Maharashtra Board of technical education, MuMBai
GoVernMent PolYtechnic, Beed
diPloMa in ciVil enGineerinG
acadeMic Year 2024 -2025
__________________________________________________
Basic MatheMatics (311302)
Micro-ProJect naMe
on
PrePare charts usinG deterMinants to
find area of reGular shaPes.
suBMitted BY
1. sherkar raMraJ chandrasen. 161
2. shinGade aBhiJeet shiVaJirao 162
3. surYwanshi suraJ hanMant 163
4. sYed Musaddique sYed alleM. 164
5. taware aditYa sushil. 165
6. uBale Pratik suresh. 166
7. Valkar rushikesh aJinath 167
8. waGhMode YuVraJ hanuMan. 168
9. wanJare Varad Mukund. 169
suBMitted to:
Prof. Mr. h.d Bhoi
acknowledGe
in the accoMPlishMent of this Micro-ProJect successfullY,
ManY PeoPle haVe Best owned uPon Me their BlessinGs and
heart-PriVileGed suPPort. PriMarilY, i would like to exPress
a sPecial thanks of Gratitude to the PrinciPal sir of the
GoVernMent PolYtechnic, solaPur for GiVinG this Golden
oPPortunitY with all the required facilities for coMPletinG
this MicroProJect of our GrouP.
i would like to extend MY Gratitude to our Basic
MatheMatics suBJect teacher, Prof. Mr. h.d Bhoi sir, whose
ValuaBle Guidance has Been the ones that helPed us Patch
this ProJect and Make it full Proof success. their
suGGestions and instructions has serVed as the MaJor
contriButor towards the coMPletion of the Micro-ProJect.
i would also like to thank our Parents who haVe helPed
with their ValuaBle suGGestions and ProVided the required
resources needed for the Micro-ProJect. lastlY, i would like
to thank MY fellow GrouP MeMBers for their contriButions
and suGGestions in Various Phases in coMPletinG the ProJect.
introduction to deterMinant
Determinant is defined for square matrices. A square
matrix has the same number of rows as columns, like
a matrix or a matrix .
We will discuss few applications of determinant. The
cross product of two vectors in can be defined using
the determinant of a matrix. The area of the
parallelogram generated by these two vectors can be be
obtained using as a determinant. The volume of the
parallelepiped formed by any three nonzero vectors in
, also can be find using determinant. Determinant is
used in change of variable of integrals in calculus. It can
be used in finding eigenvalues of matrix. Determinant
of a matrix can tell us about invertible of the matrix,
number of solutions of an a linear system of
n-equations in n-unknowns, and many other
applications.
Area of Quadrilateral by Dividing it into Two Triangles
Consider a quadrilateral PQRS, of different (unequal) lengths, let us derive a formula for the area of a
quadrilateral.
1. We can view the quadrilateral as a combination of 2 triangles, with the diagonal PR being the
common base.
2. h1 and h2 are the heights of triangles PSR and PQR, respectively.
1. Area of quadrilateral PQRS is equal to the sum of the area of triangle PSR and the area of
triangle PQR.
2. Area of triangle PSR = (base * height)/2 = (PR * h1)/2
3. Area of triangle PQR = (base * height)/2 = (PR* h2)/2
4. Thus, area of quadrilateral PQRS is,
5. Area of triangle PSR + Area of triangle PQR
=PR×h12+PR×h22=PR(h1+h22)PR×h12+PR×h22=PR(h1+h22)
6. =12PR×(h1+h2)=12PR×(h1+h2)
Hence, the area of a quadrilateral formula is,
Area of a general Quadrilateral =12×diagonal×(Sumofheightoftwotriang
Area
Quadrilate
Shape formul
ral Name
a
a×a=
Square
a2
Rectangle lb
Parallelogr
b×h
am
( ½) ×
Rhombus
d1 × d2
( ½) × D
Kite
1 × D
2
( ½) ×
Trapezium (a + b)
×h
Area of a Quadrilateral Examples
Example 1:
In the given quadrilateral ABCD, the side BD = 15 cm and the heights of the triangles ABD and
BCD are 5 cm and 7 cm, respectively. Find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD.
Solution:
Diagonal = BD = 15 cm
Heights, h1=5h1=5 cm & h2=7h2=7 cm
Sum of the heights of the triangles = h1 + h2 = 5 + 7 = 12 cm
Thus, area of quadrilateral ABCD =
=12×diagonal×(Sumofheightoftwotriangle)=12×diagonal×(Sumof
heightoftwotriangle)
= (15 * 12)/2 = 90 cm2
Example 2:
Find the area of a rhombus whose diagonals are 7 cm and 6 cm
respectively.
Solution:
Given: Diagonal 1, p = 7 cm Diagonal
2, q = 6 cm.
The area of rhombus = (½)×d1×d2 square units.
A = (½)(7)(6) cm2
A = 7(3) cm2 A
= 21 cm2.
Therefore, the area of a rhombus is 21 cm2.
Area of Quadrilateral with Vertices
In coordinate geometry, the area of the quadrilateral can be calculated using
the vertices quadrilateral.
Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) and D(x4, y4) be the vertices of a quadrilateral
ABCD.
Here, we can find the area of the quadrilateral in two ways.
Method 1:
To find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD, we have to choose the vertices
A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) and D(x4, y4) of the quadrilateral ABCD in order
(counterclockwise direction) and write them column-wise as shown below.
Observe the directions given in the dark arrows, add the diagonal products,
i.e., x1y2, x2y3, x3y4 and x4y1.
(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y1)….(i)
Now, consider the dotted arrows and add the diagonal products, i.e., x 2y1,
x3y2, x4y3 and x1y4.
(x2y1 + x3y2 + x4y3 + x1y4)….(ii)
Subtract (ii) from (i) and multiply the difference by 1/2.
(1/2) [(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y1) – (x2y1 + x3y2 + x4y3 + x1y4)]
Therefore, the formula for the area of quadrilateral using vertices is:
A =(1/2) [(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y1) – (x2y1 + x3y2 + x4y3 + x1y4)] Method
2:
In this method, we need to divide the given quadrilateral into two triangles.
Then, find the area of each triangle and add it up to get the area of the
quadrilateral.
Area of quadrilateral ABCD = Area of triangle ABD + Area of triangle BCD Note:
Area of triangke with vertices P(x1, y1), Q(x2, y2) and R(x3, y3) is given by:
(1/2) |x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2)|
Example: Calculate the area of the quadrilateral formed with the vertices
(−3, 2), (5, 4), (7, −6) and (−5, −4).
Solution:
Let A(-3, 2), B(5, 4), C(7, -6) and D(-5, -4) be the vertices of a quadrilateral
ABCD.
Thus,
A(-3, 2) = (x1, y1)
B(5, 4) = (x2, y2)
C(7, -6) = (x3, y3)
D(-5, -4) = (x4, y4)
We know that,
Area of quadrilateral ABCD = (1/2) [(x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y1) – (x2y1 + x3y2 +
x4y3 + x1y4)]
Substituting the values,
= (½). {[-3(4) + 5(-6) + 7(-4) + (-5)2] – {[5(2) + 7(4) + (-5)(-6) + (-3)(-4)]}
= (½).[(-12 – 30 – 28 – 10) – (10 + 28 + 30 + 12)]
= (½) [-80 – 80]
= 160/2 {since area cannot be negative}
= 80
Therefore, the area of the quadrilateral formed with the given vertices is 80 sq. units.
Practice Problems
3. Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 12 cm and breadth is 9
cm.
4. What is the area of a trapezium whose parallel sides measure 13 cm,
8 cm and the distance between these parallel sides is 10 cm?
5. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are (8, 6), (5, 11), (-5,
12) and (-4, 3).
Frequently Asked Questions on Area of Quadrilateral
What is the area of a quadrilateral?
The area of the quadrilateral is the space occupied by the shape
quadrilateral in the two-dimensional space. As we know, a quadrilateral is a
2D figure with four sides. Generally, a quadrilateral is the combined form of
a regular or an irregular triangle.
Mention the different types of quadrilateral.
The different types of a quadrilateral are:
Square
Rectangle
Rhombus
Kite
Parallelogram Trapezium
How to calculate the area of a quadrilateral?
The quadrilateral is the combination of the basic geometric shape called
triangles. To calculate the area of a quadrilateral, the area of the individual
triangles should be computed, and add the area of the individual triangles.
Mention the applications of quadrilaterals.
Quadrilaterals and its area are mostly used in the field of architecture,
agriculture, designing, and navigation to find the actual distance with
precision.
How to calculate the area of a quadrilateral if one of its diagonals
and perpendiculars from the vertices are given?
If the diagonal and the length of the perpendiculars from the vertices are
given, then the area of the quadrilateral is calculated as:
Area of quadrilateral = (½) × diagonal length × sum of the length of the
perpendiculars drawn from the remaining two vertices.
area of a trianGle usinG
deterMinants
Imagine a triangle with vertices at (x1,y1), (x2,y2), and
(x3,y3). If the triangle was a right-angled triangle, it
would be pretty easy to compute the area of a triangle
by finding one-half the product of the base and the
height (area of triangle formula). However, when the
triangle is not a right-angled triangle there are multiple
different ways to do so. It turns out that the area of
triangle formula can also be found using determinants.
Let us see in detail how do we go about it.
Area of Triangle Formula Using Determinants
In earlier classes, we have studied that the area of a
triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3), is
given by the expression $$\frac{1}{2} [x1(y2–y3) + x2 (y3–
y1) + x3 (y1–y2)]$$. Now this expression can be written in
the form of a determinant as
deriVation of the area of trianGle
forMula
• We know that the Area of Rectangle can be written as follows
• Area of Triangle A: Technically, each of those distances should be the
absolute value of the difference. But the problem is much easier to work
without the absolute values.
• Area of Triangle B: Realize, however, as if the points don’t lie in the same
positions (point 2 is both the rightmost and the uppermost), that the area
found using these formulas will be negative.
• Area of Triangle C: For that reason, caution should be exerted to always
make the final answer non-negative. The area of a triangle, after all, can’t
be negative.
Learn more about Properties of Determinants here.
Let’s add the areas of the three outside triangles together.
Simplifying further,
Now, to subtract the areas of the three triangles from the area of the rectangle.
Simplifying further,
Let’s regroup those terms
………….. (1)
Now, consider the determinant formed by placing the x-coordinates in the first
column, the y-coordinates in the second column, and the constant 1 in the last
column.
Let’s evaluate the determinant by expanding along the 3rd column.
…………… (2)
On comparing both (1) and (2) we notice that the area of the triangle differs only in
sign. The reason for this is because of the order the points were chosen in. If the
points were chosen to be points 1, 2, and 3 in a different order, then the determinant
would change only in sign.
Solved Examples on Area of Triangle Formula
Question 1: If the lines p1x + q1y = 1, p2x + q2y = 1 and p3x + q3y = 1 be
concurrent, then the points (p1,q1), (p2,q2) and (p3,q3) ,
1. form scalene triangle
2. form equilateral triangle
3. are collinear
4. form a right-angled triangle
Answer : p1x + q1y = 1, p2x + q2y = 1 p3x + q3y = 1. Given lines are concurrent
[Math Processing Error]
The left-hand side of the above equation is also equal to twice the area of a triangle
with coordinates (p1,q1), (p2,q2), (p3,q3). From the area of triangle formula, and since
the area is equal to zero, (p1,q1), (p2,q2), (p3,q3) are collinear.
Question 2: Explain the formula of finding the area of triangle?
Answer: In order to find the area of a triangle, one must multiply the base by the
height. Afterward, one must divide it by 2. The division by 2 comes is because one
can divide a parallelogram into 2 triangles.
rePrence
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