Internet
Web Technologies
The Internet is a global network of networks that enables computers of
all kinds to directly and transparently communicate and share services
throughout the world.
In 1969 the precursor of Internet is born: ARPAnet.
ARPA = Advanced Research Projects Agency sponsored by the American
Department of Defense (DOD).
Designed to connect military research centers.
Distributed computer system able to survive a nuclear attack.
Problem: ARPAnet could connect only networks of the same type.
In 1970, ARPA starts developing the Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), a technology for connecting networks of
different types (produced by different companies).
Other networks appear, such as CSNET and BITNET.
The Internet = a network of networks.
People around the world share ideas, information, comments, and
stories.
Popular services:
Email (electronic mail) is the most popular service.
You can send and receive mail (electronic text), faster and cheaper than
surface mail.
Example email addresses: III
[email protected]
Web browsing to find information.
Example: www.gpcet.ac.in
Features of the Internet
Mailinglists: you can subscribe to lists on various subjects to receive
emails, you can post (send) messages, you can unsubscribe. Some lists
are moderated.
Newsgroups are collections of messages on various subjects
FTP (File Transfer Protocol). You can copy files from one computer to
another over the Internet.
Telnet or remote login. Permits your computer to log onto another
computer and use it as if you were there.
Web Technologies
You need to provides your username and password, for security reasons.
Chatrooms. You can exchange messages with other
people, anonymously (using a nickname).
Internet services for companies: e-commerce, etc.
World Wide Web (WWW)
The World Wide Web allows computer users to locate and view
multimedia-based documents (i.e., documents with text, graphics,
animations, audios or videos) on almost any subject.
Even though the Internet was developed more than three decades ago,
the introduction of the World Wide Web is a relatively recent event. In
1990, Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (the European
Laboratory for Particle Physics) developed the World Wide Web and
several communication protocols that form the backbone of the Web.
The Internet and the World Wide Web surely will be listed among the
most important and profound creations of humankind.
In the past, most computer applications executed on “stand-alone”
computers (i.e., computers that were not connected to one another).
The W3C is also a standardization organization.
Web technologies standardized by the W3C are called
Recommendations. W3C Recommendations include the Extensible Hyper-
Text Markup Language (XHTML), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML; now considered a “legacy” technology) and the
Extensible Markup Language (XML).
The W3C homepage (www.w3.org) provides extensive resources on
Internet and Web technologies.
Web Contents
Web content is the textual, visual or aural content that is encountered as
part of the user experience on websites.
It may include, among other things: text, images, sounds, videos and
animations.
HTML web content
Even though we may embed various protocols within web pages, the
"web page" composed of "html" (or some variation) content is still the
dominant way whereby we share content. And while there are many web
pages with localized proprietary structure (most usually, business
websites), many millions of websites abound that are structured according
to a common core idea.
Web Technologies
A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World
Wide Web.
The search results are generally presented in a list of results and are
often called hits
The information may consist of web pages, images, information and
other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in
databases or open directories.
Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search
engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human
input.
Types of Website Content
Static Web Site
Dynamic Web Site
Static Web Site
A static web page (sometimes called a flat page) is a web page that is
delivered to the user exactly as stored.
Dynamic web pages which are generated by a web application
Consequently a static web page displays the same information for all
users, from all contexts, subject to modern capabilities of a web server to
negotiate content-type or language of the document where such versions
are available and the server is configured to do so.
Static web pages are often HTML documents stored as files in the file
system and made available by the web server over HTTP.
However, loose interpretations of the term could include web pages
stored in a database, and could even include pages formatted using a
template and served through an application server, as long as the page
served is unchanging and presented essentially as stored.
Static Web pages are very simple in layout and informative in context.
Creation of static website content requires great level of technical
expertise and if a site owner is intended to create static
web pages, they must be very clear with their ideas of creating such
pages since they need to hire a web designer.
Advantages
No programming skills are required to create a static page.
Inherently publicly cacheable (i.e. a cached copy can be shown to
anyone).
No particular hosting requirements are necessary.
Can be viewed directly by a web browser without needing a web server
or application server, for example directly from a CDROM or USB Drive.
Web Technologies Disadvantages
Any personalization or interactivity has to run client-side (ie. In the
browser), which is restricting.
Maintaining large numbers of static pages as files can be impractical
without automated tools
Application areas of Static Website:
Need of Static web pages arise in the following cases.
Changes to web content is infrequent
List of products / services offered is limited Simple e-mail based ordering
system should suffice
No advanced online ordering facility is required .
Features like order tracking, verifying availability of stock,online credit
card transactions, are not needed
Web site not required to be connected to back-end system.
Dynamic Web Sites
A dynamic web page is a kind of web page that has been prepared with
fresh information (content and/or layout), for each individual viewing.
It is not static because it changes with the time (ex. anews content), the
user (ex. preferences in a login session), the user interaction (ex. web
page game), the context (parametric customization), or any combination
of the foregoing.
Two types of dynamic web sites
Client-side scripting and content creation
Server-side scripting and content creation
Client-side scripting and content creation
Client-side scripting and content creation Using client-side scripting to
change interface behaviors within a specific web page, in response to
mouse or keyboard actions or at specified timing events. In this case the
dynamic behavior occurs within the presentation.
Such web pages use presentation technology called rich interfaced
pages. Client-side scripting languages like JavaScript or ActionScript, used
for Dynamic HTML (DHTML) and Flash technologies respectively, are
frequently used to orchestrate media types (sound, animations, changing
text, etc.) of the presentation.
Web Technologies
The scripting also allows use of remote scripting, a technique by which
the DHTML page requests additional information from a server, using a
hidden Frame, XMLHttpRequests, or a Web service.
The Client-side content is generated on the user's computer.
The web browser retrieves a page from the server, then processes the
code embedded in the page (often written in JavaScript) and displays the
retrieved page's content to the user.
The innerHTML property (or write command) can illustrate the client-side
dynamic page generation: two distinct pages, A and B, can be
regenerated as document.
innerHTML = A anddocument. innerHTML = B; or "on load dynamic" by
document.write(A) and document.write(B)
Server-side scripting and content creation
Using server-side scripting to change the supplied page source between
pages, adjusting the sequence or reload of the web pages or web content
supplied to the browser.
Server responses may be determined by such conditions as data in a
posted HTML form, parameters in the URL, the type of browser being
used, the passage of time, or a database or server state.
Such web pages are often created with the help of serverside languages
such as PHP, Perl, ASP, ASP.NET, JSP,ColdFusion and other languages.
These server-side languages typically use the Common Gateway
Interface (CGI) to produce dynamic web pages. These kinds of pages can
also use, on the client-side, the first kind (DHTML, etc.).
Application areas of Dynamic Website Dynamic web page is required
when following necessities arise:
Need to change main pages more frequently to encourage clients to
return to site.
Long list of products / services offered that are also subject to up
gradation
Introducing sales promotion schemes from time to time
Need for more sophisticated ordering system with a wide variety of
functions
Tracking and offering personalized services to clients.
Facility to connect Web site to the existing back-end system
The fundamental difference between a static Website and a dynamic
Website is a static website is no more than an information sheet spelling
out the products and services while a dynamic website has wider
functions like engaging and gradually leading the client to online ordering.
But both static web site design and dynamic websites design can be
designed for search engine optimization. If the
Web Technologies purpose is only to furnish information, then a static
website should suffice.Dynamic website is absolutely necessary for e-
commerce and online ordering. Web Technologies
HTML, which stands for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant
markup language for web pages. It is written in the form of HTML
elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the
web page content.
It allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create
interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by
denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists,
links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as
JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web pages.
HTML can also be used to include Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define
the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C,
maintainer of both HTML and CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS
over explicit presentational markup.
Introduction to Web Servers
A web Server is a program that automatically downloads pages from the
Web
An application server works with a Web server to handle requests for
dynamic content, such as servlets, from Web applications. A Web server
uses a Web server plug-ins to establish and maintain persistent HTTP and
HTTPS connections with an application server.
The web server software offers access to documents stored on the
server.
Clients can browse the documents in a web browser.
The documents can be for example static Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML) files, image files or various script files, such as Common Gateway
Interface (CGI), Javascript or Perl files. The communication between clients
and server is based on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
