2

Motion in One Dimension

ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

OQ2.1 Count spaces (intervals), not dots. Count 5, not 6. The first drop falls at
time zero and the last drop at 5 × 5 s = 25 s. The average speed is
600 m/25 s = 24 m/s, answer (b).
OQ2.2 Once the arrow has left the bow, it has a constant downward
acceleration equal to the free-fall acceleration, g. Taking upward as the
positive direction, the elapsed time required for the velocity to change
from an initial value of 15.0 m/s upward (v0 = +15.0 m/s) to a value of
8.00 m/s downward (vf = −8.00 m/s) is given by

v v f  v 0 8.00 m/ s  15.0 m/ s 
t     2.35 s
a g 9.80 m/ s 2

Thus, the correct choice is (d).

OQ2.6 Once the ball has left the thrower’s hand, it is a freely falling body with
a constant, nonzero, acceleration of a = −g. Since the acceleration of the
ball is not zero at any point on its trajectory, choices (a) through (d) are
all false and the correct response is (e).
OQ2.7 (c) They are the same. After the first ball reaches its apex and falls back
downward past the student, it will have a downward velocity of
magnitude vi. This velocity is the same as the velocity of the second
ball, so after they fall through equal heights their impact speeds will
also be the same.
OQ2.8 (b) Above. Your ball has zero initial speed and smaller average speed
during the time of flight to the passing point. So your ball must travel a
smaller distance to the passing point than the ball your friend throws.
OQ2.9 (c) The object has an initial positive (northward) velocity and a
negative (southward) acceleration; so, a graph of velocity versus time
slopes down steadily from an original positive velocity. Eventually, the

25
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 26 Motion in One Dimension

graph cuts through zero and goes through increasing-magnitude-

negative values.

(b) Using v f  v i  2a² y , with vi =+12 m/s and ∆y = −40 m:

2 2
OQ2.10

v 2f  vi2  2ay
v 2   12 m/s   2  9.80 m/s 2   40 m 
2

v  30 m/s
OQ2.12 We take downward as the positive direction with y = 0 and t = 0 at the
top of the cliff. The freely falling pebble then has v0 = 0 and a = g = +9.8
m/s2. The displacement of the pebble at t = 1.0 s is given: y1 = 4.9 m.

The displacement of the pebble at t = 3.0 s is found from

at  0  9.8 m/ s 2 3.0 s   44 m
1 2 1
y 3  v 0t 
2

2 2
The distance fallen in the 2.0-s interval from t = 1.0 s to t = 3.0 s is then
∆y = y3 − y1 = 44 m − 4.9 m = 39 m

and choice (c) is seen to be the correct answer.

SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS

Section 2.1 Average Velocity
x 10 m
P2.1 (a) v avg    5 m/ s
t 2s
5m
(b) v avg   1.2 m/ s
4s
x 2  x 1 5 m  10 m
(c) v avg    2.5 m/ s
t 2  t1 4 s2 s
x 2  x 1 5 m  5 m
(d) v avg    3.3 m/ s
t2  t1 7 s4s
x 2  x1 0  0
(e) v avg    0 m/ s
t 2  t1 8  0

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 Chapter 2 27

Section 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity

P2.5 (a) At ti = 1.5 s, xi = 8.0 m (Point A)

At tf = 4.0 s, xf = 2.0 m (Point B)

v avg 
x f  xi

2.0  8.0 m
t f  ti 4.0  1.5 s
6.0 m
  2.4 m/ s
2.5 s
(b) The slope of the tangent line can be found
ANS. FIG. P2.5
from points C and D. (tC = 1.0 s, xC = 9.5 m)
and (tD = 3.5 s, xD = 0),

v  3.8 m / s

(c) The velocity is zero when x is a minimum.

This is at t  4.0 s .

v
5  0 m  5 m/ s
P2.7 (a)
1  0 s

v
5  10 m  2.5 m/ s
(b)
4  2  s

v
5  5 m  0
(c)
5 s  4 s 
0  5 m 
(d) v  5 m/ s
8 s  7 s  ANS. FIG. P2.7

Section 2.4 Acceleration

P2.12 (a) The velocity is constant between ti = 0 and t = 4 s. Its acceleration
is 0 .
2
(b) a = (v9 − v4)/(9 s − 4 s) = (18 − [−12]) (m/s)/5 s = 6.0 m/s

a = (v18 − v13)/(18 s − 13 s) = (0 − 18) (m/s)/5 s = –3.6 m/s

2
(c)

(d) We read from the graph that the speed is zero at t  6 s and at 18s .

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 28 Motion in One Dimension

(e) and (f) The object moves away from x = 0 into negative coordinates
from t = 0 to t = 6 s, but then comes back again, crosses the origin
and moves farther into positive coordinates until t  18 s , then
attaining its maximum distance, which is the cumulative distance
under the graph line:
∆x = (−12 m/s)(4 s) + (1/2)(−12 m/s)(2 s)
+ (1/2)(18 m/s)(3 s)
+ (18 m/s)(4 s) + (1/2)(18 m/s)(5 s)

∆x = −60 m + 144 m = 84 m
(g) We consider the total distance, rather than the resultant
displacement, by counting the contributions computed in part (f)
as all positive:

d = +60 m + 144 m = 204 m

P2.13 (a) The area under a graph of a vs. t is equal to the change in velocity,
∆v. We can use Figure 2.16 to find the change in velocity during
specific time intervals.
The area under the curve for the time interval 0 – 10 s has the
shape of a rectangle. Its area is

∆v = (2 m/s2)(10 s) = 20 m/s
The particle starts from rest, v0 = 0, so its velocity at the end of the
10-s time interval is

v = v0 + ∆v = 0 + 20 m/s = 20 m/ s

Between t = 10 s and t = 15 s, the area is zero: ∆v = 0 m/s.

Between t = 15 s and t = 20 s, the area is a rectangle: ∆v =
(−3 m/s2)(5 s) = −15 m/s.
So, between t = 0 s and t = 20 s, the total area is ∆v = (20 m/s) +
(0 m/s) + (−15 m/s) = 5 m/s, and the velocity at t = 20 s is 5 m / s.
(b) We can use the information we derived in part (a) to construct a
graph of x vs. t; the area under such a graph is equal to the
displacement, ∆x, of the particle.
From (a), we have these points (t, v) = (0 s, 0 m/s), (10 s, 20 m/s),
(15 s, 20 m/s), and (20 s, 5 m/s). The graph appears below.

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 Chapter 2 29

The displacements are:

0 – 10 s (area of triangle): ∆x = (1/2)(20 m/s)(10 s) = 100 m
10 – 15 s (area of rectangle): ∆x = (20 m/s)(5 s) = 100 m
15 – 20 s (area of triangle and rectangle):
∆x = (1/2)[(20 – 5) m/s](5 s) + (5 m/s)(5 s)
= 37.5 m + 25 m = 62.5 m
Total displacement over the first 20.0 s:

∆x = 100 m + 100 m + 62.5 m = 262.5 m = 263 m

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 30 Motion in One Dimension

Section 2.5 Motion Diagrams

P2.16 (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f) One way of phrasing the answer: The spacing of the successive
positions would change with less regularity.

Another way: The object would move with some combination of

the kinds of motion shown in (a) through (e). Within one drawing,
the accelerations vectors would vary in magnitude and direction.

Section 2.7 Freely Falling Objects

P2.28 (a) Consider the upward flight of the arrow.
v yf2  v yi2  2ay y f  y i 
0  100 m s   2 9.8 m s 2 y
2

10 000 m 2 s 2
y   510 m
19.6 m s 2

(b) Consider the whole flight of the arrow.

1 2
y f  y i  v yit  ay t
2
0  0  100 m s t 
1
2
9.8 m s 2 t 2

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 Chapter 2 31

The root t = 0 refers to the starting point. The time of flight is

given by
100 m s
t  20.4 s
4.9 m s 2

P2.35 We have
1
y f  yi  vi t  gt 2
2
0  30 m   8.00 m/s  t   4.90 m/s 2  t 2

Solving for t,

8.00  8.002  4 4.9030 8.00  64  588

t 
2 4.90  9.80
t  1.79 s

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