Fuel and Lubricants
(AMT 2103) FINAL MODULE
Laboratory Module 02:
AIRCRAFT REFUELING
• INTRODUCTION
• LEARNING OUTCOMES
• LECTURE/DISCUSSION
• ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
• REFERENCE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Ref. no Page
Introduction 1
7
Two Methods of 1
9
Refueling
Safety Precautions 1&2
10
Aircraft Refueling 2
14
Procedures
Enrichment Activity 16
Honesty Clause 17
Rubrics 18
TABLE OF REFERENCES
References No.
https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Refuelling_a
nd_Defuelling_Risks
1
Aviation Fuels Technical Review, Chevron, 2004 Retrived
from https://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/2478.pdf 2
TIMEFRAME:
You should be able to complete this module including all the self-
assessments, research, and other performance tasks within 3 hours.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]
Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]
CLO 4: Able
CLO1. Able to
torecognize
describe thethe
fundamental characteristics
production, requirements for a
and Topic Learning Outcomes
good aircraft
types fuel.fuels, lubricants
of aircraft MLO1.
MLO 1. Demonstrate
State proper
the different [TLO]
and greases. refueling ofoflight
properties aircraft and show
lubricants.
CLO 5: The students will be able to safe refueling TLO1. Distinguish the properties
CLO2. The students will be able MLO2. Able to practices.
identify the
state the characteristics of of lubricants.
to classify the types of fuel, different requirements and TLO7: Apply and demonstrate
gasoline compared to aviation
lubricants and greases used in functions of lubricants. TLO2. Identify
fuel the importance of
fuels. MLO 2: Apply the proper refueling the proper handling
knowing the properties of
different types of aircraft.
CLO 6: Apply the basic and safety and handling procedures. lubricants.
procedures of proper fuel handling
CLO 7: Demonstrate the general
TLO8: Understand the safe
safety rules while performing
during shop activity.
procedures of fueling and
lubricating
INTRODUCTION
Aircraft refuelling and de-fuelling are accompanied by attendant hazards which must be managed
sufficiently for their mitigation to acceptable levels. The issues are much the same whether the fuel
source is a tanker/bowser or a fuel hydrant system. Pressure refuelling is normal for multi crew
transport aircraft and business jets but gravity refuelling of these types may be available as a backup
system. The kerosene fuel used by turbine engine aircraft has a higher flash/ignition point than the
aviation gasoline used by piston engine aircraft but there are still potential hazards.
The primary risk is unintended ignition of fuel vapour, which can occur by a single spark. A sufficient
quantity of fuel vapour to create a high risk of ignition may result from spillage arising from
procedural errors, leaks, aircraft tank venting or failure of pressurized fuel lines or their couplings. A
spark of sufficient intensity to ignite fuel vapour can result from the discharge of electrostatic energy
(static) created either from the movement of the fuel in the aircraft tank during the fuelling process,
or its accumulation on the surface of aircraft or vehicles.
Fuel movement during refuelling or defuelling may lead
to the a static charge building up in the fuel. If the
charge is of sufficiently high potential, it can cause
sparking within the aircraft or the ‘origin’ storage tank.
The charge density in the fuel and the possibility of
sparks inside the tanks are not affected by bonding.
However, the use of static dissipater additives in fuel can
contribute materially to reducing the risk involved.
TWO METHODS OF REFUELING
• Aircraft refueling is one of serious task carried out by trained aircraft mechanics.Refueling an
aircraft is a process where trained personnel carried out task to fill an aircraft with fuel in order
to enable the aircraft to continue its journey.
• Generally there two methods of refueling which are
• gravity refueling
• pressure refueling.
• Usually, pressure refueling is used when it comes to the refueling of large aircraft such as Boeing
747 and gravity fueling is used on small aircraft such as Cessna 172. This essay will describe
process of pressure refueling and there are several steps and precautions that must be done by
responsible personnel.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
The first precaution that must be done by trained personnel before
carrying out the refueling process is to refer to the specific Aircraft
Maintenance Manual.
Next, this operation must be carried out outside the hangar and should
be in a well-ventilated area only.
Make sure there are fire extinguishers nearby. Get to know the location
and serviceability of the fire extinguisher.
know the location of the emergency fuel shut off valve if its available.
This operation should be conducted by personnel who has the required knowledge.
Do not operate any electrical and radio equipment in this operation. while refueling,
do not connect the external ground power if its not connected before. And do not
disconnect the ground power if its not connected before refueling.
do not operate of shutdown APU when refueling is being done.
After that, park the fuel tanker obliquely so that it can be driven away from aircraft in
forward direction in case of emergency.
check the correct grade of fuel is used.
Also, ensure there is a proper bonding and groundings between aircraft and tanker,
aircraft and ground, tanker and ground, and nozzle and filler port.
Do not smoke and no use of naked flame or
equipment that can cause spark and ignite fuel. This
operation should be conducted away from any source
of fire and if there is an operation that involve with
fire, it must be located 15 meters.
Finally, warning sign should be displayed and posted
15 meters from the location of operation.
do not refuel if
the aircraft Engines are running.
if you notice electrical storming.
if oxygen servicing is being perform in the aircraft.
if any part of the aircraft is over hot.
AIRCRAFT REFUELING PROCEDURE
There are several steps of aircraft refueling and it starts with
the grounding of aircraft and the fuel tanker. Do not drag the
hose along the leading edge.
Next, connect the fueling nozzle grounding cable to the aircraft
grounding receptacle and immediately remove the filler cap.
After that, insert the fuel nozzle into filler cap and commence
fueling which is carried out by the suction method which is
provided by the tanker.
Stop fueling once the desired fuel quantity has been reached.
This can be monitor from the cockpit gauge reading.
Once fueling process is done, install and secure the filler cap.
Remove the fueling nozzle grounding cable from the aircraft
grounding receptacle, the fuel tanker from the aircraft and
grounding cable from the aircraft as well as from the tanker.
Finally, ensure the fuel does not come in contact with skin,
clothes and eyes. Immediately clean and wash with water and
special soap if this happens and also seek for the medical
attention. If there is any spillage of fuel on the ground, clean the
spillage.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
Instruction: Answer the following question in a paragraph form.
List down the safety procedures of aircraft refueling
You have 20 min to finish the activity
Honesty Clause
My signature below constitutes my pledge that all of the writing is my own work, with the exception of
those portions which are properly documented.
________________________ _____________________
Students Name and Signature Parent/Guardian Signature
ESSAY RUBRIC
CRITERIA INADEQUATE(Belo ADEQUATE(Meets ABOVE EXEMPLARY(Far SCORE
w Standard)65%-74% Standard)75%-84% AVERAGE(Exceeds Exceeds
Standard)85%-92% Standard)93%-100%
Organization Writing lacks logical Writing is coherent and Writing is coherent Writing shows high
organization. It logically organized. and logically degree of attention to
shows some Some points remain organized with logic and reasoning
coherence but ideas misplaced and stray transitions used of points. Unity
lack unity. Serious from the between ideas and clearly leads the
errors. topic.Transitions paragraphs to create reader to the
evident but not used coherence. Overall conclusion and stirs
throughout essay. unity of ideas is thought regarding the
present. topic.
Level of Content Shows some thinking Content indicates Content indicates Content indicates
and reasoning but thinking and reasoning original thinking and synthesis of ideas, in-
most ideas are applied with original develops ideas with depth analysis and
underdeveloped and thought on a few ideas. sufficient and firm evidences original
unoriginal. evidence. thought and support
for the topic.
Development Main points lack Main points are present Main points well Main points well
detailed development. with limited detail and developed with developed with high
Ideas are vague with development. Some quality supporting quality and quantity
little evidence of critical thinking is details and quantity. support. Reveals high
critical thinking. present. Critical thinking is degree of critical
weaved into points. thinking.
Grammar Spelling, punctuation, Most spelling, Essay has few Essay is free of
&Mechanics and grammatical punctuation, and spelling, punctuation, distracting spelling,
errors create grammar are correct and grammatical punctuation, and
distraction, making allowing reader to errors allowing grammatical errors;
reading difficult; progress the essay. reader to follow ideas absent of fragments,
fragments, comma Some errors remain. clearly. Very few comma splices, and
splices, run-ons fragments or run-ons. run-ons.
evident. Errors are
frequent.
GRADE(score/4)
