CHAPTER 8 Electromagnetic Waves MR, cS STUD / Passace Basen D QUESTIONS ay Syllabus Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, thelr Transverse nature (qualitative ideas only). Electromagn spectrum (radio waves, microwave: infrared, ultraviolet, Xerays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses ible, Questions 1-7 are Case Study based questions and are compulsory. Attempt any 4 sub parts from each question, Each question carries 1 mark. Directions of Electromagnetic Waves In an electromagnetic wave both the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation, that is why electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature, Electromagnetic waves carry energy as they travel through space and this energy is shared equally by the electric and magnetic fields. Energy density of an electromagnetic ‘waves is the energy in unit volume of the space through which the wave travels. (i) The electromagnetic waves propagated perpendicular to both £ and B. ‘The electromagnetic waves travel in the direction of @) EB (b) ExB () BE (d) BxE (ii) Fundamental particle in an electromagnetic wave is (a) photon (b) electron (©) phonon (@) proton (iii) Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature is evident by (a) polarisation (b) interference (0) reflection (@) diffraction (iv) For a wave propagating in a medium, identify the property that is independent of the others, (a) velocity (b) wavelength (©) frequency (4) all these depend on each other (¥) The electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic waves are (a) in opposite phase and perpendicular to each other (b) in opposite phase and parallel to each other (c)_ in phase and perpendicular to each other (4) in phase and parallel to each other. © scanned with OKEN Scannerpec * YY speed of Electromagnetic Wave jyaxwell showed that the speed of an electromagnetic wave depends on the permeability and permittivity of the 1 given by ¢ blot ecdium through which it travels. The speed of an electromagnetic wave in free spac she fact led Maxwell to predict that light is an electromagnetic wave. The emergence of the speed of light from yarely electromagnetic considerations is the crowning achievement of Maxwell’ electromagnetic theory. The aot ofan lectromagnetic wave in any medium of permeability and permittivity € will be 7 where K Hy ithe dielectric constant of the medium and j,is the relative permeabi i: {i) The dimensions of he (€q : permittivity of free space; E = electric field) is (a) MILT“! (b) MT? (c) Mir? (@) MULT {ii) Let [tq] denote the dimensional formula of the permittivity of the vacuum. If M = mass, L = length, T = time and A= electric current, then (a) [eg)=MULSTPA (b) [eq] = ML? THA? (©) [el = MLT 7A? (a) [e] =ML?T* (iii) An electromagnetic wave of frequency 3 MHz passes from vacuum intoa dielectric medium with permittivity e=4. Then (a) wavelength and frequency both remain unchanged (b) wavelength is doubled and the frequency remains unchanged (c) wavelength is doubled and the frequency becomes half (4) wavelength is halved and the frequency remains unchanged. (ix) Which of the following are not electromagnetic waves? (a) cosmic rays (b) y-rays (2) Berays (4) X-rays (*) The electromagnetic waves travel with (a) the same speed in all media (b) the speed of light c= 3 x 10° ms“ in free space (0) the speed of light c= 3 x 108 m sin solid medium (d) the speed of light c= 3 x 108 ms“ in fluid medium. Momentum and Pressure of an Electromagnetic Wave An dlectromagnetic wave transports linear momentum as it travels through space. If an electromagnetic wave transfers a total energy U to a surface in time f, then total linear momentum delivered to the surface is p = = When an electromagnetic wave falls on a surface, it exerts pressure on the surface, In 1903, the American Scientists Nichols and Hull succeeded in measuring radiation pressures of visible light where other had failed, by making a detailed empirical analysis of the ubiquitous gas heating and ballistic efleets, © scanned with OKEN ScannerWMG Physics | Class 12 (i) The pressure exerted by an electromagnetic wave of intensity I (W m™) on a non-reflecting surface jg (cis the velocity of light) @ Ie @) 12 (©) Me (a) We (ii) Light with an energy flux of 18 W/cm? falls on a non-reflecting surface at normal incidence. The pressure exerted on the surface is (a) 2N/m? (b) 210° N/m? (©) 6 N/m? (d) 6x 10-4 N/m? (iti) Radiation of intensity 0.5 W m”? are striking a metal plate, The pressure on the plate is (a) 0.166 x 10° Nm? (b) 0.212 10° Nm? (¢) 0.132 x 10°° Nm? (d) 0.083 x 10° Nm (iv) A point source of electromagnetic radiation has an average power output of 1500 W. The maximum value of electric field at a distance of 3 m from this source (in V m“!) is 250 @) 500 () 100 © * o> (¥) The radiation pressure of the visible light is of the order of (@) 102Nm? (b) 10N/m (©) 10° Nim? (d) 10°°N Electromagnetic Spectrum All the known radiations from a big family of electromagnetic waves which stretch over a large range of wavelengths. Electromagnetic wave include radio waves, microwaves, visible light waves, infrared rays, UV rays, X-rays and gamma rays. The orderly distribution of the electromagnetic waves in accordance with their wavelength or frequency into distinct groups having widely differing properties is electromagnetic spectrum. (i) Which wavelength of the Sun is used finally as electric energy? (a) radio waves (b) infrared waves (©) visible light (@) microwaves (ii) Which of the following electromagnetic radiations have the longest wavelength? (a) X-rays (b) y-rays (c)_ microwaves (d) radiowaves (iii) Which one of the following is not electromagnetic in nature? (a) X-rays (b) gamma rays (0) cathode rays (4) infrared rays (iv) Which of the following has minimum wavelength ? (a) X-rays (b) ultraviolet rays (co) y-rays (d) cosmic rays (¥) ‘The decreasing order of wavelength of infrared, microwave, ultraviolet and gamma rays is (a) microwave, infrared, ultraviolet, gamma rays () gamma rays, ultraviolet, infrared, microwave (c)_ microwave, gamma rays, infrared, ultraviolet (d) infrared, microwave, ultraviolet, gamma rays. © scanned with OKEN Scannermm poromagnetic Waves gadiations by Electromagnetic Waves jectrons oscillating in a circuit give rise to radiowaves, A transmitting antenna radiates most effectively the radiowaves of wavelength equal to the size of the antenna. ‘The infrared waves incident on a substance set into occillation all its electrons, atoms and molecules, This increases the internal energy and hence the temperature arithe substance. {Hyp sand yy are the speeds of gamma rays, X-rays and microwaves respectively in vacuum, then (a) Vg? x? Ym () ¥5 <4 < My (©) ¥q> %q> Yq (€) > %q= Vy (i) hich of the following will deflect in electric field? (a) X-rays (b) y-rays ()_ cathode rays (d) ultraviolet rays (ii) y-rays are detected by (a) point contact diodes (b) thermopiles (c) ionization chamber (d) photocells (ix) The frequency of electromagnetic wave, which best suited to observe a particle of radius 3 x 10~ cm is the order of (a) 10S Hz. (b) 10" Hz, (Q 10 Hz (@) 10? Hz (@) We consider the radiation emitted by the human body. Which one of the following statements is true? (a) ‘The radiation emitted isin the infrared region. _(b) The radiation is emitted only during the day. (©) The radiation is emitted during the summers and absorbed during the winters. (4) The radiation emitted lies in the ultraviolet region and hence itis not visible, Oscillating Charge [stationary charge produces only an electrostatic field while a charge in uniform motion produces a magnetic field, that does not change with time. An oscillating charge is an example of accelerating charge. It produces an oscilating magnetic field, which in turn produces an oscillating electric fields and so on. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields regenerate each other as a wave which propagates through space. Direction of —y propagation (i) Magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by B= Bp sin(kx + of) jT Expression for corresponding electric field wil be (Where cis speed of light.) (a) B=—Bycsin(ke + ot)k Vim (b) B= Bycsin(kx - ot) k Vim (9) B= Besin(kx + ot)k Vim (@) B= Bycsin(kx + wt) Vim ¢ © scanned with OKEN Scannermw WtG Physics | Class 19 (ii) The electric field component ofa monochromatic radiation is given by E = 2p icos ke costo. fs magnetic field in then given by 2p» : (2) 2 jeoskzcosot —() x ¢ (iit) A plane em wave of frequency 25 MHz travels in a free space along x-direction. At a particular point in 4 2Ey 4 jsin kz sinat (a) = jsin ke sine , 2 Vjsinkz cost (ce) — ¢ space and time, E = (6.3 }) V/m, What is magnetic field at that time? (a) 0.095 hT (b) 0.124 nT (c) 0.089 wT (d) 0.021 nT (iv) A plane electromagnetic wave travelling along the x-direction has a wavelength of 3 mm. The variation in the electric field occurs in the y-direction with an amplitude 66 V m"!. The equations for the electric ang ‘magnetic fields as a function of x and tare respectively (a) Ey -seormnit" [1 a } ¢ x a.auisie7esrxit{t-=) b) E, x x 1cos 2x x10"! (:-=} By nie7eoaenit{t-=) ¢ ¢ © & sseoensit! [2] aetna] c ¢ = (d) E, x san ?cozexit! (t= ] c 6 cos 2x x10! |r-—~ | ¢ (*) A plane electromagnetic wave travels in free space along x-axis. Ata particular point in space, the electric field along y-axis is 9.3 V m™!. The magnetic induction (B) along z-axis is (a) 3.1x10°T (b) 3x105T (9 3x10°T (@) 93x10°T gy Sources of Electromagnetic Waves Radio waves are produced by the accelerated motion of charges in conducting wires. Microwaves are produced by special vacuum tubes. Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules also known as heat waves, UV rays are produced by special lamps and very hot bodies like Sun. Kennelly Heavisidelaye?—Yonosphere Thermosphere ‘Mesopause ‘Mesosphere —— oe ‘Ozone layer Ske “Tropopause} ——————'—— 12 km Sea level © scanned with OKEN Scannerrjectromagnetic Waves a9 ae @) Solar radiation is (a) transverse electromagnetic wave (b) longitudinal electromagnetic waves (©) both longitudinal and transverse electrom: agnetic waves (d) none of these. (ii) What is the cause of greenhouse effect? (a) Infrared rays (b) Ultraviolet rays (©) X-rays (d) Radiowaves (iii) Biological importance of ozone layer is (a) it stops ultraviolet rays : b) Itlay (6) itreflects radiowaves (b) Itlayer reduces greenhouse effect (d) none of these. (iv) Ozone is found in (a) stratosphere (b) ionosphere (c)_ mesosphere d) t hi _(v) Earth's atmosphere is richest in _ (4) troposphere | : (a) ultraviolet (b) infrared Ome i wise waves @ scanned with OKEN Scanner1. GD) Fectrammpnetts wwe pregeaune Se ake Bieotion af Fe fi (4H) Ge): Photon ae the fundumental gurticle te as electromagnetic seo Gil) (w): Polurinution estibliches the wrve mutere of electromapnet: weres GW) (Os Frequency remains unchanged when a wave propagates from ane medium to another, Both Wavelength and velocity get changed (we) (od: The electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave are in phase and perpendicular to each other Energy 2 Wier Heol Volume = energy density = Nay? (iil) (d): The frequency of the electromagnetic wave remains same when it passes from one medium to another, Refractive index ofthe medium, = vf tise clectrosagritic ‘wavelemgt® wave it the smecdinaeen ROA h Giv) (b): Berays consists of electrons which are not electromagnetic in nature {r) (b): The velocity of electromagnetic waves in free space (vacuum) is equal to velocity of light in vaca (ie. 3 x 10% ms"). 3.) (Pressure exerted by an electromagnetic I radiation, P= . 18 Wien? 3x10" mis “Energy flux Speed of light — 18x10" W/m (i): Pag = 6x10" N/m? 310° mis (i (a): P= = 22 = 0.166210" Nm c 3x10 : (iv) (b} Intensity of EM wave is given by F= => Voy 3 te Eixe = ¥10,000 = 100 Vm @ scanned with OKEN Scannerleotromagnetic Waves (y) (The radiation pressure of visible light = 7x10 N/m? 4, (2 (b) Infrared rays can be converted into electric nergy asin solar cell, {ai) (d): Radiowaves have longest wavelength, (ii) () Cathode rays are invisible fast moving streams ofelectrons emitted by the cathode ofa discharge tube which is maintained at a pressure of about 0.01 mm of sercury. (w) © (0) (Ase Ata Pra? Apna /-rays have minimum wavelength, 5, (i) (d):All electromagnetic waves travel in vacuum with the same speed. (ii) (Q:Cathode rays (beam of electrons) get deflected inan electric field. (ii) (©): y-tays are detected by ionization chamber, (iv) (b): Size of particle = x10" cms mn =3x10!" Hz 3x10 cm (W) (a): Every body at a temperature T > 0 K emits radiation in the infrared region. 6 (i) (@):Given: B= By sin(kx+o)j T The relation between electric and magnetic field is, Eo B= B ‘The electric field component is perpendicular to the direction of propagation and the direction of magnetic field. Therefore, the electric field component along axis is obtained as B = cBy sin (kx + wt) k Vim ay (¢), 18 8 W).): aa «ppp sinkzcowt= -2 dz dt 4B = +2 Egk sinkz coswtdt he B= +2Eksin kz Jcoswtdt = $2 sink sinot hy _o By k B= inkesinot -: 220 sinkesinay} : E is along y-direction and the wave propagates along xaxls, B should be in a direction perpendicular to both x-and y-axis, (iil) (d): Here, == ck=3x 10°x 3x10 or @=2nx 10"! E, = 66 cos 2x 10"Mt~ =) ¢ E, B, =-( Ci ovanxao"(1-2) ¢ \sxt08 ‘ .2 x 1077 cos 2m x 10!" (t= =) ¢ (%) (@):Ata particular point, E = 9.3 Vm” Magnetic field at the same point = 7 (i) (a) (i) (a): Greenhouse effect is due to infrared rays. Gi) @) radis Ozone layer absorbs the harmful ultraviolet ions coming from the sun, (iv) (a): Ozone layer lies in stratosphere. (v) (b): The atmosphere of earth is richest in infrared radiation. 8, (b):In case of a linearly polarised plane electromagnetic wave, the average values of electric field and magnetic field are equal and average values, of electric energy and magnetic energy are also equal. 9. (a): Light being electromagnetic wave do not require any material medium for its propagation, Hence light can travel in vacuum, On the other hand sound is a mechanical wave and requires « material medium for its propagation, Hence sound cannot travel in vacuum, © scanned with OKEN Scanner