Close Loop Operation
2 types of connection in close loop operation
1. Inverting
2. Non-inverting
Inverting Amplifier:
Close loop gain,
Open loop gain,
[For Ideal op amp]
=
= =
=-
As the Op Amp is internally opened, there is no current flowing
through the Op Amp,
So,
=
= -
= -
= - ,
So, as the close loop gain is negative , The Amplifier is an inverting Amplifier.
Input Resistance,
is kept low to keep the gain high, as appears in the denominator of
the gain expression ( ).
Low input resistance is a drawback.
Because when is low ( ), input current
Further, from the above circuit it can be seen that input current flowing
through will cause a voltage drop Thus the input voltage will be
lower than the signal voltage . Thus this is another drawback of Low , it
causes high current to flow, which in turn causes Large signal loss in Rs
and reduces the input voltage Vi,
Question: For the following amplifier circuit, determine the output
voltage.
Show the relevant calculations, given ,
, and .
Answer:
= -100 mV - 200 mV
= -1 V – 1V = -2 V (Ans)
Non - Inverting Amplifier:
, (i = )
= ( +1) =
∴ =
Gain is Positive, hence the name Non-inverting Amplifier, it does not invert
the input.
The input resistance of the Non-inverting Amplifier .
There will be no input current flowing. This is an advantage of the non-
inverting amplifier over the inverting one. With zero input current, there will
no signal loss ( ) and there will no loss either.
Voltage Buffer
Voltage buffer is a circuit that can transfer the input signal to the output
without any loss.
Characteristics of an ideal voltage buffer:
1. Infinite input resistance
2. Zero output resistance
3. Unity voltage gain.
In the non-inverting amplifier, if we make R1 open circuit, i.e., , then
= =1
Since there not flow any current in the
input of the Op Amp, i = 0. So the
voltage drop across will also be zero.
It appears that the resistor has no
function to play. Therefor we can safe
make = 0, without affecting the circuit
output. The resulting circuit, known as
the voltage buffer is shown below.
It has an infinite input resistance, zero
output resistance and unity voltage gain.
Question : For the following amplifier circuit determine the output
voltage. Show relevant calculations. Given , ,
and .
Answer:
= 10 5
= 50 V (Ans)
Adder Circuit
i
Fig : Weighted Adder Circuit
, ,
i= +
= -( + )
=
❖ For n number of input
i=
=-( )
= - -( + + )
=-(
If = = =.......= =R
Question:
Design a 3 input adder circuit with output =-
Answer:
=-(
=-
Assume ,
[ 10 k is a high enough resistance for electronic circuits
to keep the current low]
(Ans).
Question :
Design a 3 input adder circuit with an output
Answer:
Equating the coefficients with the output of a 3-input adder circuit,
Let,
We get ,
Two inverting amplifier with gain -1 is placed after the inputs , to
make the corresponding outputs positive.
Non - Inverting Amplifier with 2 inputs:
Using Superposition Theorem:
The output is given as
Where is the voltage at the non-inverting terminal of the op amp, and
can be determined applying superposition theorem, i.e., considering one
input at a time, the voltages are the voltages at the non-
inverting terminal due to the inputs and can be determined as,
For
For
Then the resultant voltage,
=
Difference Amplifier:
voltage
Provided that the condition is satisfied.
Proof:
Using Superposition theorem:
and
Next and
= .
= .
With both and active, the output voltage will be,
= [ If ]
=
If,
After simplification we get,
So this is the condition for the circuit to work as a Difference Amplifier.
The circuit will amplify the difference between the two signals.
Differential Input Resistance:
vs vid
+
Differential resistance is the resistance seen between the two input
terminals and is equal to the differential input voltage divided by the
current.
Applying KVL, = i( )
Low input resistance, like inverting amplifier.
We cannot take high value for , as appears in the denominator
of the gain expression.
When is low, we also have keep , low to maintain the ratio
Limitations of the Basic Difference Amplifier:
1. Low Input Resistance.
2. Low Gain.
3. Difficult to vary Gain.
❖ Overcoming Low Input Resistance:
Adding two voltage buffers at the input terminals, voltage buffers
provide infinite input resistance and unity gain, so the signal is
transferred to the input without any loss.
❖ Overcoming Low Gain:
The two voltage buffers can be converted into non-inverting
amplifiers, that will add gain to the amplifier.
Overall Gain,
= = ( )
The overall gain is the product of two gains, so it is possible to have very
high gain.
❖ Overcoming Difficulty in varying the Gain:
Two resistances of R of the non-inverting amplifiers are combined into a
single resistor as shown in the figure below.
( )
R
Overall Gain,
= ( )
So now we have one single resistor R which we can vary to vary the gain.
The resulting circuit has many desirable features that one looks in a good
amplifier. Because of this, the circuit is widely used in the industry and is
fabricated as one single device as a single IC chip. The complete circuit is
known as the Instrumentation Amplifier (IA).
Problem with the resulting circuit:
When the resistor R is replaced with a variable resistor, it is possible that
the variable resistor may hit zero, and when that happens, there will be a
short circuit. In order to avoid this problem, resistor R is replaced with one
variable ( ) and one fixed ( ) resistor. Now, even if the variable resistor
becomes zero, there will be a small fixed resistor to avoid the short
circuit problem.
R=
= ( ) [
As we vary from its minimum ( ) to maximum ( ) value,
differential gain will vary from its maximum ( ) to minimum ( )
value.
Differentiation & Integration Circuit:
Q = CV
V=
For t < 0 <1,
For 1 < t <3,
For 3< t <5,
NOTE: Spikes are Impulse Function.
If we add a diode at output, the diode will only allow the +ve spikes. So the
-ve spikes will vanish.
For 0 < t <1 ms
=
= - (1V/ms) (tms)
∴ -t v
At t = 0, 0v
At t = 1, -1v
For 1 < t < 2 ms
= - (1V/ms)
= (t-1)-1 v
∴ (t-2) v
At t = 1, 1-2 = -1v
At t = 2, 2- 2 = 0v
= 0 - 1v
= -1v
● a
Y=
Here,
∴Y=
