Electric Circuits and Systems

Dr. Krishna Chauhan,

Assistant Professor Grade 2
School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
VIT Bhopal University
Outline

❑ Introduction
❑ Thevenin’s theorem
❑ Norton’s theorem
❑ Numerical Examples

2
 INTRODUCTION
Thevenin’s Theorem Application
• It often occurs in practice that a particular element in a circuit is
variable (usually called the load) while other elements are fixed.
• As a typical example, a household outlet terminal may be connected
to different appliances constituting a variable load.
• Each time the variable element is changed, the entire circuit has to be
analyzed all over again.
• To avoid this problem, Thevenin’s theorem provides a technique by
which the entire fixed part of the circuit is replaced by a very simple
equivalent of a voltage source in series with an impedence.
3
 INTRODUCTION
Thevenin’s Theorem
R2 Vth= Thevenin’s equivalent voltage
voltage R5 Rth= Thevenin’s equivalent resistance
A
R1

V1 I1 R3 R4 R6 Load Terminals
+-

+ -
B
V2 Rth
A

Thevenin equivalent circuit

+ -
Vth Load Terminals

B
4
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Statement: A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source VTh in series with a
resistor RTh, where VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals and
RTh is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off.

Linear Circuit: A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly related

(or directly proportional) to its input i.e. containing only linear
elements eg. R, L, C, transformer

5
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
How to find Thevenin equivalent voltage VTh and resistance RTh ?
• The two circuits given below are said to be equivalent if they have
the same voltage-current relation at their terminals.

(a) Original Circuit (b) Thevenin equivalent circuit

6
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
• If the terminals a-b are made open-circuited (by removing the load), no
current flows, then the open circuit voltage across the terminals a-b is
equal to the voltage source VTh.
• Thus, VTh is the open-circuit voltage across the terminal i.e. VTh = voc
• The input resistance when all independent sources turned off, at the
terminals a-b in the Fig (a) must be equal to RTh in Fig. (b) (input
resistance with VTh turned off).
• Thus, RTh is the input resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off, i.e. RTh = Rin

7
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Finding the Thevenin equivalent resistance RTh:

Case 1: When the networks has no Dependent Sources

• Turn off all the independent sources, then RTh is the input resistance
of the network looking between terminals a and b.

Case 2: When the networks has Dependent Sources

• Turn off all independent sources, apply voltage source vo across
terminals a-b and determine the resulting current io. Then RTh = vo ∕ io.
• Alternatively, insert a current source io across terminals a-b and find
the terminal voltage vo. Again RTh = vo ∕ io.
8
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Steps to determine Thevenin’s Equivalent Resistance (RTH)
and Voltage (VTH):

•Remove load resistor RL or any component connected across the

terminals a-b through which Thevenin equivalent is required.
• Determine RTH by shorting all voltage sources and open-
circuiting all current sources, and then calculating the circuit’s total
resistance as seen from the open terminals a-b.
• Determine VTH by calculating the voltage between open
terminals a-b (by usual circuit analysis methods).
9
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Example: To find Thevenin equivalent between terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’

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 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step1: Remove all the independent sources.
a) Replace voltage source by short circuit
b) Replace current source by open circuit
20Ω

a 10Ω 20Ω
b

10Ω 10Ω 10Ω

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 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step2: Finding RTh
20Ω

a 10Ω 20Ω a 10Ω 10Ω

b b

10Ω 10Ω 10Ω 10Ω 10Ω 10Ω

12
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step2: Finding RTh

a 10Ω 10Ω a 30Ω

b b

30Ω 30Ω
10Ω 10Ω 10Ω 10Ω
10Ω

Star to Delta transformation

13
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step2: Finding RTh
a 30Ω a 30Ω b
b

30Ω 30Ω 7.5Ω

10Ω 7.5Ω
10Ω

a 30Ω b

RTh = 30||15 = 10Ω 15Ω

14
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step3: Finding VTh

a 10Ω 10Ω
b
10V
10Ω 10Ω 10Ω
30V i1 i2
50V

Source Transformations
15
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step3: Finding VTh
a 10Ω 10Ω
For loop 1: b
30  50  30i1 10i2  0 10V
10Ω 10Ω
 2  3i1  i2 (1) 10Ω
For loop 2: 30V i1 i2
50V
50 10  30i2 10i1  0
 6  i1  3i2 (2)
On solving (1) and (2), i1 = 0, i2 = 2A

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 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step3: Finding VTh

Applying KVL to the output loop,

vab 10i1  30 10i2  0
 vab  10 V

Therefore,
VTh  vab  10 V Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

17
 NORTON’S THEOREM
Statement: A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a
resistor RN, where IN is the short-circuit current through the
terminals and RN is the input or equivalent resistance at the
terminals when the independent sources are turned off.

Why are we using Norton’s Theorem?

• Simplifies the network in terms of currents instead of voltages.
•It reduces a network to a simple parallel circuit with a current
source and a resistor.

18
 NORTON’S THEOREM

Original circuit Norton equivalent circuit

19
 NORTON’S THEOREM
Steps to determine Norton’s equivalent Resistance (RN)
and Current (IN):
• Calculate RN in the same way as RTh.
• Using source transformation, the Thevenin and Norton
resistances are equal i.e. RN = RTh.
• To find the Norton current IN, we determine the short-circuit
current flowing from terminal a to b.
• This short-circuit current is the Norton equivalent current IN.

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 NORTON’S THEOREM
Close relationship between Norton’s and Thevenin’s theorems:

21
 NORTON’S THEOREM
Since VTh, IN, and RTh/N are related, to determine the Thevenin or
Norton equivalent circuit we find:

• The open-circuit voltage voc across terminals a and b (= VTh)

• The short-circuit current isc at terminals a and b (= IN)

• The equivalent input resistance Rin at terminals a and b

when all independent sources are turned off (= RTh/N)

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 NORTON’S THEOREM
Example of Norton Theorem

INorton = (28/4) + (7/1) = 14 A

RNorton = (4||1) = 0.8 Ω
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 NUMERICAL

Q1. Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit shown below across
terminals a-b. Then find the current through RL = 6Ω and 36Ω respectively.

24
 NUMERICAL
Soln:
Step 1. Find RTh by turning off
the 32V voltage source
(replacing it with a short circuit)
and the 2A current source
(replacing it with open circuit).

25
 NUMERICAL
Step 2. Make a-b open circuit. Find VTh by applying mesh/node analysis.

=> i1 = 0.5A

26
 NUMERICAL
Step 3. Finding current through RL

a) When RL= 6Ω

a) When RL= 36Ω

Thevenin equivalent circuit

27
 NUMERICAL
Q4. Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit between terminals a-b.

28
 NUMERICAL
Soln:
Step 1: Finding RTh.
Remove independent sources
i.e replace voltage source by
short circuit and current
source by open circuit.

Then we have,

29
 NUMERICAL
Step 2: Finding VTh.
KCL at node 1:

KCL at node 2:

Solving (1) and (2), =>

30
 NUMERICAL
Q5. Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalents at terminals a-b
of the circuit shown below.

31
 NUMERICAL
Soln:
Step 1: Finding RTh/N. Replace current sources by open-circuits and
voltage source by short-circuit.
20 5
RTh  5 (14  6) 
||
20  5
 RTh  4  RN

Step 2: Finding VTh. Apply source transformation to 1A current source

and apply nodal analysis.
14  6 VTh VTh
 3
14  6 5
 VTh  8V
5
2
 NUMERICAL
And,

a a
RTh = 4 Ω

_
RN = 4 Ω
VTh = 8 V + IN = 2 A
Therefore,
b b
Thevenin Norton Equivalent
Equivalent Circuit Circuit
33
 NUMERICAL
Q6. Find the Norton equivalent at terminals a-b of the circuit shown.

34
 NUMERICAL
Soln:
Step 1: Finding RN.
Set the independent sources
to zero. This leads to the
reduced circuit shown.
Thus,

35
 NUMERICAL
Step 2: Finding IN. Short-circuit terminals a and b.
Ignore the 5-Ω resistor because it has been short-circuited.
Applying mesh analysis,

On solving, we get

Norton’s Equivalent a

RN = 4 Ω
IN = 1 A

b 56
 UNSOLVED NUMERICAL
Q1. Using Thevenin’s theorem, find the equivalent circuit to the left of the
terminals in the circuit below. Then find I.

Ans: VTh = 90 V, RTh = 45 Ω, I = 1.5 A. 37

 UNSOLVED NUMERICAL
Q2. Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit shown below, as seen by the
7Ω resistor. Then calculate the current flowing through the 7Ω resistor.

Ans: VTh = 80 V, RTh = 33 Ω. 38

 UNSOLVED NUMERICAL
Q3. Obtain the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the circuit shown
below.

Ans: VTh = -84 V, RTh = 20 Ω. 39

 UNSOLVED NUMERICAL
Q4. Find Norton equivalent resistance RN and current IN at terminals a-b of
the circuit shown below.

Ans: IN = 4.5 A, RN = 90 Ω. 40
 UNSOLVED NUMERICAL
Q5. Find the Norton equivalent with respect to terminals a-b in the circuit
shown below.

Ans: IN = 1mA, RN = 5k Ω. 41
 UNSOLVED NUMERICAL
Q6. Obtain the Norton equivalent of the circuit in fig shown below, to the
left of terminals a-b. Use the result to find current i.

Ans: IN = - 0.4 A, RN = 10 Ω, i = 2.4 A. 42

 UNSOLVED NUMERICAL
Q7. Given the circuit in Fig below, obtain the Norton equivalent as viewed
from terminals: (a) a-b (b) c-d.

Ans: (a) IN = 7 A, RN = RTh = 2 Ω, VTh = 14 V. (b) IN = 12.667 A, RN = RTh = 1.5 Ω, VTh = 19 V.

43
 UNSOLVED NUMERICAL
Q8. Use Norton’s theorem to find Vo in the circuit of Fig.

Ans: IN = -1 mA, RN = 20 kΩ. 44

 UNSOLVED NUMERICAL
Q9. Determine the Thevenin and Norton equivalents at terminals a-b of the
circuit in Fig.

Ans: (a) IN = 1.7778 A, RN = RTh = 22.5 Ω, VTh = 40 V. 45

Submit unsolved problem 3 and 7 as Assignment 1.2 before Friday 11.00 AM