Linear Transformations
Table of Contents
Linear Transformations ........................................................................................................2
Linear Transformation Definition ..........................................................................................2
Image and Kernel ...................................................................................................................5
Isomorphism and Inverse.......................................................................................................8
Composition of Linear Transformation ................................................................................10
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Linear Transformations
Linear Transformations
Linear Transformation Definition
Questions
Check if the following transformations are linear transformations:
T: 2
→ 2
; T x, y = x + y , x − y
T: 3
→ 3
; T x, y , z = x + y − 2 z , x + 2 y + z , 2 x + 2 y − 3 z
T: 3
→ 2
; T x, y, z = 2 x + z ,| y |
T: 2
→ 3
; T x, y = xy, y, z
T: 3
→ 3
; T x, y, z = x + 1, x + y, x + z
T : Mn → M n ; T ( A) = BA + AB , where B M n R is some fixed matrix.
T : Mn → M n ; T ( A) = A + AT
T : Mn → M n ; T ( A) = A I ( A is the determinant of A )
T : Mn → M n ; T ( A) = A AT
T : Mn → M n ; T ( A) = A3
T : P3 → P2 ; T ( a + bx + cx 2 + dx3 ) = a + bx + cx 2
T : Pn → Pn ; T ( p ( x ) ) = p ( x + 1)
T : Pn → Pn ; T ( p ( x ) ) = p ( x ) + p ( x )
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Linear Transformations
T : Pn → P2n ; T ( p ( x ) ) = p 2 ( x )
Check if the following transformations are linear transformations:
a. T : → ; T ( z ) = z
b. T : → ; T (z) = z
For which value(s) of m is the following a linear transformation?
T : 2 → 2 ; T x, y = m2 x 2 m , y 2 m + x
Is there a linear transformation T : 4 → 3 , such that:
T 1, 2, −1, 0 = 0,1, −1 , T −1, 0,1,1 = 1, 0, 0 , T 0, 4, 0, 2 = 2, 2, −2 ?
If there isn’t, explain why.
If there is, find such a T and say whether this T is unique.
Is there a linear transformation T : P2 → P2 , such that:
T (1) = 4, ( )
T 4 x + x2 = x , T (1 − x ) = x 2 + 1 ?
If there isn’t, explain why.
If there is, is it unique? If T is unique, find its formula.
Is there a linear transformation T : 3 → 3
, such that:
T 1,1, 0 = 1, 2,3 , T 0,1,1 = 4,5, 6 , T 0, 0,1 = 7,8,9 ?
If there isn’t, explain why.
If there is, is it unique? If T is unique, find its formula.
Is there a linear transformation T : 3 → 3
, such that:
T 1, 0,1 = 1,1, 0 , T 0,1,1 = 1, 2,1 , T 0, 0,1 = 0,1,1 ?
If there isn’t, explain why.
If there is, is it unique? If T is unique, find its formula.
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Linear Transformations
Answer Key
T is linear.
T is linear.
T is not linear.
T is not linear.
T is not linear.
T is linear.
T is linear.
T is not linear.
T is not linear.
T is not linear.
T is linear.
T is linear.
T is linear.
T is not linear.
a. T is linear. b. T is not linear.
m=2
Yes, not unique T x, y, z, t = 12 y − x, 12 y, − 12 y .
Yes, unique T T a, b, c = 4a + 3b − 12c, c, 4c − b .
Yes, unique T T x, y, z = 4 x − 3 y + 7 z ,5 x − 3 y + 8 z, 6 x − 3 y + 9 z .
Yes, unique T T x, y, z = x + y, y + z , z − x .
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Linear Transformations
Image and Kernel
Questions
Let T : 4 → 3 be the linear transformation defined by
T x, y , z , t = x + y , y − 4 z + t , 4 x + y + 4 z − t
a. Find a basis and the dimension of the kernel of T .
b. Find a basis and the dimension of the image of T .
Let T : 3 → 4 be the linear transformation defined by
T x, y , z = x − 4 y − z , x + y , y − z , x + 4 z
a. Find a basis and the dimension of the kernel of T .
b. Find a basis and the dimension of the image of T .
Let T : 4
→ 3
be the linear transformation defined by
x
1 2 3 1
T x, y, z , t = 1 3 5 −2
y
z
2 6 10 −4
t
a. Find a basis and the dimension of the kernel of T .
b. Find a basis and the dimension of the image of T .
1 2 1 2
Let T : M 2 → M 2 be the linear transformation defined by T ( A) = A 0 − A.
3 0 3
a. Find a basis and the dimension of the kernel of T .
b. Find a basis and the dimension of the image of T .
Let T : P2 → P2 be the linear transformation defined by T ( p ( x ) ) = p ( x + 1) − p ( x + 4) .
a. Find a basis and the dimension of the kernel of T .
b. Find a basis and the dimension of the image of T .
Let D : P3 → P3 be the linear transformation defined by D ( p ( x ) ) = p ' ( x ) .
a. Find a basis and the dimension of the kernel of D .
b. Find a basis and the dimension of the image of D .
Find a linear transformation T : 3
→ 3
whose image is spanned by 4,1, 4 , −1, 4,1 .
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Linear Transformations
Find a linear transformation T : 4
→ 3
whose kernel is spanned by 0,1,1,1 , 1, 2,3, 4 .
Let T : V → U be a linear transformation.
Prove that if dim ( Im T ) = dim ( KerT ) , then the dimension of V is even.
Is it possible for a linear transformation T : 4
→ 3
to be one-to-one?
For the following linear transformation T, find KerT and ImT , and determine whether T
is injective and/or surjective.
A A21
A11 A12 A13 11
T : Mat ( 2,3) → Mat ( 3, 2 ) given by T = A12 A22 for all
A21 A22 A23 A
13 A23
A11 A12 A13
Mat ( 2,3)
A21 A22 A23
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Linear Transformations
Answer Key
a. Bker T = 0, 0,1, 4 , dim ( KerT ) = 1 b. BImT = 1, 0, 4 , 0,1, −3 , 0, 0,1 , dim(Im T ) = 3
a. BKerT = (0, 0, 0) , dim ( KerT ) = 0 b. BImT = 1,1, 0,1 , 0,5,1, 4 , 0, 0, −6, 21 , dim ( Im T ) = 3
a. BKerT = −7,3, 0,1 , 1, −2,1, 0 , dim ( KerT ) = 2
b. BImT = 1,1, 2 , 0,1, 2 , dim ( Im T ) = 2
−1 1 1 0
a. BKerT = , , dim ( KerT ) = 2
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
b. BImT = , 1 −1 , dim ( Im T ) = 2
0 0
a. BKerT = 1 , dim ( KerT ) = 1 b. BKerT = 2 x + 5, 1 , dim ( Im T ) = 2
a. BKerD = 1 , dim ( KerD ) = 1
b. BIm D = x 2 , x,1 , dim ( Im D ) = 3
x 4 −1 −1 x
T y = 1 4 4 y
z 4 1 1 z
T x, y, z, t = − x − y + z, −2 x − y + t , 0
Proved as shown in the video.
No, T is not one-to-one.
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Linear Transformations
Isomorphism and Inverse
Questions
Let T : 3
→ 3
be the linear transformation defined by T x, y, z = x − y + z , y + z , z − x .
True or false:
a. T is one-to-one.
b. T is onto.
c. T is an isomorphism.
d. T has an inverse. If it does, find it.
Let T : 3
→ 3
be the linear transformation defined by T x, y, z = x − y + z , y + z , x + 2 z .
True or false:
a. T is one-to-one.
b. T is onto.
c. T is an isomorphism.
d. T has an inverse. If it does, find it.
Let T : P2 → 3
be the linear transformation defined by T (a + bx + cx 2 ) = a + b + c, a − b, b − 2c .
True or false:
a. T is one-to-one.
b. T is onto.
c. T is an isomorphism.
d. T has an inverse. If it does, find it.
Let T : M 2 → P3 be the linear transformation defined by
a b
T = a − b + (c + d ) x + (a − c) x 2 + dx 3 .
c d
True or false:
a. T is one-to-one.
b. T is onto.
c. T is an isomorphism.
d. T has an inverse. If it does, find it.
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Linear Transformations
Answer Key
a. True b. True c. True
1 1 1
d. True, T −1 x, y, z = ( x + y − 2 z ) , ( 2 y − z − x ) , ( z + x + y ) .
3 3 3
a. False b. False c. False d. False
a. True b. True c. True
d. True, T a, b, c = ( 0.4a + 0.6b + 0.2c)1 + (0.4a − 0.4b + 0.2c)x + (0.2a − 0.2b − 0.4c ) x 2
−1
a. True b. True c. True
d. True, T a, b, c, d = b + c − d , −a + b + c − d , b − d , d .
−1
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Linear Transformations
Composition of Linear Transformation
Questions
Let T : 3 → 3 and S : 3 → 2 be the linear transformation defined by
T x, y , z = x , 4 x − y , x + 4 y − z , S x , y , z = x − z , y .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines S + T .
Let S : 3
→ 2
be the linear transformation defined by S x, y, z = x − z , y .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines 4S .
Let T : 3 → 3 and S : 3 → 2 be the linear transformation defined by
T x, y , z = x , 4 x − y , x + 4 y − z , S x , y , z = x − z , y .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines 4S − 10T .
Let T : 3 → 3 and S : 3 → 2 be the linear transformation defined by
T x, y , z = x , 4 x − y , x + 4 y − z , S x , y , z = x − z , y .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines TS , meaning function composition T S .
Let T : 3 → 3 and S : 3 → 2 be the linear transformation defined by
T x, y , z = x , 4 x − y , x + 4 y − z , S x , y , z = x − z , y .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines ST , meaning function composition S T .
Let T : 3
→ 3
be the linear transformation defined by T x, y, z = x, 4 x − y, x + 4 y − z .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines T 2 = TT .
Let T : 3
→ 3
be the linear transformation defined by T x, y, z = x, 4 x − y, x + 4 y − z .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines T −1 .
Let T : 3
→ 3
be the linear transformation defined by T x, y, z = x, 4 x − y, x + 4 y − z .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines T −2 .
Let S : 3
→ 2
be the linear transformation defined by S x, y, z = x − z , y .
Find a formula, if possible, that defines S 2 = SS .
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Linear Transformations
Answer Key
S + T can’t be defined.
4 ( x − z ) , 4 y
4S − 10T can’t be defined.
T S can’t be defined.
x
−4 y + z
ST y =
4 x − y
z
x, y,16 x − 8 y + z
T −1 x, y, z = x, 4 x − y,17 x − 4 y − z
T −2 x, y, z = x, y, −16 x + 8 y + z
S 2 = SS can’t be defined.
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