© May 2022 | IJIRT | Volume 8 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002

Structural health monitoring using IOT embedded system

Prasad Gorakh Pawar1, Shrinivas R. Suryawanshi2, Dr. Navnath V. Khadake3

1
ME student, Dept. of Civil Engg, JSPM’s Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Pune, India
2
Asst Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg, JSPM’s Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Pune, India
3
HOD Civil, Dept. of Civil Engg, JSPM’s Imperial College of Engineering and Research, Pune, India

Abstract —As we are getting better and better with The connection hyperlink among the Internet and
integrating technology in our day today life. So is the bodily matters make to be had to admittance the
field of civil engineering. To make this more better and manage over bodily matters from well-described or
advance in both technical and reliable aspects, we have
feasible distance below not unusual place
proposed a integration of IOT(INTERNET OF
infrastructure and to accesses the sensor data. „Smart
THINGS) based embedded system into construction
industry for Structural health monitoring and
matters/objects‟ performs crucial function with inside
assessment, we have built a prototype of a IOT the Internet of Things which have interaction and talk
embedded system using series of small single board the statistics and additionally it's miles feasible to
computers (SBCs) Tensilica L106 32-bit RISC processor alternate database through the use of the Internet. A
and load cell sensors, to monitor the live load on the huge Network will broaden through Internet of
structural elements of the bridge. In this paper we have Things with wide variety of wi-fi perceptible
given a detailed overview of the system and its working. “matters” interactive with each other and taking part
Index Terms—Internet of things, Load cells, Single the developments. The Ambient Intelligence,
board computer, Structural health monitoring, insidious computing and omnipresent computing
Tensilica L106 32-bit RISC processor. ideas are essentially followed withinside the IoT
I. INTRODUCTION depicts the concurs of the population and possessions
that may be related at any given time, at any place,
IOT with any person, the use of a few community plus a
According to institution of Research Projects in few broadband utility.
Europe, “Internet of Things (IoT) is an unified a part
of outlook net and might be described as a colourful Technology and infrastructure
prevalent set of connections with self-armature The design of internet of Things ought to be made on
potentials standard for usual plus interoperable top of a network frame that assimilates cabled and
message etiquette anyplace corporeal plus implicit mobile technology in an exceedingly clear yet as
“things” have identity, fabric impute, in addition to unified form. The vision of IoT, property between the
implicit disposition at the side of clever interface, physical world and net may be happy by the
which can be perfectly integrated into the records oftenness Identification (RFID), Short domain mobile
network”. technology and detector networks. currently days
more analysis goes on the Wireless network
technologies which has capability to deliver obscure
wire-free communication. varied technology should
be provided for the gathering of information
concerning the physical issue (Environment) and
therefore the effective object monitoring. The
relevance and interaction between the Physical
Things associated net ought to be complete by
putting in acceptable software package to manage the
Fig. IOT and It‟s Widespread Network network through fully its resources, devices and

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distributed services. within the case of failure of Pre Requisite of Failure

system, the software should manage and forecast the Prior to a structural failure, there'll generally be a
self configuration and auto-recovery. once shaping a transition amount throughout that structures exhibit
correct technology and software the hardware choice abnormal changes. For example, abnormal changes
becomes troublesome task in IoT. The analysis still is of the load on, and verticalness (inclination) of,
needed to develop hardware having radical, little supporting members of a structure are signs that the
energy, multi-purpose structure on a section which structure is losing stability. Similarly, abnormal
will have the flexibility of self-adaptiveness and self changes will occur in underground formation level.
organization. The devoted formula may be employed These changes eventually intensify to exceed safety
in the chip set of hardware system with an ultra-low limits and at last lead to structural failures. If
power very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits abnormal changes are often detected and analyzed
quick enough, acceptable warning signals can be
issued timely and remedial measures can be
administered in time. in an exceedingly worse
scenario, there will still be enough time for
evacuation to stop injuries and casualties. Thus,
continuous period observation is important in
preventing accidents because of structural failure.

Monitoring
Monitoring works have forever been AN integral a
part of construction and civil engineering. Common
Fig. 1. IOT in Construction Sector observation necessities embrace however don't seem
to be restricted to underground groundwater level
Construction Sector level, support force, ground movement, settlement
The construction business has perpetually been and tilt of structures, and harmful gases. this
encumbered by accidents and failures. whereas monitoring apply for underground water table level
variety of construction accidents are thanks to usually involves a technician inserting a water level
workers‟ carelessness and might be eased by properly sensing element into a stand pipe at the development
following preventative measures, ruinous failures site to require readings. Measurements are typically
resembling explosive collapse of buildings and taken at the most doubly on a daily basis even
structures are a lot of more durable to observe and throughout important work amounts and so
prevent. albeit tight safety codes of practice and rules fluctutations during the interim period can't be
are put in place, structural failures still occur from detected. Similarly, monitoring works for ground
time to time. The collapse of an industrial building movement, settlement, and tilt are still conducted by
throughout demolition works in urban center killed site surveys and ancient mensuration methods. As
half dozen workers and contused ten others in 2001; such, measurements are seldom taken over once per
downfall and unseaworthy underground water pipes day. As traditional practices are labor-intensive,
led to the collapse of a wall in Hong Kong, triggering conducting observation ceaselessly with these
a landslide that killed five and harmed three practices isn't possible as labor prices would be
pedestrians in 1994; and an house in Shanghai disproportionately high. In addition, their long nature
primepled over and killed a employee in 2009 thanks additionally prevents readings to be accessible in real
to excavation work with depleted observance of time. whereas knowledge loggers are able to cut back
ground movement. On top of injuries and casualties, the specified manpower, they're withal still unable to
such failures additionally incur large economic supply realtime process and analyses as there's a
losses. this means that current codes of follow and substantial wait for data to be retrieved.
regulations, that are supported existing technologies,
still ought to be improved to higher forestall Srucutural health monitoring (SHM)
structural failures.

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SHM could be a nondestructive analysis technique to victimisation low price devices adore those we tend
watch the integrity of civil structures corresponding to designed and enforced ourselves.
to bridges, aircraft, and so on Since the gradual
deterioration of structures will happen for various 2) Suseela Alla , S.S. Asadi (2020) Integrated
reasons, such as continuous exposure to the methodology of structural health observance for civil
inclement weather, overloading, etc., SHM is a very structures
important tool to be enforced in previous buildings, the most goal of this work is to convey the SHM
bridges, etc., to confirm the protection of human methodology. this can be as a result of SHM doesn't
beings. though researchers from different discipline have a transparent methodology for deciding
took different approaches for SHM, most of the structural dependability and longevity.
works during this field were done using civil and 1) Therefore, this paper contains the projected
mechanical engineers‟ approach. Their works methodologies of work. Structural health monitoring
concerned largely to research natural frequencies of are condemned for building renovations.
structures to form decisions. However, in this paper, 2) Basic talents have typically been consistently
the chosen approach was to develop a way to assessed victimisation exposure estimates.
{analyze |to research| to investigate} signals 3) Most studies performed heap score estimates over
(electrical) and implement the projected technique on a clear, discrete, unpredictable amount determined by
an embedded platform. scaffold stacking and boundary changes.
Structural Health monitoring (SHM) is turning into 3) Donato Abruzzese, Andrea Micheletti et.al
an important analysis topic to boost the human safety (2020) IoT sensors for contemporary structural health
and to scale back maintenance costs. However, most observation. a replacement frontier. The long-run
of the prevailing SHM systems face challenges goal of this study is to alter wireless, inexpensive
working at time period because of environmental devices and knowledge management code for
effects and totally different operational hazards. building condition monitoring and CEI.
Furthermore, the remote and constant monitoring 1) Use remote sensors embedded in or hooked up to
amenities aren't established yet, properly. to beat this, structural members to live stress yet as acceleration.
net of Things (IoT) may be used, which might offer 2) Equipped with such a system, any structure will
flexibility to watch structures (building, bridge) from become a part of the web of Things and alert users
anyplace. and authorities if the structure becomes less secure or
endangered.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
3) a crucial side is that the chaotic storage of
1) Donato Abruzzese, Davide Bracale et. Al (2021) measure data over time. It cannot believe entirely on
Permanent monitoring of thin structures with low- third parties and needs the utilization of acceptable
cost devices knowledge protection technology.
In this analysis article, the author wanted to observe 4) This study was conducted through experimental
stress in skinny structures employing a small, cheap testing and verification of developed and enforced
device. observation equipment, each within the laboratory
1) This device will record the load history. At key and in the field. The
points, send alerts as required to confirm security results show that it's doable to implement efficient
against the chance of collapse, or just to perform monitoring systems and connected installation
maintenance / repair work. technologies for integration into all new or existing
2) Such devices are mounted victimisation buildings and CEIs.
inexpensive ready-to-wear natural philosophy and
standard strain gauges. 4) K. SMARSLY, E. M. MTHUNZI, O. HAHN
3) Application examples are shown as laboratory and J. PLANER (2019) Validation of an ultra-low-
tests for concrete slabs, masonry slabs, and steel cost wireless structural health monitoring system for
beams. civil infrastructure
The results show that permanent observation of
stress in new structures will be handily performed

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In this article, we've got introduced a wireless 1) In addition, the distributed data management
structure watching system that's the lowest and framework permits data happiness to totally different
straightforward to install. project stakeholders to be shared between approved
1) A model wireless SHM system consisting of users and software system agents.
ready-to-wear parts with a complete price of under € 2) The IoT platform is incontestible mistreatment
thirty was designed and implemented. technology infrastructure monitoring situations that
2) The code design of the wireless SHM system embody differing kinds of sensor data and technology
follows a standard and extensile design, enabling models. The
period acquisition, aboard knowledge analysis, low results show that the IoT platform will facilitate info
power wireless communication, and IoT connectivity. sharing and information use, particularly for
As a result, the wireless SHM system is incredibly technology infrastructure observation applications.
cheap, easy to install, and correct enough to act as a
"fast tester" for analyzing the behavior of 7) Seung Ho Kim, Han Guk Ryu and Chang Soon
engineering science infrastructure among short-run Kang (2018), Development of associate IoT-Based
static watching campaigns. Construction website Safety Management System.
during this paper, author have planned an IoT-
5) Pritam Paul, Nixon Dutta, Shuvam Biswas primarily primarily based altogether production
(2018) An internet of Things (IoT) primarily based webweb page protection management machine which
System to research period of time Collapsing chance can be operated at low fee in every tiny and large-
of Structures.with the assistance of Internet of Things scale production sites.
(IoT). 1) the development machine includes IoT-cones, the
the author of the paper have planned a solution of worker protection take a look at devices, the cell
SHM gateways, the protection control server, and therefore
1) that' every moveable and durable in nature. the wireless telephone utility of the protection
2) their proposed tool is also put in on a concrete manager.
beam, steel structure, slabs, bridge joints, gusset 2) The IoT-cones established in chance zones
plates, beam column joints etcetera discover the tactic of workers and outsiders, generate
3) This tool measures the willing angles and analyses caution indicators withinside the prospect zones
bends within which it`s installed and ship the whereas forthcoming the chance zones, and provide
statistics to phonephone app via Bluetooth Low the situation to the production.
Energy (BLE) for real-time viewing. 3) The planned machine has been evolved with a
4) It can also ship raw statistics to the cloud via a image the utilization of inaudible sensors, embedded
Wi-Fi module for destiny studies and analysis. structures, such wi-fi communication structures as a
This tool makes use of flex sensors to reveal the result of the Zigbee, LAN (WiFi), and long run
slightest bending from within which it' miles Evolution (LTE).
installed. Whenever, deformation takes place the tool
offers conscious of the population with the help of 8) Brinda Chanv Prof. Sunil Bakhru Prof. Vijay
mistreatment buzzing an alarm and lights the diode Mehta (2017) Structural Health observance System
that' the ultimate results of consistent trailing with exploitation IOT and Wireless Technologies.
none human interaction. All raw statistics are This written report outlines the standing of current
processed via in-constructed processor. analysis on technology and implementation strategies
and makes an attempt a comparative analysis.
6) Seongwoon Jeong and Kincho H. Law (2018) 1) This framework is meant to effectively monitor the
An IoT platform for civil infrastructure observation. present state of the building. Therefore, acceptable
This analysis paper describes associate IoT platform measures are often taken to stop accidents.
tailored for engineering applications that applies an 2) this technique helps governments issue early
info modeling approach to market information ability warnings of unwanted crucial conditions to residents
and integrate engineering information with sensing supported cloud data. Therefore, they'll take
element data. proceedings sooner before it collapses.

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3) within the future, some parameters of the building 4) The Raspberry Pi 2 acts as a hub for grouping
can also be monitored exploitation IoT-enabled knowledge from totally different locations within the
devices or sensors to enhance security. System structure. The Raspberry Pi a pair of uploads data to
prototypes are often employed in a range of the cloud via the WLAN module.
applications reminiscent of environmental hygiene 5) knowledge is keep within the cloud and may be
observance systems and greenhouse monitoring viewed remotely from any mobile device. The
systems. system was valid in a very real check bench in the
laboratory.
9) Ahmed Abdelgawad and Kumar Yelamarthi The results show that the projected platform has 1%
(2017) Internet of Things (IoT) Platform for error in distinctive damage and 9% error in
Structure Health Monitoring. detection the breadth of damage.
This paper proposes an entire time period IoT
platform for SHM.
III. PROBLEM STATEMENT
1) The projected platform consists of a WiFi module,
Raspberry Pi, DAC, ADC, buffer, and PZT. the 2 Internet of Things (IoT) technology has become more
PZTs are hooked up to the structure and connected to and more common in recent years. However, the
a high speed ADC. applying of IoT technology in applied science is
2) A buffer was used for level conversion and comparatively unexplored. IoT technology will have
protection of the Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry Pi a big impact on engineering by leverage newest
produces the excitation signal and {also the} DAC information and communication technology (ICT).
converts it to analog. However, in reality, it's tough for IoT platforms to
3) we have a tendency to also used a Raspberry Pi to method domain-specific technical information
sight if the structure was damaged. (geometric models, technical simulation models, etc.)
4) In addition, I used raspberries to send the health with differing types of sensing element data.
standing of the structure to the net server. the Technical information and sensor data got to be
information is hold on on an online server and may integrated, shared, and practical with a sort of
be monitored remotely from any mobile device. package tools so as for the info to be used effectively.
5) The system was verified during a real check bench IV. METHODOLOGY
within the laboratory.
The results show that the projected IoT SHM Design concerns Bearing in mind that the system is to
platform with success verified that the seat was be employed in construction and applied science
healthy with 0% error. In addition, the proposed sites, there are four key factors that require to be
platform has a slip-up of up to 1.03% in harm taken into thought:
position and up to 8.43% in damage breadth. • Robustness
Construction and technology sites are generally out
10) Ahmed Abdelgawad, Kumar Yelamarthi of doors environments with countless mud and dirt
(2016) Structural Health Monitoring: internet of thanks to construction activities. The sensing units
Things Application and CCs placed at sites can so ought to be dust-proof,
during this document, the total period of time SHM waterproof, hearth resistant, and be ready to stand up
platform is integrated into the IoT system. to storms and potential impacts.
1) The projected platform consists of ProTrinket, • Safety
NRF module, WLAN module, and Raspberry Pi a Construction and technology sites are generally out
pair of. of doors environments with countless mud and dirt
2) The proposed mathematical model is enforced in thanks to construction activities. The sensing units
ProTrinket to notice if the structure is normal. and CCs placed at sites can so ought to be dust-proof,
3) If there's damage, ProTrinket can verify the waterproof, hearth resistant, and be ready to stand up
location and extent of the damage. ProTrinket uses to storms and potential impacts.
the nRF24L01 + module to send this info to the • Automation.
Raspberry Pi 2.

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The observation system has to be ready to operate seen in 3 components: Internet-oriented

incessantly while not human intervention and with (middleware), mono-oriented (sensors), and
minimum maintenance. Since access to wattage in semantic-oriented (knowledge). the web of Things or
construction and technology sites is troublesome and IoT primarily refers to the method of connecting AN
sometimes needs obtrusive wiring, sensing units and embedded system to the Internet.
CCs can then ought to be designed to realize the most objective of the planned system is to
economical power management and low power understand the integrity of the operational structure
consumption such the requirement to charge units on on endless period of time basis, providing the
site are minimum, and might conjointly flexibility to take care of real-time building safety
accommodate energy harvesters. and increase durability. we have a tendency to
• Reliability. observe and establish weaknesses and injury to
Reliable property between the sensing unit, CC, infrastructure thanks to aging in a timely manner,
additionally the server is crucial to modify and perform preventive maintenance before
continuous and time period monitoring. collapse..
The system design has to make sure that information The planned IoT platform is deployed on a cloud
transmission is quick enough such data is on the computing atmosphere for scalability, accessibility
market outright or with token postponement which and reliability. Specifically, the IoT platform are
connection, if interrupted at any point, will be often deployed on the Infrastructure as a Service
mechanically reestablished at intervals a brief time. (IaaS) layer of cloud (i.e., virtual machines offered by
Furthermore, the system architecture needs to be cloud) , that assures platform movability across
ready to with efficiency manage data traffic for the totally different cloud vendors or among public
system‟s measurability and also guarantee data cloud, non-public cloud and hybrid cloud. The
integrity throughout transmissions. system is developed using device unit which consists
of Load sensor
Structural health monitoring (SHM) using IOT ➢ (Accelerometer-ADXL345),
It refers to grouping vital structural health parameters ➢ Strain sensor (BF350 3AA),
like vibration, stress, wet and cracks and analyzing
➢ Moisture sensor;
this knowledge to require precautions against
➢ Data acquisition and processing unit which
potential future failures. the aim of SHM is to supply
endless identification of the "state" of elemental includes Arduino Uno and Wi-Fi module(ESP8266)
materials, their varied components, and therefore the that process and transfer sensed data on cloud.
entire structure. This helps within the timely ➢ Data collected by Arduino Uno is also given to the
maintenance of the structure and extends the life of visual studio for locally storing data and visualizing
the building. data on the bar chart form.
• SHM processes usually use applicable sensors to ➢ This stored data is accessed by users. This enables
watch the whole structure for a amount of time, user to check current state of the building and take
extract damage-sensitive options from the necessary steps toward it.
measurements provided by the sensors, and analyze ➢ Alert will be given for initiating preventive
these features to investigate the present state of the maintenance service if emissions caused by structures
structure. are beyond reasonable limits.
• The structural health observance system involves Outputs of all the three transducers (accelerometer,
the method of victimisation sensors to live varied strain sensor, moisture sensor) are given to the
vital parameters, collect these detections, perform Arduino Uno microcontroller. This microcontroller
analysis, and provides correct response. this can stop takes continuously 128 readings and takes average of
impending accidents thanks to structural problems. 128 readings. This output is further given to the
• the web of Things (IOT) represents a general ESP8266 Wifi module for sending it to the cloud
conception of the flexibility of network devices to over the internet for doing analysis on it. The output
gather knowledge with various sensors and share the of Arduino Uno is also given to the Vb.net desktop
collected data over the Internet. The IOT are often application for real-time analysis on data.

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V. PROTOTYPE
A. IOT Embedded System
The projected IoT platform design is meant to
manage information collected from a spread of
engineering data sources, as well as information
models and sensing element networks. the data model
contains comprehensive information regarding the
target system, including geometry, physical
characteristics, practical characteristics, and sensor
information.

o Necessary parts Fig. 3 HX711 module

1. Arduino kit
2. Jumper wire o software used
3. The HX711 amplifier module with the 50kg load 1. Arduino IDE
cells 2. Blynk Interface

o Language

Fig. 2 load cells

1. Embedded C
4. An Arduino Uno or Uno compatible board
Fig. 4 Circuit Diagram For IOT
Or an Arduino Nano or Nano compatible
Codes For Processor
board
#define BLYNK_TEMPLATE_ID
5. Two 1k resistors if you want to create the single-
"TMPLkrd_BxfX"
cell circuit
#define BLYNK_DEVICE_NAME "Weight
6. Tensilica L106 32-bit RISC processor
Monitor"
#define BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN
"OBwqk2IC63K6KnCnLkd4otu3D8zbpPlR"
#include "HX711.h"
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <Blynk.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
#define BLYNK_DEBUG
#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial
BlynkTimer timer;
char auth[] =
"OBwqk2IC63K6KnCnLkd4otu3D8zbpPlR";
const char *ssid = "M52 5G"; // replace with your
Fig. 5 Functionality of ESP8266EX wifi ssid and wpa2 key
const char *pass = "xmhu9496";

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WiFiClient client; Serial.println("N/m2");

}
// HX711 circuit wiring else
const int LOADCELL_DOUT_PIN = 14; {
const int LOADCELL_SCK_PIN = 12.; Serial.print("Stress Measured in N/m2 is: 0");
Serial.print("KN/m2");
HX711 scale; }
float weight; Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, s);
float m; BLYNK_LOG("%d",s);
float s=0; }
float newton; This circuit is then applied to a prototype where the
float calibration_factor = 6942.00; load cells are connected to the pier and provides a
float z = (2.91*0.000001); signal that the display can interpret on the remote
device as the load on the bridge starts increasing
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
Blynk.begin(auth,ssid,pass);
scale.begin(LOADCELL_DOUT_PIN,
LOADCELL_SCK_PIN);
scale.set_scale();
scale.tare();
long zero_factor = scale.read_average();

Serial.println("Weighing scale");
} Fig. 6 Actual IOT system
void loop() {
Blynk.run();
scale.set_scale(calibration_factor);
weight = scale.get_units(5);
newton = weight*9.81;
m = (newton*0.3)/4;
s = (m/z)/1000;
if(newton > 0)
{
Serial.print("Measured Weight in Newton: ");
Serial.print(newton);
Serial.println("N");
} Fig. 7 Bridge With Load Cells on Pier
else
{
Serial.print("Measured Weight in Newton: 0"); VI. RESULTS
Serial.println("N"); The results obtained by System And Results
} Calculated Manually Are
Blynk.virtualWrite(V0, newton); Stresses on Bridge(KN/m2)
BLYNK_LOG("%d",newton); Sr.no. Load (N)
calculated observed
if(s > 0) 1 10 171.42 172
{ 2 20 514.297 514
Serial.print("Stress Measured in N/m2 is: "); 3 30 771.446 771.5
Serial.print(s); 4 40 1028.59 1029

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Manual Calculations wireless a controllo remoto”, MS Thesis (in

Dimensons For Bridge Italian), Univ. of Rome Tor Vergata, 2018.
Length = 0.3m [6] suseela alla, s.s. asadi (2020) integrated
Breadth = 0.14m methodology of Structural health monitoring for
Depth = 0.05m civil structures
Z = (BD3)/6 [7] donato abruzzese, andrea micheletti et.al (2020)
Z = 2.9166 * 10 -6 m4 iot sensors for Modern structural health
M (Max Bending Moment with point load) = WL/4 monitoring. A new frontier.
For W(Point Load)= 10N [8] k. Smarsly, e. M. Mthunzi, o. Hahn and j.
M = 10*0.3/4 Planer (2019)Validation of an ultra-low-cost
M = 0.5 Nm wireless structural health
σ (Max Stress) = M/Z [9] Donato abruzzese, davide bracale et. Al (2021)
σ= 0.5/(2.9166*10 -6) permanent Monitoring of thin structures with
σ= 171.42 KN/m2 low-cost devices
[10] Load cell sensor 24 bit ADC - HX711 handbook
[11] Kamble, Vijay & shinde, Vasudev & Kittur,
VII. CONCLUSION
Jayant & Profesoor,. (2021). Overview of Load
This project provides an explorative approach to the Cells.
various potentialities that technology raises in terms
of internet of Things, automation, monitoring, and
management of civil engineering situations.
The tools used represent accessible and reasonable
choices to be used in school rooms and instructional
laboratories for beginners.
By observant Calculation we are able to Conclude the
The planned system provided reliable results. This
integration of views is an endeavor to introduce a
rigorous scientific approach to civil engineering
arithmetic into technology and art.

REFERENCES
[1] P. G. Pawar and S. R. Suryawanshi, “Use of
IoT for Structural Health Monitoring of Bridge
Prototype Using Force Sensitive Resistor”,
IJRESM, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 137–143, Jan. 2022.
[2] S.Jeong, K.Law, "An IoT Platform for Civil
Infrastructure Monitoring," 2018 IEEE 42nd
COMPSAC, Tokyo, 2018.
[3] S.Hou, G.Wu, “A low-cost IoT-based wireless
sensor system for bridge displacement
monitoring”, Smart Mat. Struct., 2019.
[4] M.Cosentino, “Il controllo strutturale
permanente attraverso sensori nativi”, MS
Thesis (in Italian), Univ. of Rome Tor Vergata,
2017.
[5] D.Forconi, “Sistema di monitoraggio strutturale
per l‟edilizia storica in muratura tramite reti

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