 59% of productive population is
123
 able to earn and economically independent whereas dependent
population in India is less.
6. The population below 15 years of age and the population above 15 up
to 60 years of age is referred as working or productive population.
C. Write true or false : 1. True, 2. True, 3. True, 4. True, 5. False
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. ‘Human resource’ is the most important resource as it is the human
efforts that change natural resources into useful products. Quality of
human resources is decided by their education level, training, health
status etc. The Statistical study of population is called demography.
2. Natural resources like availability of water, fertile soil, minerals affect
the distribution of population. The Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin in India,
Hwang Ho in China, Nile Valley in Egypt and the Great European
plains are densely populated areas due to availability of water and
fertile soil. Minerals leden areas are also densely populated.
Social, Cultural And Economic Factors : People are attracted toward
areas where basic amenities like housing, education, health facilities are
available. Places with religious centres like Varanasi, Haridwar, Vatican
city, Jaeruslam are dens populated due to religious purpose. Industrial
developed regions of the world are also densely populated as they
provide large scale employment opportunities. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkatta
are densely populated cities in India due to job opportunities.
3. Distribution of Population : The distribution of population in the
world is not same. It is uneven, some areas of the world are
overcrowded and some area are sparsely populated. Several factors
affect distribution pattern of population in the world. People like to live
in plain areas and industrial regions, where the employment
opportunities are available. Generally the desert area, mountainous
area, dense forested regions are less densely populated areas.
The present population of the world is 6 billion. More than 90% of the
world population lives in the continents of the Northern Hemisphere
while the rest 10% of the population is confined to the continents of
Southern hemisphere. The continent of Asia is the most populous and
Antarctica is without any population.
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. Multinational companies are turning towards developing populated
areas due to availability of cheap labour, both trained and untrained. It
affects the cost of product.
2. Factors Affecting Distribution of Population : Several factors affect
the distribution of population. These factors are natural factors, social,
cultural and economic factors.
Geographical Factors : Relief : Generally people prefer to live on
plains rather than on mountains and plateaus. Plains are level and is
suitable for agriculture, industries and other human activities. For
example, the Northern plains of India are densely populated regions of
the world while in the Himalayas, the population is very sparse.
Climate : People like to live moderate climate areas. Too hot or too cold
and too dry areas are least populated. Siberia, Sahara, northern parts of
Canada and Europe have low population due to extreme climate.

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 Density of Population : Population density is the number of people
living in per square km. The average density of population in the world
is 45 persons per square km. South Central Asia has the highest density
of population. China and India are the most populous countries of the
world. The population density of India is 364 persons. The average
density of population in China is less than that of India.
Natural Resources : Natural resources like availability of water, fertile
soil, minerals affect the distribution of population. The Ganga-
Brahmaputra Basin in India, Hwang Ho in China, Nile Valley in Egypt
and the Great European plains are densely populated areas due to
availability of water and fertile soil. Minerals leden areas are also
densely populated.
Social, Cultural and Economic Factors : People are attracted toward
areas where basic amenities like housing, education, health facilities are
available. Places with religious centres like Varanasi, Haridwar, Vatican
city, Jaeruslam are dens populated due to religious purpose. Industrial
developed regions of the world are also densely populated as they
provide large scale employment opportunities. Mumbai, Delhi,
Kolkatta are densely populated cities in India due to job opportunities.
3. South and South-east Asia, Europe and North eastern North America
are densely populated areas. You will be surprised to know that 60% of
the world’s people live in just 10 countries. All of them have population
more than 100 million.
4. Northern plains of India, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
5. Relief : Generally people prefer to live on plains rather than on
mountains and plateaus. Plains are level and is suitable for agriculture,
industries and other human activities. For example, the Northern plains
of India are densely populated regions of the world while in the
Himalayas, the population is very sparse.
Climate : People like to live moderate climate areas. Too hot or too cold
and too dry areas are least populated. Siberia, Sahara, northern parts of
Canada and Europe have low population due to extreme climate.
Natural Resources : Natural resources like availability of water, fertile
soil, minerals affect the distribution of population. The Ganga-
Brahmaputra Basin in India, Hwang Ho in China, Nile Valley in Egypt
and the Great European plains are densely populated areas due to
availability of water and fertile soil. Minerals leden areas are also
densely populated.
Hots Questions :
Most of the population in Uttar Pradesh are associated with agriculture.
Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts of the state's
economy. The service sector comprises travel and tourism, hotel industry.
As Uttar Pradesh is called agricultural state and due to lack of technology
and low literacy rate they has no choice except increasing the population to
help them in farming as it can't be done by a person. They had a hope that
having 5 or 6 kids will help them to survive as working in the field wasn't
easy in previous years.
As people were less educated they were not able to increase the
productivity on the field. Which caused high growth in population.

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 Section-II History
1 When, Where and How?
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (b), 2. (c), 3. (c), 4. (b)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. warring, 2. Auranzeb, 3. Indian Kingdoms, 4. 1857
C. Write true or false : 1. False, 2. True, 3. True
D. Write the names of the following :
1. Banaras Akbar, 2. Bengal Samachar, 3. Auranzeb, 4. Europeans
E. Short Answer type questions :
1. The primary sources include original documents like literary sources,
printed materials, government reports, paintings, audiotapes and the
secondary sources are the books, articles, reviews etc. of scholars and
historians who have analysed the primary sources.
2. (i) Printed Books, (ii) Newspapers and Magazines, (iii) Historical
Buildings, (iv) Fine Arts, Paintings, (v) Miscellaneous Sources
3. Major Developments During the 18th Century : The period of 18th
century is generally regarded as the darkest period in the history of
India. In this period, India had touched the lowest point of moral
degradation, political degeneration and weakness. Prof HG Rawlinson
remarks, “General conditions of India in the eighteenth century were
perhaps the unhappiest in the chequered history of the country.” The
break-up of the Mughal empire caused widespread anarchy and misery.
Northern India became a scene of plunder and slaughter. The Marathas,
like a swarm of locusts, swept down upon the plains of the north and
carried on the evil tradition of raid and slaughter. There was no
government worth the name. The disintegration of the Mughal empire
drove all powerful, ambitious and brave persons to earn their livelihood
by joining the profession of soldiers of fortune or that of dacoits.
Consequently, there were thousands of mercenary soldiers, eager to
serve any prince who would pay them handsomely. In southern India
things were no better. The dissolution of the sultanates of Bijapur and
Golconda left the Deccan an easy victim to the contending but weak
authorities. Ceaseless civil wars were fought in the Deccan by the
families of the Nizams, the Nawab of Arcot, the royal dynasty of
Mysore and the Marathas. The whole country was ravaged with the
wars which denied peace and prosperity to the troubled country. In the
territories of East India Company there was neither a settled
government nor a regular system of administration. In society, after the
dissolution of the Mughal empire, material prosperity had been
destroyed. Agriculture industry and trade were ruined. Life became dull
and dreary and fatalism determined the actions of the people. Indian
civilization and culture had been almost decadent and effect. It had
been touching the lowest point of decline for over a hundred years from
about the middle of the eighteenth century. It is true that it was the dark
age in Indian history.
4. In India the modern period began in the 18th century after the death of
the last great Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. He had left a vast empire,

126
 but over the next few decades it was to become much smaller. By the
nineteenth century it existed in name only. His three sons fought among
themselves for the throne. None of them proved to be powerful and
efficient enough to maintain the age-old glory of the Mughal empire. In
the Deccan region, powerful nobles had carved out independent states.
They were constantly at war with one another. In the north the
Marathas had the weak Mughal emperors as puppets in their hands. The
Jats and Sikhs built up strong armies. There was no single authority to
hold the country together. Such a condition was ideal for the colonizers
to exploit.
F. Long Answer type questions :
1. The break-up of the Mughal rule and the impoverishment of the nobles
who were the main consumers of the articles of commerce also harmed
indigenous trade. On the other hand, the English and the French trading
companies were active and they succeeded in securing concessions and
privileges. Indian traders encouraged these traders because foreign
trade brought revenue. Even science and technology were neglected.
2. The people of eighteenth century Indian society were divided by
religions, regions, tribes, languages and castes. However, a great spirit
of tolerance prevailed between Hindu and Muslim. The Hindu society
was caste-ridden and the people of different castes did not mix. The
higher castes had all the privileges and prestige in the society. The
Muslims were also divided by race, tribe and status. They were divided
into two main sects : the Shias and the Sunnis. A fall in moral standards
was clearly visible during this period. The nobles fell a prey to various
vices and excessive luxury. The common people had a high degree of
personal integrity and morality. The status of women was poor. Widow
remarriage was not allowed by custom. Child marriage was quite
common. The custom of sati was prevalent in Rajasthan, Bengal and
some other parts of north India. Another major evil was the custom of
dowry.
3. Historical Buildings : We can still see many historical buildings
throughout India. These buildings throw a good deal of light on the art,
architecture and sculpture of the Indian states particularly in Rajasthan
and Madhya Bharat. The well-known Assembly Hall, India Gate,
Central Secretariat, the Rashtrapati Bhawan, the Parliament House, the
Birla House are our national wealth and must be preserved. These
buildings not only tell us about the past but also throw a good deal of
light on different aspects of architectural skills of India. The Victoria
Memorial in Kolkata is a structure-based building.
4. Printed Books : During this period a lot of books were published due
to the invention of printing press. Indian press and literature acted as
very powerful stimulants for this period. Monumental works were
written and published. A lot of books in Indian and foreign languages
were discovered and written by the efforts of a group of Europeans who
keenly devoted themselves to the study of Indian history and literature
and they also published their own work. These literary works throw a

127
 good deal of light on the progress made by people in different fields
such as medicine, engineering, art, technology, literature, music, etc.
Hots Questions :
Do yourself.

2 The Establishment of Company Power

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (d), 2. (b), 3. (c), 4. (b), 5. (b)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. Surat, 2. 1961, 3. Mir Jafar, 4. Marathas,
5. Lord Dalhousie
C. Write true or false : 1. True, 2. False, 3. True, 4. True, 5. False
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. Cochin, Goa, Daman and Diu
2. Masulipatnam, Pulicat, Surat, Karikal, Patna, Balasore and Cochin.
3. Pitt’s India Act (1784)
4. It was Governor-General Lord Dalhousie who applied the ‘Doctrine of
Lapse’ for the annexation of Indian states.
According to this policy, when the ruler of a subsidiary state died
without a natural heir to the throne, his territory would lapse, or pass
into British hands.
5. Anglo - Maratha War (1817-1819)
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. In 1615, the English East India Company (EEIC) established its first
factory (or trading post) in Surat after receiving a firman from Jahangir.
Soon, trading posts were built in Masulipatnam. Agra, Ahmedabad,
Madras, Patna and Balasore. In 1662, the EEIC was given the island of
Bombay by King Charles II who had received it from the Portuguese as
part of his dowry on marrying a Portuguese princess. The EEIC
acquired three villages in Bengal which they unified to form the city of
Calcutta. The Company established factories at these places, each under
the command of a factors or master merchant. It fortified Bombay,
Calcutta and Madras. The merchants lived inside their forts and did not
mingle with the locals, except for business.
2. Battle of Plassey (1757) : Clive recovered Calcutta on 2 January 1757
and Siraj was forced to sign the Treaty of Alinagar conceding all their
demands. Clive was also conspiring with Mir Jafar, the Commander-in-
Chief of Siraj-ud-Daulah, Manikchand, and some other prominent
persons. Clive wanted to replace the Nawab and the post was offered to
Mir Jafar. Unaware of the conspiracy, the Nawab met the forces of
EEIC in the Mango grove of Plassey, on the banks of the river
Bhagirathi. Mir Jafar, the Commander-in-Chief of the Nawab and a
large section of Nawab’s army loyal to Mir Jafar did not take part in the
battle. Jagat Seth, the richest banker of Bengal, also refused to help the
Nawab. Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated, imprisoned and later killed. The
British made Mir Jafar the Nawab of Bengal.

128
 3. England and France were traditional rivals in most of the European
wars of the eighteenth century. The conflict of trade interests between
them finally ended with the three Anglo-French Wars or the Carnatic
Wars that were fought from 1746 to 1763 in India. They are called the
Carnatic Wars as most of them were fought in the Carnatic region and
other parts of Tamil Nadu. The wars finally resulted in the
establishment of the British power India.
4. The various British Governors-General undertook various measures in
order to administer British territories more effectively. Lord Cornwallis
introduced the Indian Civil Service. Lord Wellesley set up the Fort
William College in Calcutta to train civil servants. It was later replaced
by the East India College at Haileybury in England. Indian were not
allowed to enter the civil service. In fact, in 1793, a rule was made that
no Indian would be eligible for posts carrying $ 500 and above
as salary. The Charter Act of 1853 introduced a system of open
competition through exams but nonetheless a system of discrimination
against the India employees of the Company continued for a very long
time. The basic idea was that the British should not face any
competition from the Indians.
5. Under Pitt’s India Act (1784), a Board of Control was established in
England to supervise the working of the EEIC and to prevent the
shareholders of the Company from interfering in the governance of
India. The Board of Control consisted of six members which included a
Secretary of State from the British Cabinet.
6. Judicial System : Warren Hastings and Lord Cornwallis gave a proper
shape to the Judicial set-up. They set up civil courts (diwani adalats)
and criminal courts (faujdari adalats) and criminal courts (faujdari
adalats) at the district level. In 1833, a Law Commission was appointed
to codify Indian laws. It compiled the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and
established the principal of Rule of Law. It meant equality before law
as it professed the idea of ‘One Law for All’. This, however, was
seldom practices. The Europeans and Indians continued to be tried in
separate courts.
Hots Questions :
1. Once the British started annexing territories in India, they realized that
they would have to enforce a proper system of administration to control
the conquered regions. So, they formulated policies to govern these
territories. These policies to govern these territories. These policies
were designed to consolidate the British rule in India.
2. For long, India’s spices, silks, textiles and other items had been in
demand in Europe. During the Medieval Period, the Arabs were the
ones who supplied these items to the West. In 1453, Constantinople,
the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, fell to the Turks, and the
Arabs could no longer take goods safely overland to the Europe. So, for
the Europeans it became essential to find a direct sea route to the East.
For this purpose, a series of voyages were undertaken by European

129
 explorers, sponsored by the monarchs of Portugal, Spain and England.
As a result of the discoveries of these voyages, direct trade routes were
established between the West and the East.

3 Rural Life and Society

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (c), 2. (c), 3. (b), 4. (c)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. Bihar, 2. Ijardari, 3. Mahalwari, 4. Ryotwari System,
5. Many Thau
C. Write true or false : 1. True, 2. True, 3. True, 4. True, 5. True
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. Previously, the Indian peasants grew one or two crops in a year; this
retained fertility of land. However, now they were exploited by the
British, so they had to grow two to three crops, which made their lands
barren and unproductive. Earlier, peasants were land owners and could
not be evicted. But under the British, it was compulsory to pay land
revenue and peasants could be evicted from the land which they had tilled
for ages. This land was auctioned to other peasants, thus the land became
a saleable commodity. To save their lands, the Indian peasants had to
borrow from the village moneylenders, who charged such high rates of
interest which a peasant could never repay. It made pitiable the life of not
only the peasant but also his children for ages to come. A Peasant’s son
often took birth in debt and died in debt with no respite in sight.
2. The British did not the diwani rights in Bengal, Bihari and Orissa in
1765. They continued with the old system of revenue administration for
some time. Under this, the revenue officials collected land revenue
from peasants, deducted 10 percent from this as commission, and
deposited the remaining amount with the treasury.
Permanent Settlement (Focus on Bengal and Bihar) : Lord
Cornwallis introduced a new system of land revenue in 1793, called the
permanent settlement. Its purpose was to get regular land revenue. This
system was introduced in Bengal and Bihar initially, and was later
introduced in Orissa, parts of Madras and Benaras. Under this system,
if a peasant failed to pay the land revenue, he was evicted from his land
which was put to auction. As a consequence, a large number of
peasants were rendered landless and a new class of landlords was
created. These landless labourers had to work on the fields of landlords
for their livelihood.
3. In villages, peasants and craftsmen were often the same people.
Peasants crafts when they were not busy in cultivation. They made
agricultural and other tools, wove clothes, made pottery etc. The British
industries ran on machines, for which they needed raw materials on a
large scale. They bought raw materials direct from peasants, took them
to England and brought here machine-made articles for sale. These
machine-made articles were cheaper in price and better in quality. The
artisans failed to compete with these articles, so their economic life was

130
 greatly disturbed. Thus, peasants as well as craftsmen were under great
burden.
4. Ijardari System (Focus on Bengal and Bihar)
The British did not the diwani rights in Bengal, Bihari and Orissa in
1765. They continued with the old system of revenue administration for
some time. Under this, the revenue officials collected land revenue
from peasants, deducted 10 percent from this as commission, and
deposited the remaining amount with the treasury.
5. (i) The rate of land revenue were very high which put peasants in
unending cycle of debts., (ii) When a peasant was not able to pay land
revenue, he was either forced to take a loan from the village
moneylender at exorbitant rates of interest or sell his land. Both these
situations resulted in a pitiable condition for all times and generations
to come.
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. Arrival of the British affected the Indian way of rural life in more ways
than one. Earlier, the land revenue was a part of the produce, but now it
was fixed at a given amount whatever the produce. Often crops failed
because they were entirely dependent on monsoon. This compelled
peasants to grow such crops which could give them ready money, so
they went for cash crops. A cash crop is chiefly grown for selling in the
market for commercial use, such as jute, cotton, indigo, poppy,
sugarcane etc. It adversely affected food grain production. Previously,
the Indian peasants grew one or two crops in a year; this retained
fertility of land. However, now they were exploited by the British, so
they had to grow two to three crops, which made their lands barren and
unproductive.
Earlier, peasants were land owners and could not be evicted. But under
the British, it was compulsory to pay land revenue and peasants could
be evicted from the land which they had tilled for ages. This land was
auctioned to other peasants, thus the land became a saleable
commodity. To save their lands, the Indian peasants had to borrow from
the village moneylenders, who charged such high rates of interest
which a peasant could never repay. It made pitiable the life of not only
the peasant but also his children for ages to come. A Peasant’s son often
took birth in debt and died in debt with no respite in sight.
2. Ijardari System (Focus on Bengal and Bihar) : The British did not
the diwani rights in Bengal, Bihari and Orissa in 1765. They continued
with the old system of revenue administration for some time. Under
this, the revenue officials collected land revenue from peasants,
deducted 10 percent from this as commission, and deposited the
remaining amount with the treasury.
Permanent Settlement (Focus on Bengal and Bihar) : Lord
Cornwallis introduced a new system of land revenue in 1793, called the
permanent settlement. Its purpose was to get regular land revenue. This
system was introduced in Bengal and Bihar initially, and was later
introduced in Orissa, parts of Madras and Benaras. Under this system,
131
 if a peasant failed to pay the land revenue, he was evicted from his land
which was put to auction. As a consequence, a large number of
peasants were rendered landless and a new class of landlords was
created. These landless labourers had to work on the fields of landlords
for their livelihood.
Ryotwari System (focus on Madras and Bombay) : The ruyotwari
was somewhat an improvement over the system of permanent
settlement. In this, land revenue was collected from cultivators (called
ryots) directly. A fixed amount of land revenue was settled depending
on the quality of soil and crops. This revenue was deposited by the
cultivators in the treasury. This system was introduced in parts of
Madras and Bombay.
Mahalwari System (focus on Punjab, Western and Central India) :
By the term ‘mahal’ is meant ‘a village’ or a ‘a group of villages’. It
was introduced as an improvement over the systems of land revenue. In
this the whole mahal was taken as a unit, the representative of this unit
collected land revenue from peasants and deposited it with the treasury.
The government had the authority to revise the rates of land revenue, so
it was better system for the government. The mahalwari system was
introduced in western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, North-West Province,
Punjab and Central India.
3. Arrival of the British affected the Indian way of rural life in more ways
than one. Earlier, the land revenue was a part of the produce, but now it
was fixed at a given amount whatever the produce. Often crops failed
because they were entirely dependent on monsoon. This compelled
peasants to grow such crops which could give them ready money, so
they went for cash crops. A cash crop is chiefly grown for selling in the
market for commercial use, such as jute, cotton, indigo, poppy,
sugarcane etc. It adversely affected food grain production.
Previously, the Indian peasants grew one or two crops in a year; this
retained fertility of land. However, now they were exploited by the
British, so they had to grow two to three crops, which made their lands
barren and unproductive. Earlier, peasants were land owners and could not
be evicted. But under the British, it was compulsory to pay land revenue
and peasants could be evicted from the land which they had tilled for
ages. This land was auctioned to other peasants, thus the land became a
saleable commodity. To save their lands, the Indian peasants had to
borrow from the village moneylenders, who charged such high rates of
interest which a peasant could never repay. It made pitiable the life of not
only the peasant but also his children for ages to come. A Peasant’s son
often took birth in debt and died in debt with no respite in sight.
In villages, peasants and craftsmen were often the same people.
Peasants crafts when they were not busy in cultivation. They made
agricultural and other tools, wove clothes, made pottery etc. The British
industries ran on machines, for which they needed raw materials on a
large scale. They bought raw materials direct from peasants, took them
to England and brought here machine-made articles for sale. These
132
 machine-made articles were cheaper in price and better in quality. The
artisans failed to compete with these articles, so their economic life was
greatly disturbed. Thus, peasants as well as craftsmen were under great
burden.
4. Overall Impact of British Agrarian Policy : Different systems of land
revenue introduced by the British were unfavourble to peasants’
interests and impoverished rural India. The following were the adverse
impacts of the British agrarian policy.
(i) The rate of land revenue were very high which put peasants in
unending cycle of debts., (ii) When a peasant was not able to pay land
revenue, he was either forced to take a loan from the village
moneylender at exorbitant rates of interest or sell his land. Both these
situations resulted in a pitiable condition for all times and generations
to come., (iii) The land became a saleable commodity, due which a new
class of absentee landlords emerged. These landlords seldom visited
their fields. They least cared for cultivators, and remained loyal to the
British., (iv) The policy of land revenue impoverished rural India
completely., (v) The British wanted to extract as much land revenue as
possible, but did not want to invest anything for improvement of land
irrigation methods., (vi) As Indian trade and industry stagnated due to
machine-made goods from Britain, it put more pressure on agriculture.
5. The peasant revolts occurred in large numbers in almost all parts under
the British control. The following were the massive ones:
(i) The first major peasant revolt occurred in Bengal soon after the
introduction of the permanent settlement. The Sanyasis and Fakirs too
joined them and indulged in armed struggle. This revolt continued for
about 30 years before it was put down violently., (ii) The peasants in
Satara Chittur and Surat rose in revolt against the high rates of land
revenue in 1822 and continued with this for three years. It was put down
by the British by the use of both force and diplomacy., (iii) A peasant
revolt also occured in Sandoway under the leadership of Many Tha U
from 1829 to 1830. The British used brute force to crush this revolt., (iv)
A major revolt occurred in Ganjam in 1835. It was put down by a large
military campaign., (v) A peasant revolt occurred in Bundelkhand in
1842 under the leadership of Madhukar. The Gonds too joined them. The
British took about a year before the revolt was pacified.
In addition to the above, there were widespread revolts in the Punjab
and other provinces, such as the Chuar revolt in Bihar and the Moplah
revolt in Malabar.
Hots Questions :
1. Do yourself.
2. The fundamental differences between urban and rural are discussed in
the following points : (i) A settlement where the population is very high
and has the features of a built environment (an environment that
provides basic facilities for human activity), is known as urban. Rural is
the geographical region located in the outer parts of the cities or towns.,
(ii) The life in urban areas is fast and complicated, whereas rural life is
133
 simple and relaxed., (iii) The Urban settlement includes cities and
towns. On the other hand, the rural settlement includes villages and
hamlets., (iv) There is greater isolation from nature in urban areas, due
to the existence of the built environment. Conversely, rural areas are in
direct contact with nature, as natural elements influence them., (v)
Urban people are engaged in non-agricultural work, i.e. trade,
commerce or service industry. In contrast, the primary occupation of
rural people is agriculture and animal husbandry., (vi) Population wise,
urban areas are densely populated, which is based on the urbanisation,
i.e. the higher the urbanisation, the higher is the population. On the
contrary, the rural population is sparse, which has an inverse
relationship with agriculturism., (vii) Urban areas are developed in a
planned and systematic way, according to the process of urbanisation
and industrialisation. Development in rural areas is seldom, based on
the availability of natural vegetation and fauna in the region., (viii)
When it comes to social mobilisation, urban people are highly intensive
as they change their occupation or residence frequently in search of
better opportunities. However, in rural areas occupational or territorial
mobility of the people is relatively less intensive., (ix) Division of
labour and specialisation is always present in the urban settlement at
the time of job allotment. As opposed to rural areas, there is no division
of labour.

4 Tribal Societies and Colonialist

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (c), 2. (d), 3. (a), 4. (c), 5. (c)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. They, 2. He, 3. cultivators, 4. 5 May 1824,
5. movement
C. Write true or false : 1. True, 2. False, 3. True, 4. True, 5. True
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. Khonds, Khasis, Sandhals, Munda, Bhils and Kols
2. Examples of such revolts are: Kol’s rebellion in 1831-32, Santhal’s
rebellion in 1855 Bihar-Bengal, Bhils Bastar rebellion in Central India
in 1910, Madhya Pradesh-Maharashtra and the Warli revolt in
Maharashtra in 1940. Birsa Munda was tribal from Jhakhand and the
led one such movement.
3. Outsiders in Chhota Nagpur area
4. Surchandra Singh
5. Assam witnessed a series of tribal revolts in 1893-94. The main cause
of these revolts was the high land revenue demands.
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. The Munda rebellion was one of the most powerful tribal revolts of the
late nineteenth century. Concentrated in the Chhota Nagpur region, it
was led by Birsa Munda. Birsa Munda was young adivasi who led the
long struggle against the policies of the British that allowed the local
zamindars and moneylenders to exploit the adivasis. Born in 1875, he

134
 lived for a short span of 25 years. He was deeply influenced by the
unyielding protest of the tribal chieftains, or sardars, against the
restrictions imposed by the British on the traditional rights of the
Mundas on the produce of the forest and their land. Birsa led a number
of adivasi farmers with a petition to cencel forest dues.
During 1893-94, he participated in a movement to prevent village
wasteland being taken over by the forest department. He proclaimed
himself as a prophet with miraculous healing powers. He called upon
the Mundas to fight against superstition, give up animal sacrifice, stop
taking intoxicants and retain the tribal traditions. It was essentially a
reform movement which sought to purge the Munda society of all
foreign elements. Birsa Munda movement was a social movement. The
movement aimed at reforming the tribal society. He considered
seriously to remove the evils of drinking liquor, performing sacrifices
of animals, worship of evil spirits etc. He totally opposed the Christian
missionaries who interfered in the traditional culture of the tribals. He
died in 1895.
2. For ages the Indian tribes lived in forests and hills without any contact
with civilisation. When the British consolidated their position in India.
Their political aspirations and administrative needs necessitated to open
up the entire country. The British introduced the system of
landownership and revenue. Tax was increased beyond the paying
capacity of the tribal cultivators. The British tried to establish a
centralised system of administration over tribal areas, a system which
took away the freedom of the adivasis. By trying to establish law and
order in these areas, the British exposed the tribes to exploitation at the
hands of outsiders (or dikus, as they were called in the Chhota Nagpur
area). Traders and moneylenders were often followed by settles who
bought up large tracts of tribal land. Increasing missionary activity
made many adivasis feel threatened of losing their culture.
3. Manipur was under the control of a royal family during the 19th
century. After the death of the king Chandrakirti Singh in 1886, his
eldest son Surchandra Singh (1886-90) succeeded to the throne of
Manipur. But, he was overthrown by Princes Tikendrajit and his allies,
Surchandra then sought the British help to regain his lost power.
They declared was against Manipur in 1891. The Manipur under
Tikendrajit fought bravely. However, they were defeated and Tikendrajit
was hanged by the British. A commemorative monument named the Bir
Tikendrajit Memorial stands at the spot where he was hanged.
4. Assam witnessed a series of tribal revolts in 1893-94. The main cause
of these revolts was the high land revenue demands. As a result of
colonialism, the revenue demand of Darrang and Kamrup districts had
gone up by 50 to 70 per cent. When the peasants failed to pay the
revenue, their lands were seized by the British officials. The peasants
united together and protested under the leadership of local leaders. The
British succeeded in suppressing the revolts.
5. 1895
135
Hots Questions :
1. The Munda rebellion was one of the most powerful tribal revolts of the
late nineteenth century. Concentrated in the Chhota Nagpur region, it
was led by Birsa Munda. Birsa Munda was young adivasi who led the
long struggle against the policies of the British that allowed the local
zamindars and moneylenders to exploit the adivasis. Born in 1875, he
lived for a short span of 25 years. He was deeply influenced by the
unyielding protest of the tribal chieftains, or sardars, against the
restrictions imposed by the British on the traditional rights of the
Mundas on the produce of the forest and their land. Birsa led a number
of adivasi farmers with a petition to cencel forest dues.
During 1893-94, he participated in a movement to prevent village
wasteland being taken over by the forest department. He proclaimed
himself as a prophet with miraculous healing powers. He called upon
the Mundas to fight against superstition, give up animal sacrifice, stop
taking intoxicants and retain the tribal traditions. It was essentially a
reform movement which sought to purge the Munda society of all
foreign elements. Birsa Munda movement was a social movement. The
movement aimed at reforming the tribal society. He considered
seriously to remove the evils of drinking liquor, performing sacrifices
of animals, worship of evil spirits etc. He totally opposed the Christian
missionaries who interfered in the traditional culture of the tribals. He
died in 1895.
2. For ages the Indian tribes lived in forests and hills without any contact
with civilisation. When the British consolidated their position in India.
Their political aspirations and administrative needs necessitated to open
up the entire country. The British introduced the system of
landownership and revenue. Tax was increased beyond the paying
capacity of the tribal cultivators. The British tried to establish a
centralised system of administration over tribal areas, a system which
took away the freedom of the adivasis. By trying to establish law and
order in these areas, the British exposed the tribes to exploitation at the
hands of outsiders (or dikus, as they were called in the Chhota Nagpur
area). Traders and moneylenders were often followed by settles who
bought up large tracts of tribal land. Increasing missionary activity
made many adivasis feel threatened of losing their culture.

5 Crafts and Industries

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (c), 2. (a), 3. (b), 4. (c)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. 1813, 2. 1850s, 1860s, 3. Indigo, Bengal, 4. Mumbai,
Cowasfee Nanabhi, 5. Jamshedji Tata
C. Write true or false : 1. True, 2. True, 3. False, 4. True, 5. True
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. Mumbai
2. Wood wars, Art metalow area

136
 3. The Industrial Revolution produced many bad effects on the life of man
and society : (i) It destroyed rural life, village crafts and industries and
led to rural unemployment., (ii) It led to gross exploitation of the labour
including women and children.
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. (i) For almost one hundred and fifty years, the English East India
Company traded goods and precious jewels for Indian textiles and
spices, which fetched a high price in the market. Thus, there was an
increasing demand for Indian goods. The rural Indian artisans, as a
result, were pressurized by the officials of the English East India
Company to sell their goods at a dictated price. sometimes the artisans
were forced to accept the advance (which was a meagre amount) so
that they could not work for some other European trading company or
some Indian merchants. This meant that the artisans had to leave their
independent work and come under East India Company’s employment.
Under such increasing pressure of the Company’s coercive tactics, the
artisans were forced to give up their traditional crafts., (ii) The growing
popularity of the Indian goods posed a threat to British-made finished
goods. This became a cause of concern for the British merchants. Thus,
the British government took steps to check their inflow by imposing
heavy duties on Indian goods and even restricting their import. This
gave a sever blow to the Indian handicraft industry.
2. The Industrial Revolution improved the quality of goods produced in
Britain. Further the Charter Act of 1813 abolished the East India
Company’s monopoly of Indian trade. Now even those merchants who
had no stake in the East India Company could trade with India. Thus,
the Indian handicrafts were exposed to the unequal competition of the
machine-made goods of Britain.
3. The important industries that developed in this period were cotton, jute,
coal, iron and steel, sugar and cement.
4. Measures Taken By the British to Thwart The Growth Of Indian
Industries : (i) No steps were taken to protect the nascent Indian
industries. A policy of free trade was followed and the import duty
levied on foreign goods was very low. Thus the indigenous goods had
to face stiff competition from the machine-made British goods., (ii)
Most of the industries in India were owned by the British who utilized
the profits for the development of their own native land. As a result the
Indian industries could not benefit from the wealth which was slowly
but steadily being drained away from India., (iii) There was no attempt
to develop industries in India in a uniform and a sustained manner.
While sporadic progress was withnessed in some areas, other regions
remained largely backward.
5. Dadabhai Naoroji, one of the greatest leaders of India, wrote in his
book, Poverty and Un-British Rule in India that throughout the British
rule, there was a continuous drain of wealth from India to Great Britain.
This drain of wealth occurred in the form of profits from trade and the
British-owned industries, export of raw materials produced in India, a
137
 large portion of revenues collected in India sent as home charges, the
salaries, pensions and savings of British officials. Thus, the economic
condition of the people was extremely poor under British rule. India
had one of the lowest per capita income in the world (in 1947 it was `
228/-). There was also a wide gap in the distribution of wealth.
Landlords, factory-owners and traders had accumulated a lot of wealth,
while peasants, craftsmen and workers lived in poverty-stricken
conditions. The peasants suffered under oppressive revenue-taxes and
agricultural policies. The artisans and craftsmen lost their livelihood
due to the emergence of modern industries and competition from
foreign goods. The factory workers too were paid very low wages and
had to work long hours in poor conditions. It was this underdeveloped
state of India under British colonization that led to the emergence of a
freedom movement.
Hots Questions :
Textile industry, TISCO, Sugar Industry, Cotton, Jute and Cement industry.

6 The Revolt of 1857

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (b), 2. (a), 3. (c), 4. (b)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. revolt, 2. responsible, 3. cartridge, 4. guerrilla
C. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Nana Sahib (a) Joined the Rani of Jhansi to fight
the British
2. Tantia Tope (b) Was told that his heirs would not
be allowed to stay in the royal palace.
3. Gir Forest (c) was not allowed to adopt a son.
4. Asom (d) was not allowed to inherit the
pension and the title of the Peshwa.
5. Thorn forest (e) Rann of Kachchh
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Barilly, Jhansi and Bihar
2. The first soldier to protest against using the greased cartridges was
Mangal Pandey. He belonged to the 34th Infantry Stationed at
Barrackpur. He refused to use the greased cartridges and killed two
English officers. He was hanged.
3. Political Causes, Economic Causes, Social and Religious Causes,
Military Causes Immediate causes.
4. Bahadur Shah, General Bakht Khan, Nana Sahib, Tantia Tope, Begum
Hazrat Mahal, Rani of Jhansi, Kunwar Singh,
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. (i) The sacrifices had not been made in vain. The Revolt was a
landmark in history of British India. It ended the long period of misrule
of the East India Company., (ii) The Indian empire was placed directly
under the British Crown. Queen Victoria was proclaimed the Empress
of India. The rule of Mughals and that of Peshwa came to an end.
138
2. Political Causes : The British policy of territorial annexations led to
the displacement of a large number of rulers and chiefs. The vigorous
application of the policies of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse
angered the rulers of the state. The annexation of Jhansi turned the
brave Rani into a bitter enemy of the English. Nana Sahib, the adopted
son of Peshwa Baji Rao, was refused a pension after his father’s death.
He become one of the leaders of the Revolt. Awadh was annexed on
charges of mis- management, not withstanding the fact that the Nawab
had throughout been loyal to the British. Ornaments belonging to the
ladies of the royal harem were openly auctioned in Calcutta. This
infuriated the people and the soldiers of Awadh played a prominent part
in the Revolt. Though the Mughals were emperors in name only, their
title still enjoyed respect and sympathy. The emperor was now told that
his successors would lose the imperial title and would be termed
princes only. They would also be required to vacate the royal palaces.
3. Discontent was growing. It needed a spark to set the flame burning.
This spark was provided by a rumour that the grease used on the
cartridges was composed of beef and pig fat. The cartridge had to be
bitten off before it was loaded into the rifle. No Hindu would touch
beef and no Muslim would touch pork. On their refusal to use the
cartridges, they were charged with mutiny. This started the Revolt of
1857.
4. Causes of the Failure of the Revolt : The Revolt did not spread all
over the country. Important rulers such as Scindia of Gwalior, the
Holkar of Indore, Nizam of Hyderabad, Rana of Jodhpur, Nawab of
Bhopal and the rulers of Patiala, Nabha and Kashmir did not join the
Revolt. In fact, not more than one per cent of the chiefs of India joined
the Revolt. The Sikhs, Gurkhas and the Rajputs along with many big
zamindars actively helped the English. South and West India remained
largely unaffected by the Revolt.
The upper class, big zamindars, merchants and the moneylending class
were generally friendly to the British. The newly-educated Indians did
not support the Revolt. Different groups, states and chief joining the
Revolt had their own motives. They did not trust each other and had
only one common idea–hatred of the English. The rebels were short of
modern weapons and other war materials. These armies were ill-
disciplined and poorly organized. They had no common plan of action
and no central leadership.
The leadership of movement was weak. Most of its leaders fought to
liberate only their personal gain and own territories.
They fought under different leaders. They had only a few good
generals. Rani Laxmi Bai of Jhansi and Tantia Tope were the only
generals to attain fame and glory. The English had superiority in
equipment and secured their supply from Britain through sea. The
rebels had no modern weapons and also finances. Their few weapons
were outdated and no match to the sophisticated and modern weapons
of the British.
139
 With the fall of Delhi the central point of the Revolt disappeared. The
Mughal emperor had neither the wisdom nor the courage to organize
the Revolt.
Hots Questions :
The Revolt did not spread all over the country. Important rulers such as
Scindia of Gwalior, the Holkar of Indore, Nizam of Hyderabad, Rana of
Jodhpur, Nawab of Bhopal and the rulers of Patiala, Nabha and Kashmir did
not join the Revolt. In fact, not more than one per cent of the chiefs of India
joined the Revolt. The Sikhs, Gurkhas and the Rajputs along with many big
zamindars actively helped the English. South and West India remained
largely unaffected by the Revolt. The upper class, big zamindars, merchants
and the moneylending class were generally friendly to the British. The
newly-educated Indians did not support the Revolt.
Different groups, states and chief joining the Revolt had their own motives.
They did not trust each other and had only one common idea–hatred of the
English. The rebels were short of modern weapons and other war materials.
These armies were ill-disciplined and poorly organized. They had no
common plan of action and no central leadership. The leadership of
movement was weak. Most of its leaders fought to liberate only their
personal gain and own territories. They fought under different leaders. They
had only a few good generals. Rani Laxmi Bai of Jhansi and Tantia Tope
were the only generals to attain fame and glory. The English had superiority
in equipment and secured their supply from Britain through sea. The rebels
had no modern weapons and also finances. Their few weapons were
outdated and no match to the sophisticated and modern weapons of the
British.

7 Education and the British Rule

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (a), 2. (a), 3. (c), 4. (b), 5. (a)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. nawabs, zamidars, 2. Maulvis, maktabs, 3. Teachers,
4. Jonathan Duncan, 5. Lord Wallesley
C. Write true or false : 1. True, 2. False, 3. True, 4. False, 5. True
D. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Roorkee (a) Starred the Fort William College
2. Warren (b) Bengal Asiatic Society
3. Lord Walleslay (c) Technical institution
4. William Jones (d) Set up 1887
5. Allahabad (e) Set up Culcutta Madrsa
E. Short Answer type questions :
1. Education was not completely neglected in the 18th century. The
centres of higher education were spread all over the country and were
usually financed by nawabs, rajas and rich zamindars. The Hindus got
education in Sanskrita and mostly education was limited to the
Brahmins. Persian was the state language which was equally popular

140
 among the Hindus and the Muslims. Elementary education was quite
widespread. Among the Hindus, it was imparted through town and
village school while among the Muslims through the Maulvis in
maktabs (schools situated in mosques). However this was not
appropriate type of education from the modern point of view but it
served the purpose of those times. Though elementary education was
mostly confined to higher castes like Brahmins, Rajputs and Vaishyas,
many persons from the lower castes often received it. A very pleasant
aspect of education then was that the teachers enjoyed high prestige in
the community.
2. The education of 18th century was faulty as : • it was traditional., • out
of touch with the rapid developments in the west., • knowledge was
confined to law, religion, philosophy and literature., • logic and the
study of sciences and technology was excluded., • original thoughts
were discouraged and reliance was placed on ancient learning., • girls
were seldom given education though some women of the higher classes
were an exception.
3. • To spread Christianity, • For cheap supply of educated Indians., • For
giving encouragement to English language and literature., • Agitation
in favour of modern education.
4. Efforts for Spreading Education in India : • In 1781, Warren
Hastings set up the Calcutta Madrsa for the study and teaching of
Muslim law, Persian and Arabic languages and other related subjects.
• In 1791, the British Resident Jonathan Duncan started a Sanskrit
College at Varanasi for the study of Hindu law and philosophy., • Lord
Wallesley started the fort William College in 1802 for educating
English officers in Indian languages and social customs.
Later on it were the Christian Missionary which took interest for
spreading knowledge and learning in India. In 1716 the Danish
Missionaries started an institution for the training of teachers and in
1717 they founded two schools for free education in Madras. However
some efforts were also made by some prominent personalities of the
time. For example, in 1784 William Jones, a judge of the Calcutta
Supreme Court, founded the Bengal Asiatic Society which did a
pioneer work in the field of education. Raja Ram Mohan Roy formed
an association for founding an institution where the Hindus were to
receive instructions in European languages and science. The Hindu
Colleges were founded in 1817. In 1818, the Bishop of Calcutta opened
an institution which was to serve the double purpose of training young
Christians as preachers of imparting the knowledge of the English
language of Hindus and Muslims.
According to the Charter Act of 1813, a sum of one lakh rupees had to
be spent on the revival and improvement of literature and
encouragement of the learned natives of India and for the introduction
and promotion of knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of
the British territories in India. Thus, a beginning was made for
education the Indians from 1833 onwards. But no inform policy was
141
 adopted by different provinces concerning education. But the
governments in British India, primarily concentrated their effort on
school and college education and neglected the primary education.
5. The Wood’s Despatch (1854) has quite a great signification in the field
of education. It led to the established of Public Instruction Departments
in the provinces, foundation of university in each of the Presidency
towns of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras and allotment of government
grants to private school and colleges. A new service called the Indian
Education Service was also introduced which recruited teachers for
government institutions all over the country.
6. Progress among the Indians was very slow. In 1882 only 3.85 per cent
of the girls of school going age being in the schools all over Indian.
Girls -Education in India till 1882
Region % of girls in schools
Bombay 1.59
Madras 1.50
Bengal .80
Punjab .70
North-West Provinces .28
7. Modern education, in course of time, evoked interest in the correct
understanding of India’s past. Attempts were made to rediscover and
restudy the past of India to enhance the understanding of the present.
Laudable efforts were made by many. European scholars and
enlightened government officials in this direction. The first significant
beginning was made by William Jones who came to India 1783 and
founded the Asiatic Society in 1789. The aim of the society was to
enquire into the history and antiquities, arts, sciences, and literature of
Asia. William Jones himself translated Kalidasa’s Shakuntala. Many
other ancient works like the Bhagavad Gita, the Upanishads, the
Dharmasastras and the Vedas were also translated. Useful works was
done on ancient Indian history. James Prinsep discovered the clue to the
inscriptions of Ashoka which led to the discovery of the achievements
of that great emperor. Many ancient scripts were also deciphered and
the study of ancient inscriptions opened new horizons for the study on
Indian history and civilization. The traditional Indian system of
education gradually withered away for lack of official support and even
more because of the official announcement in 1844 that applicants
employment should possess knowledge of English. The declaration
made English-medium school very popular and compelled more and
more students to abandon the traditional schools.
F. Give any two examples of the following :
1. Punjab Un Allahabad Un
2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy Dayanand Saraswati
3. Character Act 1813 Character Act 1833
4. Calcutta Bombay
5. Bombay Madras

142
Hots Questions :
1. Do yourself.
2. The English Education Act was a legislative Act of the Council of India
in 1835 giving effect to a decision in 1835 by Lord William Bentinck,
the then Governor-General of British India, to reallocate funds the East
India Company was required by the British Parliament to spend on
education and literature in India. Formerly, they had supported
traditional Muslim and Hindu education and the publication of
literature in the native learned tongues (Sanskrit and Persian);
henceforward they were to support establishments teaching a Western
curriculum with English as the language of instruction. Together with
other measures promoting English as the language of administration
and of the higher law courts (replacing Persian), this led eventually to
English becoming one of the languages of India, rather than simply the
native tongue of its foreign rulers.

8 Women and Reform

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (c), 2. (a), 3. (b), 4. (a)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, 2. Child Marriage, 3.
Dowry Prohibition, 4. R.C. Bhandarkar, Mahadev Govind, 5. Jyotiba Phule
C. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy (a) Girls school in Poona
2. Dayanand Saraswati (b) Abolition of ‘sati’
3. Jyotiba Phule (c) Arya Samaj
4. Sir Saiyyed Ahmed Khan (d) Brahmo Samaj
5. Govind Ranade (e) Muslim reformer
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. A new awakening began to dawn upon India in the second half of the
19th century. It was most particularly in social, religious and cultural
reform movement. A radical trend arose among the Bengali
intellectuals during the late 1820s and the 1830s. This trend was more
modern than even Ram Mohan Roy’s and was known as Young Bengal
Movement. Its leader and inspiration was the young Anglo-Indian
Henry Vivian Derozio, who was born in 1809 and who taught at Hindu
College from 1826 to 1831. He carried forward Ram Mohan’s tradition
of educating the people in social, economic and political questions
through newspapers, pamphlets and public associations.
2. Sati, Female infanticide
3. Arya Samaj
4. Sir Saiyyed Ahmed Khan
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. Work of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar : He was born in a poor
Brahmin family in 1820. He became the Principal of the Sanskrit

143
 College in Calcutta. The title ‘Vidyasagar’ was conferred on him in
recognition of his service to college. He played an important role in
drawing the attention of the society towards raising the status of women
in society. He was deeply interested in the education of women. His
contribution to the making of modern India is manysided. He waged a
long struggle in favour of widow remarriage. His humanism was
aroused to the full by the sufferings of the Hindu widows. To improve
their lot he gave his all and virtually ruined himself. He wrote a
pamphlet in 1854 proving that remarriage of widow was not forbidden
by the Hindu Shastras and was even permissible. He himself
solemnized many widow remarriages. He founded the Hindu Balika
Vidyalaya at Calcutta. This was a very significant step towards the
development of female education in India. He led a strong campaign
against the practice of child marriage and polygamy. It was mainly due
to his efforts that the Widow Remarriage Act was passed by the
government in the year 1856.
2. (i) Low Status of Women
(ii) Female Infanticide
(iii) The Sati System
(iv) Child Marriage
(v) The Dowry System
(vi) No Permission for Widow Remarriage, (vii) Neglect of Female
Education
3. Women were given a place of respect in the home and in society but not
of equality as we understand the term today. Hindu society being
mainly patriarchal, the will of the male head of he family usually
prevailed. Purdah system was common among both Hindu and Muslim
women though women of poor families had to go out to work for a
livelihood. Child marriage was common among both girls and boys.
Dowry system was prevalent among the upper classes. Polygamy was
common among the ruling classes. Remarriage of widows was
generally looked down upon though it prevailed in some places. The
evil practice of sati mostly prevailed in Bengal, central Indian and
Rajputana and also among the upper castes. Even under these degrading
conditions, some women rose to high positions in society. Razia Sultan,
Nur Jahan, Ahilya Bai, etc. are shining examples of such women.
However, such exceptions did not change the life of common women.
4. Work of Raja Ram Mohan Roy : As a champion of women’s rights,
Raja Ram Mohan Roy argued that women were in no way inferior to
men, so he developed a new society and condemned the oppressive
practices against women. He worked lot for improving the conditions
of women in our society : (i) First of all, as a champion of women’s
rights, Ram Mohan Roy argued that women were in no way inferior to
men. He wanted to secure a place of honour for women in the Hindu
society. For the improvement of women status in society he demanded
the right of inheritance to property., (ii) Secondly, he condemned the
144
 practice of polygamy and advocated remarriage of widows under
certain specified circumstances. He improved the living conditions of
widows., (iii) Thirdly, he fought for abolition of the horrifying custom
of sati or self-immolation of widows., (iv) As a social reformer he
supported the general upliftment of women and spread of modern
education to women and men. He actively opposed the caste system
and child marriage., (v) He raised his voice against female infanticide,
offering of sacrifices and the use of image or portrait for worship., (vi)
He also struck the key-note of social reforms by upholding the cause of
women and denouncing the rigorous rules of the Hindu caste system.
He had thrown light on the rights of inter-caste marriage.
5. In 1849, the Paramahansa Mandali was founded in Maharashtra. Its
founders believed in one God and were primarily interested in breaking
caste rules. At its meetings, members took food cooked by low caste
people. They also believed in permitting widow remarriage and in the
women’s education. In 1848, several educated youngmen formed the
student’s literary and scientific society, which had two branches, the
Gujarati and Marathi Jnah Prasarak Mandalis. The society organized
lectures on popular science and social questions. One of the aims of the
society was to start schools for the education of women. In 1851, Jyotiba
Phule and his wife started a girls school at Poona and soon many other
schools came up. Among the active promoters of these schools were
Jagannath Shankar Seth and Bhau Daji. Phule was also a pioneer of the
widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra. Vishnu Shastri Pandit
founded the Widow Remarriage Association in the 1850. Another
prominent worker in this field was Karsondas Mulji who started the
‘Satya Prakash’ in Gujarati in 1852 to advocate widow remarriage.
Dadabhai Naoroji was a leading social reformer of Bombay (now
Mumbai). He demanded the granting of legal status for women and also
uniform laws of inheritance and marriage for the Parsis.
6. Do you know what happened to Dr Rukmabai? She was married at the
age of 9 to an older man Dadaji Bhikaji. She became controversial
because of her refusal to go and live with her husband, as she found the
atmosphere in his house not conducive to education. She wanted to
study and become a doctor. Her husband took her to court to establish
his right over her. Found guilty by the court Rukmabai was charged and
sentenced. She wrote several letters to newspaper, The Times of India.
It was because of the intervention of Queen Victoria. She was finally
relieved of the legal suit and she was asked to pay off Bhikaji. This
case provided the orthodox elements a new weapon against educating
girls. They claimed that her actions had pointed out the dangerous ways
in which educated women could plot against uneducated husband.
Hots Questions :
Do Yourself

145
 9 Challenging the Caste System
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (b), 2. (a), 3. (b), 4. (b), 5. (d)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. anti-national, democratic, 2. 1873, depressed, 3. caste
system, 4. tirelessly, Hindu-Muslim unity, 5. B.R. Ambedkar
E. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Narayanan Guru (a) Ghulamgiri
2. Jyotiba Phule (b) Navjivan and Young India
3. Veeresalingam (c) Bhahishkrit Hitkarni Sabha
4. Mahatma Gandhi (d) Vaikom Satyagrah
5. Periyar Ramaswami (e) Ezhava family
6. B R Ambedkar (f) Crusader
D. Explain the following :
1. Caste system not only created differences among men but also divided
people into various groups. The social reformers were quick to see the
negative impact of the caste system, which inhibited the development
of unity among the Indians, that was so essential to free the country
from British rule.
2. A large percentage of the people of India belonged to the castes
considered low castes. They were ill-treated. Some of them were
treated as untouchables. They did all sorts of menial jobs. They could
not worship in temples along with other castes. They could not attend
functions or social gatherings of the high caste people. They remained
out castes and economically weak. Poverty brought demoralization and
degradation. They remained ignorant, backward and poor.
3. He believed the untouchables to be the real people of God : the
Harijans. It was mainly through his efforts that restrictions such as
entry into temples were lifted. In 1932, Gandhiji founded the All India
Harijan Sangh.
E. Name the following :
1. Periyar Rama Swami
2. B.R. Ambedhar
3. Jyotiba Phule
4. Veeresalingam
5. Narayana Guru
F. Short Answer type questions :
1. A large percentage of the people of India belonged to the castes
considered low castes. They were ill-treated. Some of them were
treated as untouchables. They did all sorts of menial jobs. They could
not worship in temples along with other castes. They could not attend
functions or social gatherings of the high caste people. They remained
out castes and economically weak. Poverty brought demoralization and
degradation. They remained ignorant, backward and poor.
2. Vaikom Satyagrah

146
 3. Jyotiba Phule founded the Satyashodhak Samaj in 1873 for the
upliftment of depressed classes.
4. “Inequality is the soul of Hinduism” wrote Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar, the
father of the Indian Constitution. He characterized the oppressive caste
system as the tyranny of Hinduism.
5. Untouchability, caste system, division and disunity, ignorant, inequality,
social disintegration, distinction of caste, sex and religion.
Hots Questions :
Do yourself.
Task for Creative Activities
1. Do yourself.
2. (i) Good work for girl’s education especially from the lower classes.
(ii) Upliftment of the Ezhavas and other downtrodden people.
(iii) Abolish the touchability.

10 Colonialism and Urban Change

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (c), 2. (d), 3. (a), 4. (a), 5. (c)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. 1857, 2. British, 3. Cantonment, 4. red sandstone,
5. hill stations
C. Short Answer type questions :
1. The establishment of colonial rule in India saw the decay of several
traditional urban centres and the growth of new ones. As old cities like
Dhaka declined, people moved back to rural areas. This process of
people moving back from urban to rural areas is called ruralisation or
deurbanisation, and is normally a reflection of decline of the economy.
2. Surat and Muslipatanam
3. New Delhi, Chandigarh
4. A team of British architects led by Edward Lutyens and Hebert Baker
designed a new political and administrative area known as New Delhi.
They incorporated international and local architectural concepts to
create a style that fused styles from both the East and the West. So the
buildings of New Delhi were made of red sandstone and included
features like domes. Chhatris (kiosks), and jails (trellised windows).
5. Apart from the planned cities and hill stations, the cantonments or ‘civil
lines’, adjacent to the urban areas were built on a European plan with
broad streets and open spaces. There were separate areas for residential
and commercial activities.
The Bangalore cantonments, for example, had a population of 100,000
by the early 20th century. It had public officers, churches, parks, shops,
and schools. It was a distinct entity from the old city.
6. Mughals had made excellent system of canals to supply fresh water to
the walled city. That system of water supply and drainage suffered
neglect in the nineteenth century. It led to breakdown of the system of
wells (or baolis). It also led to breakdown of the efficient drainage
system.

147
 The old and broken down system of canals could not take the load of
increasing population of Delhi. At the end of the nineteenth century,
drains made during Shahjahan's period were closed. These were
replaced with a new system of open drains. Even this system was
unable to take the load. Wealthier people complained of stench from
those overflowing open surface drains.
D. Long Answer type questions :
1. The following reasons were responsible for it : India was made to
export raw materials to England for use in the industries there. Goods
manufactured in England were sent to India. People bought these goods
in large numbers as they were much cheaper than the goods made in
India. There was a drop in demand for India-made goods. This drove
lakhs of Indians artisans out of work. The local textile industry was
completely rule. Towns such as famous for their textiles, become less
important.
2. However, the gradual consolidations of British rule also saw the
emergency of many new cities based on modern amenities and concept.
They panned modern cities of New Delhi, Chandigarh and Islamabad.
They were centrally located. For example, New Delhi was built to serve
as the new capital of British India because it was central and easily
accessible from all parts of the Empire. New port towns emerged in this
period coinciding with the decline of Surat and Musulipatnam. These
towns acted as centres for the export of raw materials. For example,
Bombay was a major port for the export of raw cotton. Calcutta
exported raw jute, while Madras exported Indigo.
3. However, the gradual consolidations of British rule also saw the
emergency of many new cities based on modern amenities and concept.
They panned modern cities of New Delhi, Chandigarh and Islamabad.
They were centrally located. For example, New Delhi was built to serve
as the new capital of British India because it was central and easily
accessible from all parts of the Empire.
New port towns emerged in this period coinciding with the decline of
Surat and Musulipatnam. These towns acted as centres for the export of
raw materials. For example, Bombay was a major port for the export of
raw cotton. Calcutta exported raw jute, while Madras exported Indigo.
4. As a result of the Partition of India in 1947, there was a mass transfer
of people from both India and Pakistan. The result was an increase in
the population of Delhi, a change of job and culture of the city and its
people. In the riots that followed the partition, hundreds of people were
killed, their homes were ransacked and burned. A large number of
Muslims migrated to Pakistan and an equal number of Hindu and Sikh
refugees immigrated into India. In the riots, over two-things of the
Delhi Muslims migrated and almost 44,000 homes were abandoned.
The refugees who came from Pakistan occupied the empty houses in
Shahjahanabad. The partition changed the social structure of Delhi. The
old culture was replaced by Punjabi culture. Food and dress changed
dramatically.
148
 Today it is a city skyscrapers, flyovers, metros and shopping malls. The
beauty of Delhi lies in the composition of old and new establishment
which continues to exist here. All the existing local conditions are
under the supervision of Municipal Corporation of Delhi.
5. A team of British architects led by Edward Lutyens and Hebert Baker
designed a new political and administrative area known as New Delhi.
They incorporated international and local architectural concepts to
create a style that fused styles from both the East and the West.
So the buildings of New Delhi were made of red sandstone and
included features like domes. Chhatris (kiosks), and jails (trellised
windows).
Hots Questions :
1. The establishment of colonial rule in India saw the decay of several
traditional urban centres and the growth of new ones. As old cities like
Dhaka declined, people moved back to rural areas. This process of
people moving back from urban to rural areas is called ruralisation or
deurbanisation, and is normally a reflection of decline of the
economy. The following reasons were responsible for it : India was
made to export raw materials to England for use in the industries there.
Goods manufactured in England were sent to India. People bought
these goods in large numbers as they were much cheaper than the
goods made in India. There was a drop in demand for India-made
goods. This drove lakhs of Indians artisans out of work. The local
textile industry was completely rule. Towns such as famous for their
textiles, become less important.
2. The British quest for cool retreats from the heat and dust of the plains
led to the setting up of hill stations. Thus Shimla, Ooty and Darjeeling
became popular. Shimla, in fact, was the summer capital of the British
from 1864 till 1939.
Task for Creative Activities :
1. Do yourself, 2. Do yourself,
3. In 1911, the capital of Indian was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. A
team of British architects led by Edward Lutyens and Hebert Baker
designed a new political and administrative area known as New Delhi.
They incorporated international and local architectural concepts to
create a style that fused styles from both the East and the West. So the
buildings of New Delhi were made of red sandstone and included
features like domes. Chhatris (kiosks), and jails (trellised windows).
Cannaught Place, at the centre of the city, was part of Lutyen’s
beautiful design. The famous Jantar Mantar of Sawai Madho Singh of
Jaipur merges with the modern Cannaught Place. Humanyun’s tomb,
Purana Qila, Qutb Minar and the Hazrat Nizamuddin were all made to
be a part of New Delhi. Broad tree-lined roads, gracious public
buildings, fountains and parks characterised British Delhi.
4. Do yourself,

149
 Change in the Arts : Painting,
11 Literature and Architecture
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (c), 2. (a), 3. (a), 4. (b)
B. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Cartoon caricature (a) Ananmath
2. Bankim Chandra Chatterji (b) Visual art form
3. Bengal Gazette (Newspaper) (c) Geetanjali
4. Rabindra Nath Tagore (d) Bhattacharya
C. Write true and false : 1. True, 2. False, 3. False, 4. True, 5. True
D. Give one word answer :
1. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhaya
2. Geetanjali
3. Goa
4. Mohammad Iqbal
5. Travancore
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. Raja Ravi Verma
2. Raja Ravi Verma (1848-1906) : Raja Ravi Verma was a famous
painter. He belonged to princely state of Travancore. His paintings were
based on the Epics of Mahabharat and Ramayana. His paintings were
the best example of fusion of Indian tradition with techniques of
European academic art. He was the first artist to paint the Indian Gods
and mythological characters. He adopted the western style of oil
paintings.
3. The printing press first came to Goa with the Portuguese missionaries.
From 1780, James Augustus Hicky, an Irishman began to publish
weekly magazine called the Bengal Gazette. The first newspaper to be
published by an Indian was the Bengal Gazette brought by Gangadhar
Bhattacharya. With the introduction of printing, new forms of writing
were introduced. Novels based on human emotion, relationship began
to be printed. Short stories, essays about social and political concern
were, essays about social and political concern were written. Paintings
were printed in calenders and they could be bought by common people.
Under British influence, secular them were expressed through novels,
drams, short stories and essays.
National issue of freedom struggle, social and economic issues like
India’s poverty, caste discrimination or exploitation of women literature
was written in several regional languages besides Hindi such as Urdu,
Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil, Kannad and Marathi.
In Bengal, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhaya was a great novelist. His
first novel was Durgeshanandini in Bengali language.
4. With the introduction of printing, new forms of writing were
introduced. Novels based on human emotion, relationship began to be
printed. Short stories, essays about social and political concern were,

150
 essays about social and political concern were written. Paintings were
printed in calenders and they could be bought by common people.
Under British influence, secular them were expressed through novels,
drams, short stories and essays. National issue of freedom struggle,
social and economic issues like India’s poverty, caste discrimination or
exploitation of women literature was written in several regional
languages besides Hindi such as Urdu, Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil,
Kannad and Marathi. In Bengal, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhaya was a
great novelist. His first novel was Durgeshanandini in Bengali
language.
He wrote the famous novel Anandmath- a novel which greatly inspired
our freedom fighters. Vande Matram composed earlier by Bankim
Chandra became the theme song during Swadeshi Movement. Another
great Urdu poet, Mohammad Iqbal composed the beautiful song Sare
Jahan se Achchha, Hindustan Hamara. Mirza Ghalib another great
Urdu poet wrote touching poems. Another great writer, poet was
Rabindra Nath Tagore. He was the first Indian to receive the Nobel
Prize for his poem collection Gitanjali. Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay
expressed the story emotion in powerful way. His novels were very
popular in Bengal. A great vernacular literature was written in Hindi,
Urdu, Bengali, Assamese, Marathi, Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and
Kannad. Premchand wrote in Hindi about the pathetic condition of
peasantry and other poor families of rural India. Subramanyam Bharti
wrote in Tamil and expressed nationalist feelings. Fakir Mohan
Senapati wrote in Oriya. Narayan Apte wrote in Marathi, Hemachandra
Barya wrote in Assamese and Naryanane Mengon wrote in Malayalam.
Nationalist literature reflected the nationalist feelings. They wanted
freedom. Various leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai,
K.R. Ayengar etc. emerged literary figure, Dadabhai Naroji critically
analysed the British rule in India.
Hots Questions :
1. Rashtrapati Bhawan, 2. India Gate, 3. Parliament House,
4. Cannaught place, 5. Jantar mantar

12 Nationalist Movement
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (a), 2. (c), 3. (b)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. 1942, 2. General Dyer, 3. 15 August, 1947 4. Nehru
C. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Communal Award (a) 1905
2. Non-Cooperation Movement (b) 1907
3. Split in the Congress (c) 1919
4. Rowlatt Act (d) 1920
5. Partition of Bengal (e) 1932

151
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. (i) The Jalliawala Bagh Massacre : On 10 April, 1919, two nationalist
leaders– Dr Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr Satya Pal were arrested in
Punjab. On 13 April, 1919, people gathered in a small park in Amritsar
which was called the Jallianwala Bagh, to protest against these arrests.
The peaceful gathering was attended by men, women and children.
General O Dyer, a British military officer, stationed a regiment of
soldiers at the only entrance of the park. He declared the meeting
illegal and without warning ordered his soldiers to fire. The firing
lasted for ten minutes, till all the ammunition was exhausted. More
than a thousand people were killed and over two thousands wounded.
The Massacre inflamed the anger of the Indians. After the massacre,
General Dyer stated that he had ordered his troops to fire to teach the
Indians a lesson. This added fuel to the fire. There were widespread
protests. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his Knighthood in protest. All
nationalist leaders condemned this shameful act. The government
declared martial law in Punjab.
(ii) Gandhi was a reformer, a politician, a statesman and a mass leader.
He was born on 2nd October, 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat. He had
spent about 22 years (1893-1915) in South Africa. There he saw
Indians living in Africa being ill-treated and humiliated. He had fought
for the rights of the Indians. He returned to India in 1915. In 1916, he
founded the Sabarmati Ashram in Gujarat for all castes and religion to
it. He dominated this Indian politics from 1920 to 1947. So this period
is generally called the Gandhian Era.
(iii) Khilafat Movement : The Khilafat Movement was started by Ali
Brothers– Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali– along with Maulana Azad,
Hakim Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani. The Turkish empire had been
broken up by the Allies after the war. This angered the Muslims who
organized the Khilafat Movement. The Congress leaders also joined the
Khilafat agitation and helped in organizing it throughout the country.
You are aware that Britain had played a significant role in the defeat of
Turkey and in the dismemberment of the Turkish empire. You will
recall that many Muslims considered the Sultan of Turkey as their
religious head (Caliph). They felt cheated when they discovered that
their loyalty had been purchased during the war by British assurances
of generous treatment towards Turkey. A Khilafat Committee aimed at
pressurising the government to set right and wrongs done to the
muslims on the Turkey question. In November 1919, an All India
Khilafat Conference was held. Gandhiji was elected the President of
the Khilafat Conference. It was decided to withdraw all cooperation to
the government if the demands were not met. The Muslim League now
under the leadership of nationalists decided to support the Congress on
political issues. Gandhiji, Tilak and Congress leaders also saw the
Khilafat Movement as an ideal opportunity to cement Hindu-Muslim
ties and bring the Muslim masses into the national movement.
2. As you are aware, Indian nationalists had been consistently protesting
against the inadequacy of the reforms of 1919.

152
 The Indian Statutory Commission was popularly known as the Simon
Commission, after its Chairman Sir John Simon. It had seven other
members from the British Parliament. This All White Commission
created an immediate angry response in India. The Indians viewed the
exclusion of Indians as an effort to their self-respect. The Congress
emphasized that Indians were entitled to determine their own
Constitution. How could any Indian accept that foreigners would
decide whether Indians were fit for Swaraj? All political parties,
including the Muslim League, decided that the Commission should be
boycotted.
When the Commission landed at Bombay on 3rd February, 1928, all the
major cities and towns observed a strike. People participated in mass
rallies, processions and black-flag demonstrations. The black flags bore
the slogans, “Simon Go Back”. Simon’s visit provided an opportunity
for the restoration of amity between the different communities and
political parties. The police cruelly tried to suppress these
demonstrations and even respected and popular leaders were lathi-
charged. The most brutal incident took place in Lahore where the
reputed leader of Punjab, Lala Lajpat Rai, was hit on the chest by lathis
on 30 October, shortly after on 17th November, 1928 he succumbed to
his injuries.
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. In Britain, elections were held and the Conservative Party which was
opposed to granting Independence to India was defeated at the hustings.
The Labour Party which was sympathetic to the aspirations of the
Indian people, came to power. In February, 1946, the British
government sent the Cabinet Mission to India to hold discussions with
Indian leaders. The British Prime Minister announced his government’s
willingness to grant Independence to India. The Cabinet Mission
proposed the formation of Union in India in which the provinces would
be grouped in three zones with their own constitutions and enjoying
autonomy except in matters of foreign policy, defence and
communication. The Union Constitution was to be framed by a
Constituent Assembly of 296 members elected on a communal basis. It
also recommended the establishment of an Interim National
Government from among the leaders of different parties.
Both the Congress and the League accepted this plan but the two could
not agree on the plan for an interim government which would convene
the Constituent Assembly to frame a Constitution for free federal India.
The two also put differing interpretation on the Cabinet Mission
Scheme to which they had agreed earlier. The Viceroy then
reconstituted the Council without any representatives of the League.
This led to a violent reaction among Muslims. The League fixed 16th
August as the day for “Direct Action”. In the meanwhile, in July 1946
the Muslim League resorted to Direct Action for the achievement of a
separate state for Indian Muslims to be called Pakistan. This marked
the beginning of intense communal violence which was going to grip
153
 the country for the next whole year. It was a black chapter in the history
of India. Thousands of people were killed and many more injured.
In September 1946, an Interim Government headed by Nehru, was
formed by the Congress. The League decided to boycott the Constituent
Assembly. The tense atmosphere continued till 20th February 1947
when the British Prime Minister Clement Atlee declared Britain’s
intention to quit India by June 1948. He appointed Lord Mountbatten as
the Viceroy of India to arrange the final transfer of power into Indian
hands.
2. In June 1947, Lord Mountbatten drew out a compromise plan after
many discussions with the Congress and the Muslim League leaders.
On June 3, he announced that India would be made free on an earlier
date viz. 15th August, 1947. According to the Mountbatten Plan, the
country was to be free but not united. India was to be partitioned and
the new state of Pakistan was to be created. It was agreed that areas
where there was a predominance of the Muslim League would become
a part of Pakistan. The princely states were given the choice of joining
either India or Pakistan. The Congress leaders realized that partition
would have to be accepted. Communalism that has been growing for
many decades had made partition inevitable. The British government
encouraged separatist feelings and Nehru correctly remarked that the
British could not be forgiven for “the deliberate part they have played
in creating disruption in India”. If partition was not accepted, then
hundreds of innocent Hindus and Muslims would be killed in senseless
communal riots.
3. The failure of the Cripps proposals convinced the Congress that the
problem of India would best be solved if the British left India
immediately. It was believed that the British were deliberately making
the problem more acute by supporting the League secretly. The
Congress also felt that Japan may invade India because of the presence
of the British. The Indian National Congress passed the Quit India
Resolution on August 8, 1942 at Bombay. It demanded the immediate
and complete withdrawal of the British from India. Gandhiji said,
“Leave India to God and if that be much leave her to anarchy”. For that
every Indian should be prepared to “Do or Die”.
4. In Britain, elections were held and the Conservative Party which was
opposed to granting Independence to India was defeated at the hustings.
The Labour Party which was sympathetic to the aspirations of the
Indian people, came to power. In February, 1946, the British
government sent the Cabinet Mission to India to hold discussions with
Indian leaders. The British Prime Minister announced his government’s
willingness to grant Independence to India. The Cabinet Mission
proposed the formation of Union in India in which the provinces would
be grouped in three zones with their own constitutions and enjoying
autonomy except in matters of foreign policy, defence and
communication.

154
Hots Questions :
Do yourself
Task for Creative Activities
1. Do yourself.
2. (i) A Khilafat Committee aimed at pressurising the government to set
right and wrongs done to the muslims on the Turkey question. In
November 1919, an All India Khilafat Conference was held. Gandhiji
was elected the President of the Khilafat Conference. It was decided to
withdraw all cooperation to the government if the demands were not
met., (ii) On 1st August, 1920 the Khilafat Committee launched a Non-
Cooperation Movement. On this day, Lokmanya Tilak also passed
away. The combined feeling of Non-Cooperation and mourning
brought out large numbers in processions. People fasted and offered
prayers. Gandhiji returned the Kaiser-i-Hind medal that had been
awarded to him for his services during the war., (iii) The Indian
National Congress passed the Quit India Resolution on August 8, 1942
at Bombay. It demanded the immediate and complete withdrawal of the
British from India. Gandhiji said, “Leave India to God and if that be
much leave her to anarchy”. For that every Indian should be prepared to
“Do or Die”., (iv) The frustration caused by the withdrawal of the
movement led to the revival of revolutionary activities in the 1920s. An
organization called the Hindustan Republican Association was formed
by Sachin Sanyal Jogesh Chatterjee and others. Its aim was to organize
an armed revolution to overthrow the British rule.

13 Rise of Nationalism
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (c), 2. (c), 3. (b)
B. Write true or false : 1. True, 2. True, 3. , 4. True, 5. True
C. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Lord Minto (a) President of Congress
2. A O Hume (b) Morley-Minto Reforms
3. Dadabhai Naroji (c) Indian National Congress
4. Annie Besant (d) Extremist
5. Lala Lajpat Rai (e) Home Rule Movement
D. Write short notes on :
1. The appeal for constitutional concessions, it was thought, should now
be replaced by demands for Swaraj. Under the leadership of
Balgangadhar Tilak, they became vocal in their criticism. The
ineffectiveness of moderate politics led thus to the rise of Extremists.
They emphasised sacrifice and suffering for the cause of the
motherland.
2. The first political association to be formed by the Indians was the
British Indian Association. It was formed by Surendranath Banerjee in
1851 at Calcutta. He was a brilliant scholar, lawyer and organizer. He
155
 was the first Indian to pass the Indian Civil Services Examination, but
was dismissed on flimsy grounds. He took to politics and in 1876
founded the Indian Association. The association organized
demonstrations of peasants and the workers in British owned tea
plantations. In 1883, Surendranath Banerjee set up the first All India
Political Organization and organized an All India National Conference
at Calcutta. In 1886, the Association joined a new organization – the
Indian National Congress – founded in 1885.
3. The system of separate electorates was introduced. The Muslims were
grouped in separate constituencies from which Muslims alone could be
elected. It was a move in accord to the policy of “Divide and Rule” and
of keeping away the Muslims from national movement. The policy
greatly harmed the task of Hindu-Muslim unity. The Councils had no
real powers and were not popularly elected.
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. The Home Rule League : The British rulers declared that they were
fighting for democracy and were against the growing menace of
dictators. These claims raised hopes and expectations among the
political leaders. However, they were soon disappointed as they felt
that these claims lacked sincerity. The League had supported the
partition of Bengal and opposed the anti-partition agitation. The
government had succeeded in rousing the feelings of Muslim League
against the fear of the Hindu domination and rising power of the Indian
National Congress. However, in spite of the efforts of the British
government more and more educated Muslims were drawn into the
national movement. In 1913, the League itself adopted the attainment
of self-government as its goal, as the Congress had done earlier.
2. The Lucknow Pact (1916) : The Lucknow Session of the Congress
was a historic session. It was presided over by A C Majumdar. The
annual session of the Muslim League was also held at the same time in
Lucknow. The unity between the National Congress and the Muslim
League was brought about by the signing of the Lucknow Pact in 1916.
The two organizations put forth a joint scheme for pressing their
demands for self-government. The Pact had a wonderful immediate
effect but British government was always there to undo the efforts at
unity. The war years were years of intense nationalism and political
agitations. Two Home Rule Leagues were formed in 1915–1916, one
under the leadership of Lokmanya Tilak and the other under the
leadership of Mrs Annie Besant. These two leagues carried on
propaganda all over the country in favour of the demand for the grant
of Home Rule or Self-government to India after the war. The two
leagues made rapid progress and the Home Rule cry became popular.
Motilal Nehru and C R Dass were two other great leaders who joined
the movement. The government took strong measures to crush these
movements.
3. The protest by the Moderates were proving ineffective. The repressive
policy of the government led people to revolutionary politics of
156
 agitation, demonstrations and strikes. The government tried to crush the
movement. The shouting of Vande Matram in the public streets in
Bengal was banned. Public meetings were also sometimes banned. The
Extremist leaders asked people not to cooperate government. They
brought to the forefront the question of India’s freedom.
4. Though the British intensified their policy of repressing the extremists,
they simultaneously also tried to pacify the moderates through certain
reforms. In 1909, they announced the Indian Councils Act, popularly
known as the Morley-Minto Reforms. The reforms were named after
Lord Morley, the Secretary of state for India and Lord Minto, the
Indian Viceroy.
The worst aspects of the reforms of 1909 were as under :
(i) Introduction of communalism in the body politic of India., (ii) A
system of separate electorates was introduced, under which the
Muslims could only vote for the Muslim candidates in the
constituencies specially reserved for them., (iii) Divide the people and
make them feel that the political, economic and cultural interests of the
two main communities were different., (iv) The gulf between Hindus
and Muslims was widened. As a result Pt Nehru rightly remarked, “A
political barrier was created around them, isolating them from rest of
India and reversing the unifying and amalgamating process which had
been going on for centuries.”
The Morley-Minto Reforms did not satisfy the aspirations of the Indian
nationalists. The system of elections was considered to be far from
democratic. The reforms, however, did not give any real power to
Indians. The Act did not introduce any element of self-government or
democracy. The foreign, undemocratic and exploitative character of the
British rule remained as before.
5. The leaders of the first phase of Congress politics were called
Moderates because their demands were modest and mild and they
wanted to peacefully bring about changes in the Constitution of the
country. Initially, these were the men of high intellect, who were deeply
influenced by their western education.
Though the moderates had succeeded in getting the Indian Council Act
of 1892, but they themselves were dissatisfied. This was because of the
continuing majority of British officials in the Council. Moreover, the
Council did not even have the power to pass a vote of no-confidence
against the executive. This failure of the Moderates led to the rise of
Extremists. The leadership of the anti-partition movement soon passed
to the extremist leaders like Tilak, Bipinchandra Pal and Aurobindo
Ghosh. The protest by the Moderates were proving ineffective. The
repressive policy of the government led people to revolutionary politics
of agitation, demonstrations and strikes. The government tried to crush
the movement. The shouting of Vande Matram in the public streets in
Bengal was banned. Public meetings were also sometimes banned. The
Extremist leaders asked people not to cooperate government. They
brought to the forefront the question of India’s freedom.
157
Hots Questions :
The third and final phase of the Nationalist Movement [1917-1947] is
known as the Gandhian era. During this period Mahatma Gandhi became
the undisputed leader of the National Movement. His principles of
nonviolence and Satyagraha were employed against the British
Government. In April 1893 he went to South Africa and involved himself in
the struggle against apartheid (Racial discrimination against the Blacks) for
twenty years.
Finally, he came to India in 1915. Thereafter, he fully involved himself in
the Indian National Movement. Mahatma Gandhi began his experiments
with Satyagraha against the oppressive European indigo planters at
Champaran in Bihar in 1917. In the next year he launched another
Satyagraha at Kheda in Gujarat in support of the peasants who were not
able to pay the land tax due to failure of crops. During this struggle, Sardar
Vallabhai Patel emerged as one of the trusted followers of Gandhi.
In 1918, Gandhi undertook a fast unto death for the cause of Ahmedabad
Mill Workers and finally the mill owners conceded the just demands of the
workers. On the whole, the local movements at Champaran, Kheda and
Ahmedabad brought Mahatma Gandhi closer to the life of the people and
their problems at the grass roots level. Consequently, he became the leader
of the masses.

14 Path Beyond Freedom

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : . (a), 2. (c), 3. (b), 4. (b), 5. ( b)
B. Write the capitals and number of districts of the following states :
1. Odisha Bhubaneshwar 30
2. Gujarat Gandhinagar 26
3. Manipur Imphal 9
4. Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar 16
5. Karnataka Bengaluru 27
6. Himachal Pradesh Shimla 12
7. West Bengal Kolkata 19
8. Rajasthan Jaipur 33
C. Short Answer type questions :
1. Pakistan was formed as a home for the Muslims, so the Hindus living
in the erstwhile territories new forming Pakistan (and Bangladesh)
migrated in India. This massive movement of people also resulted in
communal violence. The immediate task before that government and
people rose to the occasion.
2. Since 1947, the Indian economy has been premised on the concept of
planning. This has been carried through the Five-Year Plans,
developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission
(NITI Aayog after 2014). With the Prime Minister as the ex-officio
Chairman, the commission has a nominated Deputy Chairman, who
holds the rank of a cabinet minister. Montek Singh Ahluwalia is the last

158
 Deputy chairman of the commission (resigned on 26 May, 2014). The
Eleventh plan completed its term in March 2012 and the Twelfth plan is
currently underway. Prior to the Fourth plant, the allocation of state
resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and
objective mechanism, which led to the adoption of the Gandhi formula
in 1969. Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to
determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans. The new
government led by Narendra Modi, elected in 2014, has announced the
dissolution of the planning commission, and its replacement by a think
tank called the NITI Aayog (an acronym for National Institutioin for
Transforming India.)
3. You have read in the that the Cabinet Mission in 1946 had agreed to set
up a Constituent Assembly which was assigned the task of framing the
Constitution of India. A Drafting Committee was formed under the
chairmanship of Dr. B.R Ambedkar. The Constitution of India was
adopted on 26 November, 1949, and it came into force on 26 January,
1950. This day is now celebrated as Republic Day. The Constitution of
India embodies the ideals of democracy, secularism, socialism, and
economic and social justice. It is the supreme law of the land. All other
laws have to be made as per its spirit and provisions.
4. India and the US : The US is the most powerful country in world. It
has attempted to dominate the world affairs. It has interfered in the
internal affairs of many countries, such as Iraq, Libya and Afghanistan.
India maintains good trade, economic, political, military and cultural
relations with the US. Both India and the US have been a victim of
terrorism, so they cooperate in fighting against this menace.
Recently India and the US have entered th nuclear deal. With this India
has been recognised as a nuclear power. Also, it will get necessary fuel
for the running of its atomic energy plants.
5. India and China : India and China are two of oldest civilization of the
world have maintained good relations since time immemorial.
Buddhism went from India to China and became a major religion there.
Many Chinese travellers visited India, such as Fa Hien, Fiuen Tsang etc.
India and China were feed the imperial rule in 1947 and 1948
respectively. They started to cooperative with each other; however,
their relations became sore when they fought a war in 1962 in which
India was defeated and a large Indian territory was occupied by China.
This territory continues to be under Chinese occupation even now.
The two countries are trying to strengthen relations in trade and
industrial fields. Many joint ventures have come up. This positive
attitude started in 1991 when the leaders of two countries met. Of
course, the border dispute remains the most important issue.
6. India and Pakistan have fought three wars-in 1965, 1971 and 2001. The
Pakistan forces were beaten on all these occasions. Pakistan knows that
it cannot beat India in a direct war, so it keeps fighting a proxy war,
using terrorism. First it encouraged terrorism in Punjab, and now it is
harbouring Kashmir terrorists by giving them training, weapons and
159
 money. Not only this, it sends foreign terrorists into India to spread
terror.
D. Long Answer type questions :
1. At the time of Independence, India was underdeveloped country. There
was hardly any industries here. We depended on imports for most of
our needs. People were poor and illiterate. In a nutshell, there were a lot
of was to rehabilitate the victims of communal violence and migration.
2. Sardar Vallabhai Patel
3. Jammu and Kashmir was invaded by Pakistan army, so people of this
state voted to accede to India. So, India sent the army and liberated the
occupied areas. So, this state became a state of India. A large part of
this state, however, it still occupied by Pakistan and is called Pakistan
Occupied Kashmir (POK).
4. India and the US : The US is the most powerful country in world. It
has attempted to dominate the world affairs. It has interfered in the
internal affairs of many countries, such as Iraq, Libya and Afghanistan.
India maintains good trade, economic, political, military and cultural
relations with the US. Both India and the US have been a victim of
terrorism, so they cooperate in fighting against this menace. Recently
India and the US have entered th nuclear deal. With this India has been
recognised as a nuclear power. Also, it will get necessary fuel for the
running of its atomic energy plants.
India and Russia : Russia was a very powerful country, but after the
disintegration of the USSR in 1991, it became weak. However, it is once
against becoming a powerful country. It is the largest country in the
world. Cooperation between India and Russia is quite long and large.
India and Russia have signed friendship treaties and have cooperated in
industrial, trade, military, space and other fields. The steel plants in
Bokaro and Bhilai have been established with the Russian help. Also, a
major part of the equipment of Indian defence forces in supplied either
by Russia or is manufactured in its collaboration.
5. India is the seventh largest country of the world with the second largest
population. The people belonging to different religions, communities,
races, languages and cultures live here. They all live in harmony. This
makes India a true reflection of ‘unity in diversity’. However, some
selfish elements try to violate peace and harmony among people. We
must remember that we have suffered whenever we were not united.
History is witness to this fact. If we stand united, no country can ever
dream to invade or attack us. India was treated a great distance since
independence. We have solved a lot of problems, but many more of
them await our attention, such as over-population, poverty, illiteracy,
unemployment, dowry custom, child labour, caste-discrimination,
terrorism etc; and above all, corruption. The government is making
effort. At the same time, many people are trying to eradicate corruption
and other evils from our society.
Our country is making progress at a very rapid rate, and if people give
up narrow outlook, our country will progress as a still faster rate. The
160
 future holds promise for us. The day is not far when we shall find a
proud place among the coming of developed nations on the basis of our
achievements in the field of science and technology, industry, medicine,
space research, energy production, military power, social development
and other fields.
6. At the time of Independence, India was divided into two countries-
India and Pakistan. Bitterness continues to linger, especially Pakistan
tried to do us harm in every possible way. Jammu and Kashmir had
acceded to India, but Pakistan claims. It invaded Jammu and kashmir in
1948 and occupied a large part. This had been a sore point in the
bilateral relations between India and Pakistan.
India and Pakistan have fought three wars-in 1965, 1971 and 2001. The
Pakistan forces were beaten on all these occasions. Pakistan knows that
it cannot beat India in a direct war, so it keeps fighting a proxy war,
using terrorism. First it encouraged terrorism in Punjab, and now it is
harbouring Kashmir terrorists by giving them training, weapons and
money. Not only this, it sends foreign terrorists into India to spread
terror.
Hots Questions :
1. India is the seventh largest country of the world with the second largest
population. The people belonging to different religions, communities,
races, languages and cultures live here. They all live in harmony. This
makes India a true reflection of ‘unity in diversity’.
However, some selfish elements try to violate peace and harmony
among people. We must remember that we have suffered whenever we
were not united. History is witness to this fact. If we stand united, no
country can ever dream to invade or attack us.
India was treated a great distance since independence. We have solved
a lot of problems, but many more of them await our attention, such as
over-population, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, dowry custom,
child labour, caste-discrimination, terrorism etc; and above all,
corruption. The government is making effort. At the same time, many
people are trying to eradicate corruption and other evils from our
society.
Our country is making progress at a very rapid rate, and if people give
up narrow outlook, our country will progress as a still faster rate. The
future holds promise for us. The day is not far when we shall find a
proud place among the coming of developed nations on the basis of our
achievements in the field of science and technology, industry, medicine,
space research, energy production, military power, social development
and other fields.
2. India wants to maintain friendly relations with all countries on the basis
of mutual understanding and goodwill. Despite our best effort, relations
withe some countries are not so cordial, mainly because of their
negative attitude, such as Pakistan.

161
 Section-III Social and Political Life
1 Our Constitution
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (d), 2. (c), 3. (a), 4. (a), 5. (b)
B. Write true or false : 1. False, 2. True, 3. False, 4. False, 5. False, 6. False
C. Explain the following terms :
1. A Sovereign nation means an independent nation without any control of
any other country.
2. India is a secular country. Here ‘secular’ refers to the threefold
relationship among man, states and religion. The word Secular has not
been defined of explained under the Constitution sateguard in 1950 or
in 1976 when it was made part of the premable. A Secular State means
that the one that all religions equally and does not uphold any religion
as the State religion. Unlike in England where the Queen is the Head of
the Protestant. Church in India there is not provision to make any
religion the ‘established Church’. The state observes an attitude of
neutrality and impartiality toward all religions.
3. The Constitution of India establishes democratic government. It means
the government is run by people’s representation. A democratic
government is based on the consent of the people. It cannot ignore the
public opinion.
4. Fundamental Rights are different from that of simple right. The
Fundamental Right provides in the constitution of India and cannot be
changed easily. Any change in the Fundamental Rights need
amendment. Moreover, the basic structure of constitution cannot be
changed.
5. Socialist nation aims to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor.
The Directive Principal aims at set up a welfare state in India.
6. Our country is Republic. It means the head of Nation is elected.
President is the head of the Nation-India.
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. (i) A constitution is a fundamental law of the land. Other rules and laws
cannot be above the constitution. (ii) A government functions according
to the constitution lays down the national goals of nation. A constitution
limits the powers of the government. A government follow the rules
mentioned in the constitution.
2. Fundamental Rights are different from that of simple right. The
Fundamental Right provides in the constitution of India and cannot be
changed easily. Any change in the Fundamental Rights need
amendment. Moreover, the basic structure of constitution cannot be
changed.
3. Right to Equality : All are equal before the law. No discrimination
will be made on the basis caste, creed, gender and class in the country.

162
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. With the growth of civilization, the system of laws started to take shape
for the convenience of social life and to avoid the conflicts among the
individuals. The people realized the need of rules and laws at to avoid
the confusion and to check the selfish motives of anit-social elements.
Thus, every society needs rules and laws according to which the society
function. Some people think that laws restrict the freedom of
individual. Actually laws ensure the Justice, Liberty and Equality in the
society. The purpose of law is the protection of people of punishing the
wrong doings of other people. Every society has its own problems and
specific features. The laws of some societies are specific to some
societies time, some laws are universal which apply to all the societies
and nations without differentiation of customs & practices. For
example the concept of Freedom, Equalituy, Justice are universal and
are applicable to all the nations.
2. Right to Freedom : This fundamental right is essential in democracy.
It involves more six freedom such as-freedom of speech & expression,
to assemble peacefully, to for association and union, to move in any
part of the country, to reside in any part of the country, to reside in any
part of the country, take up any occupation or trade.
3. (i) Right to Equality : All are equal before the law. No discrimination
will be made on the basis caste, creed, gender and class in the country.
(ii) Right to Freedom : This fundamental right is essential in
democracy. It involves more six freedom such as-freedom of speech &
expression, to assemble peacefully, to for association and union, to
move in any part of the country, to reside in any part of the country, to
reside in any part of the country, take up any occupation or trade., (iii)
Right against exploitation: Children below 14 years of age should not
be allowed to work in factories and mines. Labour class and women
are protected under this provision., (iv) Right to Freedom of Religion
: India is a land of many religions. The constitution of India provides
for the freedom of religion. They can follow any religion but
government would not destroy public order, health and morality., (v)
Cultural and Educational Right : India is a vast country. Here people
of diverse cultures and tradition live together. The people have the right
to safeguard the cultures and language of Indian citizen., The
Constitution of India provides that not citizen shall be denied
admission to any education institution by the constitution., (vi)Right to
Constitutional Remedies : It ensures that every citizen of India move
to the supreme Court/ High court if his/ her fundamental rights are
denied or snatched by the state it is the responsibility of the court to
defend the right of the citizen except during emergency.
4. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the
structure, powers and duties of government and provides for the
Fundamental Rights and Duties of citizen. As the constitution of India
details out the procedure of the government, it is the largest written
constitution of the world. It was prepared by the Constituent Assembly.
163
 A Sovereign nation means an independent nation without any control of
any other country. Socialist nation aims to reduce the gap between the
rich and the poor. The Directive Principal aims at set up a welfare state
in India.
The preamble of the Indian constitution ensures all the citizens of India
social, economic and political justices. It also ensure liberty of thought,
expression and belief, freedom of thought, expression and belief,
freedom of faith and worship, equality of status & opportunity, the
dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation.
5. Right against exploitation: Children below 14 years of age should not
be allowed to work in factories and mines. Labour class and women
are protected under this provision.
Hots Questions :
List of Fundamental Duties: Art. 51A, Part IVA of the Indian Constitution,
specifies the list of fundamental duties of the citizens. It says “it shall be the
duty of every citizen of India : (i) to abide by the constitution and respect its
ideal and institutions; (ii) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which
inspired our national struggle for freedom; (iii) to uphold and protect the
sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; (iv) to defend the country and
render national service when called upon to do so; (v) to promote harmony
and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India
transcending religious, linguistic and regional diversities, to renounce
practices derogatory to the dignity of women; (vi) to value and preserve the
rich heritage of our composite culture; (vii) to protect and improve the
natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wild-life and to
have compassion for living creatures; (viii) to develop the scientific temper,
humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; (ix) to safeguard public
property and to abjure violence; (x) to strive towards excellence in all
spheres of individual and collective activity, so that the nation constantly
rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement. Further, one more
Fundamental duty has been added to the Indian Constitution by 86th
Amendment of the constitution in 2002., (xi) who is a parent or guardian ,
to provide opportunities for education to his child, or as the case may be,
ward between the age of six and fourteen years.

2 Fundamental Rights and Duties

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (b), 2. (c), 3. (a), 4. (b)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. cultures, 2. equality, 3. Beggar
C. Write true or false : 1. True, 2. True, 3. False
D. Complete the following : 1. 15%, 2. 7.5%, 3. 78.3%, 4. 27%
E. Short Answer type Questions :
1. The fulfilment of the fundamental rights are voluntary and not
compulsory. They will slowly awaken the conscience of the people to
do their duties. Mrs Indira Gandhi said in the Parliament, “If people
164
 keep fundamental duties alone in their minds, we would soon witness a
peaceful and friendly revolution.”
2. Right against Exploitation.
3. Democracy implies civil liberties. Certain freedoms, such as freedom
of speech, are essential for the effective working of a democratic
government.
F. Long Answer type Questions :
1. Rights as we have seen earlier, imply duties. These duties are of two
kinds : duties towards the society and duties towards other individuals.
Our Constitution lays down some fundamental duties too.
(i) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions,
the National Flag and the National Anthem., (ii) To cherish and follow
the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.,
(iii) To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
(iv) To defend the country and render national service when called upon
to do so., (v) To promote harmony and the spirit of common
brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious,
linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices
derogatory to the dignity of women., (vi) To value and preserve the
rich heritage of our composite culture., (vii) To protect and improve the
natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to
have compassion for living creatures., (viii) To develop the scientific
temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform., (ix) To
safeguard public property and to abjure violence., (x) To strive towards
excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the
nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.
(xi) Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education
to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and
fourteen years.
2. No, it is voluntary.
3. Rights as we have seen earlier, imply duties. These duties are of two
kinds : duties towards the society and duties towards other individuals.
Our Constitution lays down some fundamental duties too.
(i) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions,
the National Flag and the National Anthem., (ii) To cherish and follow
the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom., (iii)
To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India., (iv)
To defend the country and render national service when called upon to
do so., (v) To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood
amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and
regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the
dignity of women., (vi) To value and preserve the rich heritage of our
composite culture., (vii) To protect and improve the natural
environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have
compassion for living creatures., (viii) To develop the scientific temper,
humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform., (ix) To safeguard
165
 public property and to abjure violence., (x) To strive towards
excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the
nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.,
(xi) Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education
to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and
fourteen years.
Hots Questions :
The concept of Secularism plays an important role in India. Secularism in
India is a positive, revolutionary and comprehensive concept which takes
within its sweep all the communities in India following several religions. It
is not negative in nature, it is not anti-God. Indian secularism recognizes the
importance of religion in human life. It believes that no religion has the
monopoly of philosophical wisdom it allows all religious to discharge their
function within their legitimate bonds. If citizens want to worship their
God, Indian secularism recognizes the need and right for such prayer and
worship. It does not prescribe the practice of any particular religion.
Complete freedom of religion is assured in our constitution.
The Indian Constitution guarantees equality of all religions before law. In
that respect our constitution is strictly founded on secular concept. Our
constitution guarantees fundamental rights of religious freedom. The
concept of secularism has a firm root in India. The whole world recognizes
this fact.

The Making of Laws : Role of President,

3 Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (a), 2. (c), 3. (c), 4. (b)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. Shri Narendra Damodar Das Modi, 2. Legislative,
finance, emergency, 3. Pranab Mukherjee, 4. Vice-President, 5. Supreme
commander
C. Write true or false : 1. False, 2. True, 3. True, 4. True, 5. False
D. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. The Lok Sabha has (a) Leader of the House
2. The Rajya Sabha has (b) Prime Minister
3. Nominal head of the state (c) The President of India
4. Contingency Fund (d) 543 members
5. Prime Minister (e) 250 members
6. Civil servants (f) appointed through
competition
7. Leader of the majority party (g) Union Govt. to be dealt
with by the President
E. Short Answer type questions :
1. To qualify as a candidate for election as President, a persons : (i) must
be a citizen of India., (ii) must have completed the age of 35 years., (iii)

166
 Must be qualified for election as member of Lok Sabha., (iv) must not
hold any office of profit., (v) must be proposed by a least fifty members
of the election college and second by another fifty members.
2. V.V. Giri
3. Joint session is a mechanism to resolve any deadlock between two
Houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) in Parliament. It is provided by
constitution. In this all MPs (MPs of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) will
meet. Bill will be presented before them. They all will vote on Bill. If
majority of votes are for passage of Bill then Bill will be passed
otherwise will be rejected.
4. Prime Minister
F. Long Answer type questions :
1. An important function of the P.M. is to develop friendly relations with
different countries of the world. He makes major announcements on
foreign policy. He safeguards India’s National interests while making
foreign policy. For example, India’s policy of non-alignment is the
contribution of her prime ministers from the times of Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru up to the immediate P.M. Dr. Manmohan Singh.
2. The President is elected indirectly by the elected members of both
Houses of Parliament and elected members of State Legislative
Assemblies. He is elected through proportional representation by means
of a single transferable vote system.
3. The entire Council of Ministers works as a team with the Prime
Minister acting as the skipper or leader. All the meetings of the council
as a whole or the cabinet, are presided over by the Prime Minister. All
the ministers, including the Prime Minister, are collectively responsible
to the Parliament for their acts of omission and commission. If a vote of
‘no confidence’ is passed against one minister in the Lok Sabha, it is
considered a vote against the entire team and, consequently, the entire
Council of Ministers has to resign.
4. Functions of the Council of Ministers
The cabinet exercises real powers at the Centre. It controls the
legislative, executive, financial and foreign policy of the Indian
Government. Its functions are as follow :
(i) Formulation of Policies : It determines the national and foreign
policies of the country., (ii) Control over the Administration : The
Council of Ministers controls the executive policy. The ministers
preside over departments and supervise, direct and control their
administration. The ministers are responsible and accountable to the
Parliament for the conduct of their departments., (iii) Legislative
Functions : (a) The Council of Ministers controls the legislative
functions of the Indian Government. It formulates the policies, submits
and explains to Parliament and seeks approval., (b) It also controls the
summoning, adjournment. It formulates the policies, submits and
explains to Parliament and seeks approval., (iv) Financial Functions :
The Council of Minister controls the financial policy. It is the Finance
Minister who announces the Budget to Parliament., (v) Appointments :
167
 The Constitution empowers the President to make all major
appointments of Governors, Ambassadors, judges, etc. In reality,
however, he exercises his power on the recommendations of the
Council of Ministers.
5. The P.M. is also the leader of the nation. Everyone looks towards him
for any demand or work to be done. All M.P’s seek his favour for
development work in their constituencies. Even the state governments
and the Chief Ministers look to him for help and support.
6. Real Power of the President : One of the most controversial questions
relates to the position of the President. The controversy on this question
is as old as the Constitution itself. Even the members of the Drafting
Committee and the other members of the Constituent Assembly had
difference of opinion on this issue. Some opined that the President’s
position is the same as that of the Queen of England. Others were of the
view that both the model of Britain and French President are
impracticable, so India had to adopt the President’s position as in
Germany.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad agreed with the Later opinion. He was of the view
that the President who holds an elective office of a limited duration,
who is the Head of a federal government and is liable to impeachment
for the violation of the Constitution, cannot be compared with the
Queen of England who holds a hereditary office, and is head of unitary
government, and who is not responsible for her acts of Omission and
Commission in the running of the same government.
The Constitution provides that the executive power of the Union shall
be vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly
or through the office subordinate to him (Article 53). Article 74, at the
same time, provides for a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister
at the head, to aid and advice the President. And the President shall act
in accordance with such advice.
But the President will act in accordance with the advice of the Council of
Minister so long as it does not violate any provisions of the Constitution
with regard to other such provisions. Thus, the President is not supposed
to follow the advice of the Council of Ministers blindly. Therefore, it is
wrong to say that he is merely a figure-hand. In fact, the position of the
President depends much upon the personally and the political
circumstances prevailing in the country at a particular point of time.
Hots Questions :
Do yourself.
Task for Creative Activities
l Arrange the letters according to the hint given.
(a) JAWAHARLAL NEHRU, (b) RAJENDRA PRASAD
(c) INDIRA GANDHI

Parliamentary Government :
4 Government at the Central Level
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (c), 2. (c), 3. (b), 4. (a), 5. (b)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. Constitution, Loksabha, 2. Finance Minister, 3. 250,
4. secret, 5. Universal Adult

168
C. Write true or false : 1. False, 2. True, 3. True, 4. False, 5. True
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. The Finance Minister may put up some supplementary demands during
the course of the financial year. These demands are called the
Supplementary Budget.
2. These are nearly 97 subjects in the Union List on which only the
Parliament can make laws. The most important subjects included in this
list are Railways, Communication, Banking, Currency, Foreign Affairs,
Defence, etc.
3. Railways, Communication, Banking, Currency, Foreign Affairs,
Defence, etc.
4. Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the
State Legislative Assemblies as per the system of proportional
representation by means of a single transferable vote. The
representatives from the Union Territories are chosen in a manner
determined by law by Parliament.
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and President
2. Legislative matters are either concerned with Ordinary Bills or
Monetary Bills.
(i) Ordinary Bills : It is a non-money Ordinary Bill. An Ordinary Bill
may originate in either House of the Parliament. When the Bill is
passed by both the Houses, it becomes an Act after having been
assented to by the President. In the event of difference of opinion
between the two Houses in regard to any Ordinary Bill, the final
decision is taken in a Joint Session of the two Houses in order to
resolve the deadlock. The Joint Session is presided over by the Speaker
of the Lok Sabha. Apparently both the Houses of the Parliament seem
to have been placed at par as far as the ordinary bills are concerned. But
in reality the Lok Sabha enjoys a prominent position in a Joint Session
as the membership of the Lok Sabha is more than double the
membership of the Rajya Sabha., (ii) Money Bills : As far as the
Money Bill concerned the Rajya Sabha has practically no powers. All
Money Bills relating to taxation or expenditure must be initiated in the
Lok Sabha, it is referred to the Rajya Sabha for its approval. The latter
must return the Money Bill with or without its recommendations within
fourteen days from the date of its receipt. If it does not return the Bill
within this period, the Bill shall be deemed to have been passed by both
the Houses. If the Rajya Sabha return the Bill to the Lok Sabha within
14 days with its recommendations, the latter is at liberty to accept or
reject any of these recommendations.
3. The Presiding Officer of the Lok Sabha is called the Speaker. He is
elected soon after the newly elected House meets for the first time. The
Deputy Speaker who officiates as Speaker in the absence of the latter, is
also elected by the House. They are chosen by the Lok Sabha from
amongst its own members. The Constitution provides that when the
House is dissolved the Speaker shall not vacate his Office. He
continues in Office until a new speaker is elected by the newly elected
Lok Sabha in its first meeting. The normal term of a Speaker is of five
years. He may seek re-election for any number of times.
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 4. The Rajya Sabha or the Council of States is the Upper House of the
Union Parliament. It represents the regional interests of the 29
federating states and six Union Territories. The representation of States
in the Rajya Sabha differs from State to State on the basis of their
respective population. Uttar Pradesh with its vast population sends 31
members to the Rajya Sabha, while Mizoram with a small population
sends one member.
Composition : The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is 250
members. 238 members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the states
and the Union Territories and 12 of them are nominated by the
President of India among men of repute in various sphere of life, e.g.
art, science, technology, etc.
5. Qualifications of the Members : A person must have the following
qualifications in order to seek membership of the Lok Sabha :
(i) He should be a citizen of India., (ii) He should not be less than 25
years of age., (iii) He should not be a proclaimed criminal.
(iv) He should have his name in the electoral rolls in some part of the
country., (v) The person should not be a direct beneficiary of the
government and should not hold an office of profit under the
government., (vi) No person can be a member of both Houses of
Parliament at the same time.
Hots Questions :
Do yourself.
Task for Creative Activities :
Do yourself

5 The Judiciary
A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (c), 2. (c), 3. (b)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. Criminal court, 2. decision of High Court,
3. equipped with special power.
C. Match the following :
Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
1. Supreme Court is at the (a) on October 6,1986.
2. An appeal lies to the (b) if the High Court
Supreme Court certifies that the case is
a fit one for appeal to
the Supreme Court.
3. The Judiciary in the state has a (c) apex of this judicial
system.
4. The highest civil courts in (d) in that of a District
the district Judge.
5. Lok Adalats were held in Delhi (e) High Court as an apex body.
D. Short Answer type questions :
1. Justic Jagdish Singh Khehar

170
 2. Do yourself.
3. Advisory or Consultative Jurisdiction : President of India can seek
the opinion of Supreme Court or any question of law or fact of public
importance. There is no Constitutional compulsion for the court to give
its advice. The advice of the court is not however, binding on the
President.
E. Long Answer type questions :
1. India has a single unified judicial system for the entire country. The
Constitution provides for the establishment of a Supreme Court of
India. The Supreme Court is at the apex of this judicial system. Below
the Supreme Court are the State High Courts and at the lowest rung of
the ladder are subordinate courts at the district and tehsil levels.
The Supreme Court exercises supervision and controls over the entire
judicial system of the country.
2. Appellate Jurisdiction : The High Court possesses appellate jurisdiction
both in the civil and criminal cases. In civil cases it hears appeals
against the decision of District Judges.
In criminal cases, it hears appeals against the judgments of the sessions
and Additional Sessions Judges.
3. Composition : The Supreme Court consisted of a Chief Justice and not
more than seven other judges. The members have been progressively
raised from 7 to 10 and then 14 including the Chief Justice. Later on,
when its work increased manifold, its number, according to an act of
1986 was raised to 26 including the Chief Justice. The Parliament can
in fact increase or decrease the number of judges according to
exigency. Provision has also been made for the appointment of ad hoc
judges and also attendance of retired judges at the sittings of the
Supreme Court.
Qualifications of Judges : The Judge of the Supreme Court must be a
citizen of India and possess either of the following qualifications :
(i) He must have worked as a judge of a High Court or High Courts at
least for a period of 5 years., (ii) He must have practised at least for 10
years continuously as a pleader in High Courts of India., (iii) He, in the
opinion of President of India, is a distinguished jurist. This provision
opens a wider field of choice, as even a distinguished professor of law
in the university is qualified to be a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Hots Questions :
1. Do yourself
2. In a democratic country like ours, which has a long and written
Constitution, the Judiciary has the sole power to interpret the
Constitution. If some disputes arise between the Centre and the States
or between the states themselves, it has to be settled by the judiciary.
That is why in judiciary the Supreme Court is called the final
interpreter and guardian of the Constitution. India has a single unified
judicial system for the entire country. The Constitution provides for the
establishment of a Supreme Court of India. The Supreme Court is at the
apex of this judicial system. Below the Supreme Court are the State
171
 High Courts and at the lowest rung of the ladder are subordinate courts
at the district and tehsil levels. The Supreme Court exercises
supervision and controls over the entire judicial system of the country.

6 Social Justice and the Marginalised

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (b), 2. (b), 3. (a)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. Scheduled Tribes, 2. Right to Equality, 3. minorities,
4. labour, 5. SCs
C. Short Answer type questions :
1. 16% and 8%
2. The ‘untouchables’ were discriminated against in many ways. They had
to live separately on the outskirts of the villages. If by chance they
happened to touch any highcaste person, the person was supposed to
perform ceremonies to restore his or her religious purity. Some even
believed that the sight of an ‘untouchable’ was a bad omen. They were
not allowed to enter any temple or other places of worship. Neither
could they draw water from a public well, water tank or river ghat.
They had to depend on someone else to give them water when they
needed it. They were even barred from entering public eating places,
ships, etc.
3. Mahatma Gandhi declared that the untouchables were ‘Harijans’
meaning ‘the people of God’.
4. Five religious communities, viz. Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists
and Zoroastrians (Parsis) have been notified as minorities as per
provision under the National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992.
D. Long Answer type questions :
1. The Constitution through right to equality and certain directive
principles assures them safeguards against haunting disabilities. They
are as under :
(a) Right to equality specifies that no person can be deprived to the use
of shops, hotels, places of public entertainments, ponds and wells only
on the grounds of caste or peace of birth., (b) There is a reservation of
seats in the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies of the states for the
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes., (c) A National Commission
for SCs and STs was appointed to investigate into complaints regarding
deprivation of the rights of scheduled castes or scheduled tribes. (d)
Certain schemes, viz. Employment schemes, Rural Landless
Employment Guarantee Scheme and Jawahar Rozgar Yojana have been
launched to ameliorate their lot by enhancing their income., (e) Certain
schemes enhancing for educational Development, viz.
(i) Pre-Matric Scholarships for children those are engaged in unclean
occupation., (ii) Post-Matric Scholarship of SC students., (iii) Rajiv
Gandhi National Fellowship scheme for scheduled caste students has
been introduced during the current financial year 2005-06., (iv)
National Overseas Scholarship and Passage Grants for higher
172
 education., (v) UP Gradation of Merit for SC students by providing
them facilities for all-around development through education in
residential school., (vi) Coaching and Allied Scheme for weaker
sections including SCs, This scheme aimed to equip aspiring students
for preparing them for various competitive exams., (vii) Hostel for
scheduled caste boys and girls set up by the central and state
governments which is received as a stepping-stone to economic and
social progress of the persons belonging to the scheduled castes.
2. A complainant should provide the following information in an FIR.
(i) Name and address of the complaint., (ii) Date, time and location of
the incident., (iii) Correct information of the incident as it occurred.,
(iv) Names and descriptions of the persons as it occurred.
3. The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes constitute 16 per cent and 8
per cent respectively of the total population of the country. The persons
belonging to the scheduled castes have to face social disparities and
economic backwardness owing to age old customs.
The ‘untouchables’ were discriminated against in many ways. They had
to live separately on the outskirts of the villages. If by chance they
happened to touch any highcaste person, the person was supposed to
perform ceremonies to restore his or her religious purity. Some even
believed that the sight of an ‘untouchable’ was a bad omen. They were
not allowed to enter any temple or other places of worship. Neither
could they draw water from a public well, water tank or river ghat.
They had to depend on someone else to give them water when they
needed it. They were even barred from entering public eating places,
ships, etc.
4. What is meant by Marginalised Groups? The word ‘Marginalised’ in the
‘Indian body politics’ is vague and fluid one. As such, it is being applied
and ascribed to indiscriminately. The Rama Krishna Mission in the recent
past asked for the status of minority community. Sikhs consider
themselves minority though they are in pre-ponderating majority in the
Punjab. Muslim constitute minority in India except are a minority in
Northern India but a majority in the South. Likewise, there are hundreds
of linguistic minority pockets. The various tribes together form ethnic
minority. Each of these minority communities are eager for separate
entity and special attention. Evidently the main problem about the
minorities is their identity. In Jammu and Kashmir state, Kashmiri Pandits
constitute minority and they are being pushed out of Kashmir–Muslims
dominated state. The Muslim having thumping majority in Kashmir
ceased to be a minority so far as that state is concerned.
5. (i) National Commission for Minorities : The National Commission
for Minorities is responsible to safeguard the interest of minorities,
which broadly relates to atrocities by the police, service matters,
minority education institutions and disputes relating to religious places.
After taking cognizance of the complaints, reports are called for from
the concerned authorities on receipt of the reports, the commission
make appropriate recommendations to the concerned authorities.,
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 (ii) National Commission for Religious and Linguistic Minorities :
The Government of India has been seized of the welfare needs of
socially and economically backward sections among religious and
linguistic minorities. For having a detail examination for identification of
minorities and to suggest measures for their welfare the government has
constituted a National Commission for Religious and Linguistic
minorities.
It recommended measures for/to : (a) reservation in education and
government employment., (b) suggest the necessary constitutional, legal
and administrative modalities.
(iii) Economic Development : National Minorities Development and
Finance Corporation provides concessional finance for self-
employment activities to eligible beneficiaries belonging to minority
communities having family income below double the poverty line.,
(iv) Educational Development : Maulana Azad Education Foundation
is a registered society with the objectives of promoting education
amongst the educationally backward sections of society. The
Government of India provides corpus fund from ` 70.00 crore to ` 100
crore.
Hots Questions :
Do yourself.

7 Economical Presence of the Government

A. Tick (3) the correct answer : 1. (a), 2. (a), 3. (b), 4. (a)
B. Fill in the blanks : 1. 1961, 2. Poverty line, 3. fifth, 4. Village crops, 5.
population, defective
C. Short Answer type questions :
1. After independence, India faced three major problems- rehabilitation of
refugees, severe food shortage and inflationary pressure on the
economic. Thus, the First Five- Years Plan accorded the highest priority
to agriculture including irrigation and power projects. About 44.6 per
cent of total outley of ` 2.096 crores in the public sector was allotted for
its development. The amount was later raised to ` 2,378 crores. During
this period the work on the Bhakra Nagal Dam project near Ropar
(Punjab) at the zenith of the Setluj Himalayan Valley was initiated. The
Power and irrigation projects of Damodar Valley and Hirakund valley
were also commenced.
2. The National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) envisages
generation of employment opportunities of the order of 300-400 million
mondays every years. The aim is to provide employment in the lean
agriculture seasons through productive in rural areas.
3. The Scheme of Training Rural Youth for Self- Employment
(TRYSEM) was started in 1979 with the principal objective of
removing unemployment among the rural youth.

174
D. Long Answer type questions :
1. Economic development can only be achieved through proper planning.
As we have read in History section, the partition of India adversely
effected the economy of India, particularly in the matter of foodgrains
and agriculture products. After independence, the government of India
adopted Economic planning policy and introduced many economic
reforms for the development of India.
2. 1950
3. Second Five-years Plan : The Second Plan was planned in an
atmosphere of economic stability. The targets fixed in the First Five-
Year Plan were broadly achieved particularly in the field of agricultural
development. The development of heavy and basic industries was the
main aim of Second Plan. All the targets of the plan were not achieved,
but the Second Plan marked milestone in the country’s but the Second
Plan marked milestone in the country’s onward march towards
prosperity.
4. Most of the villages have also been linked to cities and district
headquarters, through roads and public transport system. Village
products can now be easily transported to cities where the farmers can
get better price for them. In return, the village people now buy their
requirements, e.g. better seeds, manure and fertilizers, from the city.
Post offices, telegraph and even telephone services have been made
available in some of our villages. Mass communication through radio
and television is reaching every Indian village.
5. Agriculture : Agriculture is very important for development of our
country. It fulfils our very basis requirement of food. Apart from this, it
also provides raw materials for many industries. The government gave
high priority to agriculture by allocating an amount of 30 per cent to it
in the First Five-Year Plan. Modern and scientific methods of farming
were introduced. Pesticides are used to protect the crops from pests and
insects. A number of agriculture universities were established to carry
out research in all aspects of agriculture. It brought a Green Revolution
in India. Land reforms were made by abolishing zamindari system.
Surplus land was distributed among landless farmers. As a result, our
country has become self-sufficient in food-production.
6. In the 1950’s and 1960’s, Indian planners believed in the ‘trickle down
theory’ to remove poverty. According to this view, poverty alleviation
was a gradual and automatic process as the economy grew. So the
emphasis was on increasing the growth-rate of the economy.
Unfortunately, the ‘trickle down theory’ failed to eradicate poverty.
Rather, poverty increased over the years. This led the planners to adopt
four broad categories of programmes in stages for poverty alleviation.
First, resource and income development programmes for the rural poor;
second, special area development programmes; third, works
programme for the creation of supplementary employment
opportunities; and the fourth, the Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)
to improve the consumption levels of the poor in order to raise their
productive efficiency.
Hots Questions :
Do yourself.
175
This Teacher’s Manual contains
material to guide teachers to
initiate the topics with a warm up.
Thereafter complete instructions
are given on how to proceed with
each chapter. This manual also
contains correct and possible
solutions.

` 60.00