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117 views150 pagesOutlet Turnout
outlets of irrigation canals
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shahid aliCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 150
235.
5, OUTLETS OR FARM TURNOUTS
INTRODUCTION
An outlet or a farm turnout is a structure at the head of a watercourse,
a farm irrigation canal, or a farm or field lateral, which connects it with a supply
canal. The supply (or distribution) canal is usually under the control of an
irrigation authority. The authority may be a Government department, a public,
or semi-public organization such as a district or an irrigation association, Thus
the farm outlet is the connecting link between the canal operator representing the
authority and the farmer or user. It follows that the design and operation of the
outlet must satisfy the needs of both parties as far as possible. For example, the
farmer will want to be satisfied that he receives his due share of the water at the
right time and the operator will want to be satisfied that the outlet structures
exercise effective control over the distribution of the supplies.
‘There are more farm outlets than other structures in an irrigation system
and therefore they have a decisive influence on the functioning of a system. (In
the U.S.A, in 1960 there were some 160,000 farm outlets on irrigation systems.
The number of outlets on irrigation systems in a single Province in India (the
Punjab) in 1947 was over 41,000. In the U.5.S,R, at present more than half of
the total number of structures on irrigation systems are outlets.)
Factors Influencing the Design of Farm Outlets
5.112 Quantity of water to be delivered
In the design of irrigation distribution systems, the basic factor to be
considered is the quantity of water to be delivered at the farm outlet. (This
‘quantity is based on the area of land to be irrigated and a number of other factors,
inter alia, the type of soil, water requirements of the crops, effective rainfall,
depth to the water table, et cetera.) The design of the outlets will also depend on
the method of water delivery adopted (see 5.1.1.3). 236.
B.L1.2 Sources and nature of water
‘The main sources of water for irrigation are: rivers, dams, welle,
and natural springs. Water from the three latter sources is generally free of
silt and in these cases the farm outlets can be designed for proportional distri-
bution if required (c.g. when the supply in the distributing canal fluctuates).
Water from rivers is usually charged with sediment, and this has to be taken into
account in the design of the outlets so that the passage of silt is restricted, but at
the same time silting up of the downstream reach of the river is avoided.
51.1.3 Methods of water delivery
‘There are three methods for delivering water to farms, known as
continuous, rotational and demand respectively.
tn the continuous method each farm receives its rightfull share of the
supply in relation to the area of each holding in an uninterrupted flow. That is,
water is always available, although it may not always be necessary to use it; and
s0 its actual use may be, and often is, intermittent. The method and canal
system is easy to operate but disadvantages are the tendency to waste time and
water, particularly in sandy soils due to percolation, and the possibility of
waterlogging. Where farms or farm unite vary greatly in size, the size of the
outlets may have to vary from very small to very large structures, thus making
it difficult if not impossible to standardize them,
With the rotational method water is in effect moved from one area to
another en bloc, and each user receives a fixed amount of water at defined
intervals of time. This kind of rotation can be applied between just two or more
farmers, between two or more groups of farmers, or between defined portions of
an entire irrigation scheme. By using large heads water can be moved rapidly
over the surface of the ground, thus minimizing losses through percolation and
promoting good irrigation efficiencies.
When water supplies are adequate there is no particular problem, but
when the supply is insufficient to meet the full demand, the water available has to
be distributed according to the principle of equitable sharing (see Chapter 2 -
2.2.1). A farm outlet may serve just one farmer or a group. In some countries, 237,
e.g. India and Pakistan, the entire discharge from one outlet is taken by different
farmers in turn, the duration of the turn being fixed in proportion to the irrigable
area in each case, Under these conditions a more standardized form of outlet
can be employed.
. ‘The demand delivery method is particularly favoured by farmers
because the water is delivered at the farm outlets in the quantity and at the time
requested. It permits a farmer to draw any flow of water he may desire, imited
only by the capacity of the canal system, At the same time it encourages
economical use when water charges are based on the volume delivered. On the
other hand it is not economically feasible to construct a canal system of sufficient
capacity to satisfy the full demands of all farmers at the same time, and the
method is not practicable either in the case of large canals drawing their supplies
from uncontrolled river sources. The extent to which farm outlets can be
standardized for use in the demand method is only limited.
In many cases, practical considerations call for the use of a com-
bination of two or all three of the delivery methods within the same irrigation
project at various times or in various locations. For example, during periods
of high seasonal runoff, the main canals can run at full capacity and supply
farmers with water (if they require it) by the continuous flow method, At other
times, where reserves of water in storage are being drawn, or where the supply
in the rivers is insufficient for the demand, the project can be switched to
rotational delivery.
5.1.14 Methods of assessing water charges
In some countries (e.g. Arab Republic of Egypt, Sri Lanka, Thailand)
farmers are not charged for the irrigation water they receive, but in most other
countries they have to pay for it, However, where charges are made, the
systems of assessing them vary in various parts of the world.
There are four main methods of assessing water charges or water
rates for irrigation water based on:
(4) rate of flow, which entails metering the rate of flow and
‘maintaining the necessary record:
(ii) volume of water delivered, entailing a volumetric measuring 238.
device or a combined rate of flow and time measuring device;
(ii) area, and type of, crops irrigated; control and record-keeping
is necessary;
(iv) each irrigation over a given area, e.g. where irrigation is only
supplementary, or where the same crop is grown over large areas year after year,
auch as rice for example; again control and adequate records are necessary.
In the case of methods (i) and (ii) the farm outlets have to be
accurate measuring devices. In the case of methods (iii) and (iv) the measure-
ment of discharge is not essential, but the farm outlets should be designed to
ensure equitable distribution of water.
5.1.1.5 Qperation of the canal system
When water supplies are plentiful throughout the crop season the
entire canal system runs at full capacity; under these conditions the design of
farm outlets is a simple matter, When the supplies are insufficient to meet the
demand their distribution has to be controlled and rationed out. This can be done
in the various ways described below.
‘The various distributing canals can be run continuously carrying their
share of the water supplies available. In this case the farm outlets in the canals
will have to either (a) draw whatever water is available or (b) run in rotation. In
case (a) the outlets should be able to draw a proportion of the discharge. However
if the oupply is laden with silt, the outlets will not draw their fair share of it and
the problem of silting at the head reaches of the distributing canal may arise. In
case ()) the outlet needs a check structure in the supply canal to feed it. Further
more each outlet must be fitted with a manually operated shutting device, There
may also be a silting problem in the distributing canal due to heading up of water.
5.12 Desiderata for the Design of a Farm Outlet
As far back as 1906, Kennedy set forth desiderata for the efficient design of
a farm outlet, in Punjab Irrigation Paper No. 12, quoted below.
“(a)_ To keep the discharge automatically constant as adjusted, and indicated,
however much (within working limits) the water levels may vary in the
Gistributary channel, or in the watercourse, or in both at once. 239.
(b) To allow of slight variations in the discharges as adjusted, so as to avoid
the need of constantly removing and replacing the outlet, whenever the
discharge must be somewhat altered.
(c) To work with high ‘heads! as well as low - down to three inches or 80.
(€) To be free from derangement by silt or weeds.
(e) To be light, portable, easily removed and replaced elsewhere,
(To de cheap and durable, with no complicated mechanism.
(g) To be all closed in and immune from outside interference or derangement
in working.
(a) To be capable of being opened or closed off entirely by the cultivators
from outside.
(i) To indicate from outside when the working head is insufficient to give the
full discharge, and therefore also the necessity for clearance of the
watercourse.
(i) If s0 desired and adjusted, to work as a module, only within certain
Limits of level in the feeder, above and below these limits to give
proportionately increased or decreased discharges, (This is with special
reference to farmers! canals, where each man is entitled to a proportion
of the whole available supply.)
(k) Floods"! in the distributary to be passed off by increased discharges
through the outlets, 0 as to avoid damage.
(1) When the distributary supply is very low and inadequate, it will be more
or less proportionally distributed to all outlets, those with very high
command not being allowed to draw off all the water there is.
(m) Discharges to be provided for may be anything between half and four cusecs”!
with possible duplication above the latter figures.
Of course it is not possible to satisfy all the conditions enumerated by
Kennedy in any one type of farm outlet, even in India, for which the desiderata
y 2/
+! i.e. excess water cubic feet per second atk
240.
were propounded. However, it is highly desirable that every outlet be strong and
so designed that it cannot easily be tampered with, The cost of construction
should be low, using local materials whenever available, and the aim should be to
standardize as much as po
ible. In areas of only little slope the farm outlet
should work efficiently with a small working head, (because the greater the loss of
head the higher the water level required in the supply canal for command and,
consequently, the higher the cost of the entire distribution system), Where
supplies are delivered on a volumetric basis, the outlet should have metering
facilities and should preferably include a recording device. Finally, where
supplies are charged with sediment, the farm outlet should draw its fair share of
the silt, without being liable to blockage by silt or weeds.
‘Throughout the irrigated areas of the world engineers, farmers and others
have invented or designed various kinds of farm outlets for particular conditions.
Some of the ideas never came to fruition but a large number of them have proved
satisfactory and have stood the test of time. For example the Adjustable Orifice
Semi-Module, developed in the Punjab before 1947 and the Jamrao Type Orifice
Semi-Medule, developed in Sind even though developed independently, are inter-
changeable. Thus, abundant experience has been accumulated on which to base
the choice of the best type of outlet to suit local conditions. However, this does
not preclude the possibility of improving existing outlets or evolving new types
which may be superior structurally, hydraulically and economically. In fact a
great deal of research remains to be done on this subject.
Classification and Selection of Farm Outlets
18 types of farm outlets are covered in this chapter as listed below.
In addition, examples of simple outlets for use at the farm level are described
in the last Section. The reference number allocated to each structure corresponds
to the Section number in the text, The first three structures listed (5.2, 5.3 and
5.4) are described in Chapter 3 - Intake Structures.
5.2 Constant-Head Orifice Farm Turnout (U.S. A.)
5.3 Orifice Module (France)
4 Double Orifice Module or Syphon Module Outlet (France)
5
5.5 Dethridge Meter (Australia) 2al.
5.6 Plastic Syphon Outlet Fitted Withan Intake Tube (Turkey)
5.7 Open Flume Farm Outlet (India and Pakistan)
5.8 Adjustable Orifice Semi- Module (India and Pakistan)
5.9 Jamrao Type Orifice Semi-Module (Sind, Pakistan)
5.10 Pipe Semi-Module (India and Pakistan)
5. Fayoum Standard Weir Farm Outlet (Arab Republic of Egypt)
5.12 Scratchley Outlet (India and Pakistan)
5.13 Pipe Outlet (India and Pakistan)
5.14 Farm Outlet to a Temporary Feed Ditch (U.S.S.R.)
5.15 Pre-Cast Farm Turnout. (Turkey)
5.16 Adjustable Weir Farm Outlet (Malaysia)
5.17 PVC Pipe Turnout (Republic of Korea)
5.18 Pipe Outlet with Standard Inlet (Philippines)
5.19 Gated Pipe Outlet (Ferrara Type)
5.20 Outlet Structures on the Farm
Outlets may be divided broadly into the following three classes:
A (i) Modules or modular farm outlets - 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4
(ii) Totaliaer type meter farm outlets - 5.5
B Semi-modules - 5.6, 5.7, 5-8, 5.9, 5-10, 5.17 and also
5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.16 and 5,18
when they have a free fall.
C —_Non-modular farm outlets - 5.12 and 5.15, 5.13, 5.14, 5.16,
5.18 and 5.19 under submerged conditions.
‘The advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each of the outlets listed
are discussed in detail under the relevant Section headings. General guidelines
‘on selection of classes and types are given below.
5.1.3.1 Selection of classes of farm outlets
A. Modules
In a module outlet the discharge is, within reasonable working limits,
independent of the water level in the supply canal and the watercourse or field
lateral. This clase of outlet may be regarded as the best type of farm outlet from
the farmer's viewpoint. However, modules cannot absorb fluctuations of water 2a2,
supplies in the parent canal and, therefore, the parent canal could either flood or
become dry in the tail reach, Thus, modules should be limited to: branch canals
or distributaries and minors in which the supply varies only within predetermined
Limits; outlets located above control points where water levels can be maintained;
canale in which additional water is delivered to certain selected outlets for
leaching or for other purpos:
When water is supplied on a volumetric basis modules are ideal.
Under any of the cases mentioned above constant-head orifice turnouts may be
found adequate, whether the water supply is charged with sediment or not. Other
suitable types may be Parshall flume outlets and meter-gates. When the water
supply is silt free the constant-head orifice turnout, the Neyrpic orifice module,
the double orifice module, and the Dethridge meter may be employed.
In cases where the water is not being supplied on a volumetric basis,
but may be at a later date, it may be convenient to resort to pre-cast farm
outlets (5.15) which can later be converted into constant-head orifice turnouts.
B. Semi-modules
‘The discharge of a semi-module outlet is independent of the water
levels in the watercourse or field lateral, but dependent on the water levels in the
supply canal, so long as a minimum working head is available for the device,
‘These types of modules are not useful for supplying water to farmers on a
volumetric basis unless they be accompanied by an auxiliary device, such as a
notch weir, a venturi flume, a Parshall flume or an open flow-meter attachment
on the downstream side, The usual use of semi-modules is to distribute, more
or less equitably, upstream variations in the supply canal within their range of
operation. The plastic syphon outlet (5. 6) fitted with an intake tube can be used
advantageously in small canals. The free-fall outlet to a temporary feed ditch
(5.14), the adjustable weir farm outlet (5.16), the PVC pipe turnout (5,17) and
the pipe outlet with standard inlets (5. 18), may all be used where a shut-off gate
is included in the outlet.
When the water supply to the outlets is free of silt and a shut-off gate
is not necessary, the following outlets are open to choice.
(i) Open flume outlets - at tail clusters, and in tail reaches with 243,
setting of the crest at 0.9 y, for proportional discharg.
(ii) Adjustable orifice semi-module - in head reaches with setting of
the crest at 0.6y, for proportional discharge.
(ii) Iamrao type orifice semi-module - in head reaches with setting
of the crest at 0,96 y, for proportional discharge.
(iv) Scratchley outlet - if it is not desirable (because of cost) to
install any other type of semi-module.
(v) Pipe semi-module - when the banks of the supply canal are very
wide; the setting of the module will be as indicated in (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) above
for the respective condition
(vi) Fayoum standard weir outlet - its setting has been standardized,
and it may be used successfully on all distributing canals.
(vii) Pipe outlet - in view of its low cost, a pipe outlet may be used
on all distributing channels with centre of the pipe set at 0.3y,.
‘When the water supply to the farm outlets is charged with ailt, itis
essential to use semi-modules which can draw a proportional share of the silt.
In this case proportional distribution of the water is neither necessary nor
feasible and the following types of outlets may be used.
(i) Open flume outlet ~ with setting of the crest at or near the bed
of the distributing canal provided the width of the crest is not less that 6 em and
the necessary working head is available. If the working head available is not
sufficient, a combined pipe-open flume outlet may be used which permits a higher
setting of the open flume outlet beyond the pipe. This type is eminently suitable
in lower reaches of distributing canals, It should be used at tail clusters and
above control points (within 300 metres upstream).
(ii) Adjustable orifice semi-module and Jamrao type orifice semi-
module - because of their low flexibility, these are eminently suitable for
installation in the head reaches of a distributing system, with their settings at o
near the bed level of the supply canal, provided the necessary head is available.
If sufficient head is not available, an open flume fitted with 2 roof block having a
similar setting may be used. 244,
(iii) Pipe semi-module - In cases where the crest of the outlet
cannot be placed at or near the bed level, a'pipe semi-module of the lowest
possible flexibility may be used.
(iv) As far as possible, the same type of farm outlets with the same
head over the crests should be used between two control points on a distributing
canal.
(v) Pipe outlets with their upstream end at or near the bed may be
used, but their coefficient of discharge is not constant and farmers may be tempted
to increase their flow by heading up the water in the watercourse thus partially
‘The discharge of non-modular outlets depends on the difference of
water levels in the supply canal and the watercourse or farm lateral. The water
level in the watercourse below the outlet varies considerably, depending o:
whether high or low areas are being irrigated at any given time; and where
silting occurs, the extent of silt clearance in the farm lateral. Where silting is
a dominant feature, the canals fitted with non-modular outlets are always liable
to flooding at the tail of the canal when farmers in the head reach do not clear
silt so that they draw their full share of water during periods of slack demand, On
the other hand, water is always in short supply at the tail end during periods of
keen demand, when farmers in the upper reaches tend to do the opposite, to clear
their watercourses too much.
Non-modular outlets should, therefore, be avoided as far as possible.
Their use is justified only when the working head available is so small that a semi-
modular outlet cannot be used.
5.1.3.2 Selection of types of farm outlets
As indicated above outlets have been divided into three main classes -
namely, modules, semi-modules and non-modular outlets and the general
circumstances in which each class may be used is described in 5.1.3.1, The
selection of the particular type of outlet depends on factors such as:
- cost
- available working head a
245.
= ease of adjustment
= ability to withdraw silt
- immunity from tampering.
It should also be noted that modules with moving parts comprise more
or less complicated mechanisms with the resulting possibility of the moving parts
becoming jammed.
ted in
In conclusion, the information and data on farm outlets pre
this chapter will, it is hoped, be of help to the designer in making the best
possible selection of the type or types of farm outlets he should adopt for
No claim is made
distributing canale to suit most conditions and requirement:
fas to the completeness of this chapter and it is hoped to make up any deficiency in
the revised edition of this handbook.
CONSTANT-HEAD ORIFICE FARM TURNOUT (U.S.A.)
See Section 3.4 of Chapter 3.
ORIFICE MODULE (FRANCE)
Sce Section 3.5 of Chapter 3.
DOUBLE ORIFICE MODULE OR SIPHON MODULE
See Section 3.6 of Chapter 3.
DETHRIDGE METER (AUSTRALIA)*!
Background
‘The Dethridge Meter is a self-integrating measuring structure used to
deliver water to farmers and to check the volume of water supplied for application
u
Based on information supplied by the Australian National Committee, ICID. 246
Pendent
(Cyclometer fixed to the wheel
Weight of wheels:
LLorge meter outlet not galvanised. 187
LLorge meter outlet golvanised....194
Smoll meter oullet not golvanised!O1
Smoll meter outlet golvonised.....!O7
Whee! Old Type Counter
Cylinder ond vores of
14 gouge hot dip golvonises
mila. steel
Wire
eonneior
Depth of vones rodioty
Outside dame of whee! 10 ios
otvenes 5-0 (4-6),
Wisin of whee! 2-6 c(-85
Cleoronees beween whee! ond
emplacement me
At walls 4 (4)
At tloor % (%I
Lean of ene 3-52-55
veel
‘cost on counter housing for
wire connection type counter
Concrete in emplacement is thick
except where fileted) ond reintgreed
by @ grid of JA'bors spoced 4 both woys,
for both lorge and small meters
FAO — ICID
Note: Dimensions shown ore for both
Meters (Lorge and Smal) Those
Jn brackets ore for Smoll Meter
utters.
DETHRIOGE METER OUTLET DETAILS
Project, Region, Country
Australia
Figure No. 5-1 25.2
247.
of water charges.
The device is widely used in the State of Victoria and other States in
Australia and to some extent in the U,S,A, and in Asian countries. Approximately
15, 500 large meters and 7,000 small meters are in operation in Victoria.
The Dethridge Meter was invented in 1910 by the Commissioner at that time,
the late J.8, Dethridge, of the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission,
Victoria, and adopted by the Commission after teste for three years under field
conditions, The original Dethridge Meter was a simple measuring device giving
4 positive measurement of volume discharged, and recording it directly in acre-
fect, with an accuracy of + 3.5 per cent for free outfall conditions over a range
of discharges from 42 1/s to 1401/5 (1.5 ft*/s to 5 ft3/s). A small meter for
capacities from 14 1/8 to 70 1/s (0.5 £t3/s to 2,5 12/5) was developed in the
19208
The construction of the Dethridge Meter has remained basically the same
over the years, i.e. concrete emplacement with minor variations to head wall and
transition shape. Laboratory and field testa have resulted in a standard setting
of the wheel in relation to channel flow level and mechanical improvements for the
wheel and fittings, e.g. wheel with a mild steel plate drum, vanes and water pipe
axle, originally with timber spokes and riveted, now all steel and welded; timber
bearing blocks now replaced by a more robust sealed unit; steel gate in a timber
frame, now replaced by neoprene guides set in concrete,
Structural Design
The general form and main dimensions of the two standard sizes of meter
are shown in Figure 5-1, ‘The wheel is made up of a cylinder of 14 gauge
(2.03 mm or 0.08inch thickness) mild steel sheet, bearing eight external vanes of
the same material, and internally braced by three crossed pairs of steel spokes
placed at the middle and both ends of the cylinder. The axle is a 2.54 em (one
inch) diameter galvanized pipe welded to the spokes. The cylinder, vane
attachments and spokes are fabricated by welding.
The vanes are "V"' shaped as shown (Figure -1), with the apex of the "V"
leading in the direction of rotation. At the base of each vane, and at the apex of 248,
the "V", there is an air vent to facilitate the filling and emptying of adjacent com-
partments as they enter and leave the stream of water passing under the wheel,
The outer corners of the vanes are chamfered to suit the fillets at the junction of
the walls and floor of the concrete emplacement.
‘The complete wheel unit is galvanized for protection against corrosion. The
wheel unit is supported accurately in the emplacement with the ends of the axle
resting on ball bearings in a Delrin race fixed on the walls of the flume. (Timber
bearing blocks were originally used.)
A pendant actuated sealed cyclometer unit is rivetted to the wheel cylinder
and rotates with it, The older meters have a cast iron housing attached to the
flume wall for the revolution counter, which is connected to the end of the axle by
a flexible wire link.
The shape of the flume can best be described by considering it in three
parts, Upstream of the wheel it is of simple rectangular section, with level
floor in the vicinity of the wheel. While the walls remain plane and parallel, the
floor is indented to accommodate an arc of approximately 70° of the wheel's
circumference. And immediately downstream of the wheel the walls are splayed
outward and the floor is sloped up to a lip at sufficient height to ensure drowning
of the passage swept by the vanes under the wheel.
[At the entry to the flume a cut-off wall extends to either side into the canal
bank, and downward below the natural surface of the ground to prevent seepage
around the structure. The galvanized steel sluice gate to control discharge
through the meter is fitted in neoprene guide strips set in recesses so that they
are flush with the walls and floor at the entry from the channel.
The flume and cut-off wall are constructed of reinforced concrete, although
other materials may be employed. In early times of cement shortage, timber
was used, but proved unsatisfactory because of leakage between the timbers and
distortion.
All concrete is of high quality and 10 cm (4 inch) thickness (except where
filleted), and reinforced with a grid of 6 mm (0.25 inch) diameter bars spaced
10 em (4 inches) apart both ways, The structure may be either cast in-situ or 249
aseembled from pre-cast units, ‘The pre-cast units provide a more accurate
emplacement with better concrete quality, (See Figure 5-2)
FIGURE 5-2, - Pre-cast large meter emplacement with wheels
installed; note reinforcement to tie into cut-offs and pre-cast
head wall,
Rip-rap protection is placed on the bed and batters of the farm ditch
immediately downstream of the meter to prevent scouring
For large canals, where continuous access is required along the canal bank,
a pipe outlet is installed through the bank and the meter is erected outside the
bank at the end of the pipe.
Figures 5-3 (a), 5-3 (b), 5-4 (a) and 5-4 (b) show details of both large and
small meters,
Figure 5-5 shows a large Meter Outlet in op
outfall Fao 1610
Figera Mo 5-34) FAO ~ ICID
SECTION CC OF FIGURE 3(o) AND
DETAILS OF METER WHEEL
OF LARGE DETHRIOGE METER OUTLET
Project,
Ai oan of Wael in Eneeconet
Fao- Icio
SECTION C-C OF FIGURE 5-4(a) AND
DETAILS OF METER WHEEL
OF SMALL OETHRIOGE METER OUTLET
Project, Region, Country
Australia
Figure 5-4 (b) 254.
FIGURE 5-5, - Large Dethridge meter outlet in operation with
free outfall.
The structure is robust in construction and reasonably resistant to illegal
tampering. If necessary, gates can be padlocked in position and lead seals fixed
to counters, The counter has a ratchet arvangement to prevent winding back if
the wheel is rotated in the opposite direction (important againat tampering). One
vane is painted so that the canal attendant can see from a distance whether the
wheel is turning correctly, ‘The meter will pass a fair amount of floating debris
in the water without damage to, or stoppage of, the wheel.
Once installed correctly in an accurate emplacement the meter does not
require adjustment, Regulation of discharge through the meter is carried out by
simple adjustment of the gate opening.
Hydraulic Characteristics
It is important that the meter be installed at the correct level in relation to
the designed discharge level of the water in the canal, so as to make the best use
of the generally limited head available while at the same time ensuring sufficient
head and yet avoiding drowning of the wheel by water that may back up from the
farm ditch. The standard setting for the large meter, as shown in Figure 5-6, 255.
is to have the floor of the flume, at entry, 38 cm (15 inches) below supply level
in the canal, For the small meter this depth is 30.5 cm (12 inches).
‘The supply level of the canal is fixed by the designed upstream level of each
canal regulator and is taken as a horizontal pool at this level extending upstream
from the regulator to the next regulator. This level is fixed in relation to the
land to be supplied.
‘The commanded land is defined as the land 15 em (6 inches) or more below
the supply level making allowances where necessary for farm canal grades and
structures, This allows about 7.5 em (3 inches) drop through the meter to the
maximum allowable level in the farmer's ditch and 7.5 cm (3 inches) depth of
meter over the highest ground, As the canal running level is above the
horizontal supply level, meters, set some distance upstream of a regulator, have
a water depth over the floor of the flume in excess of the standard 37.5 em (15
inches) or 30.5 cm (12 inches) respectively and the gate and head wall levels must
be raised accordingly to provide the required free board. As far as possible,
regulators are located so that meters are within a short distance upstream.
If there were no necessity for clearances between the wheel and the flume,
the meter would give an exact positive measurement of the water passing through
it, as each revolution of the wheel would pass an invariable quantity of the water
detween the vanes and the cylinder swept through the emplacement. With the
provision of the necessary clearance (ace section 5.5.4) however, leakage occurs
through the clearance space at a rate dependent not only on the rate of rotation of
the wheel but also on other factors, uch as the difference in water levels
immediately upstream and downstream of the wheel, and the depth of submergence.
The quantity of water passed per revolution of the wheel does, therefore, vary to
some extent under operating conditions. For this reason, the clearance is kept
emall as practical.
5.5.3.1 Relationship between revolutions and discharge
For the conversion of revolutions to acre-feet, constant ratios are
assumed: 1,500 revolutions per acre-foot for the large wheel and 3, 500
revolutions per acre-foot for the small wheel. The dimensions of the wheels
have in fact been designed to provide these simple ratios, and the error is not 256.
more than 5% over the range of normal operating conditions for either meter.
‘This degree of accuracy is considered quite reasonable for the measurement of
water deliveries for irrigation.
Similarly revolution counters are geared in the ratio of 15:1 for the large
meter, and 35:1 for the small meter, and so the dial reads directly in acre-feet.
The counters as manufactured read to two decimal places, but irrigation records
are rounded off to one decimal place.
‘A discharge rate of one acre-foot per day (14 1/s or 0.5 £t?/s) corresponds
closely to one revolution per minute of the larger wheel or 2 revolutions per
minute of the small wheel. ‘These relationships provide a very convenient guide
to the canal operator or water-bailiff in setting a meter gate to give whatever
iecharge rate is required.
5.5.3.2 Design rating:
(a) Ratings and settings adopted in relation to the supply canal levels for
the two meters are as indicated below:
Rating: Large Meter Outlet Small Meter Outlet
(i) Free overfall 820 1/ revolution 349 1/revolution
or 29.04 ft? or 12.45 ft?
(i) Tail water as in (iii) 860 1/revolution 370 1/revolution
or 30.38 ft or 13.08 ft?
(iii) Tail Water
Above downstream 1
sill level 17.8 em or 7 inches 13.3 cm or 53 inches
Above upstream
sill level 30.5 em or 12 inches 22.9 cm or 9 inches
(iv) Designed supply level
Above upstream
sill level 38.1 cm or 15 inches 30.5 cm or 12 inches
(v) Clearance between
‘the Meter wheel and
the Outlet Structure
a Gshccmson: 3 ints jes oe 4 ren
side 4.98jem.or:$ ide OF cmion os inch 5
4
257,
Installation and Operation
Canal regulators are located to regulate supply levels for the meter outlets
as shown in Figures 5-6 and 5-7.
FIGURE 5-6. - Typical setting of Dethridge meter just upstream
of a regulator. The supply level of the canal is indicated by the
bottom of the slot in the wall on the right hand side of the regulator.
Generally one meter is provided for each farm, a small one for areas up to
40 acres and a large one for larger farms. If the farm area commanded by
gravity and suitable for irrigation exceeds 120 ha (300 acres), a second large
meter may be provided, These general rules may be modified, if necessary,
because of particular farm layouts and topography.
The canal attendant
gulates flow to the farm through the meter at required
intervals during the irrigation season to provide flows as requested by the
irrigator. Regular readings of the counter are taken to keep check on the total
volume supplied
‘The flow is regulated by adjusting the gate to the appropriate opening as
indicated in Figure 5-8, In actual operation the flow is readily checked by 258
Channel regulator
‘Top of banks Bridge
DOL.
SL
Bed
DDL. Designed discharge level
15 Concrete free board .
Pa M0 Floor level (1) ae
Earth free boord
Channel regulator
cP
Min_drop 0:20
3 maximum stripping
of drop bars
Typicol Longitudinal Section
Flow profile for maximum dischorge with roughness ond grade selected
S.L. Supply level for setting meter outlets ond spur offtokes
(1) For SMO setting of floor is 12 below supply level
Capacity Earth bank Structures
in ‘Minimums ‘Tainimam | Minimum concrete | Presiressed slab
tP/s crest width in feet | free board in feet ree board bridges ¥ *
O-30 6 re ] sv »
30-480 8 v6” iz
> 490 12 2-5 12”
The required crest width may be lorger than
the minimum to meet percolation gradient
requirements or construction equipment
requirements.
If access is required along the bank a
minimum crest width of 12 is required. FAO -ICID
*#weasured from 0.0.L. at abutments to
top of prestressed slab.
CHANNEL DESIGN, FREE BOARD
AND SETTING OF DETHRIDGE METER OUTLETS
Project, Region, Country
‘Austrolio
Figure No. 5-7 259,
counting the revolutions per minute of the-wheel and reference to the table is not
necessary.
Accurate ratings have been obtained in the laboratory to give graphs for
volume passed per revolution of the wheel over a range of discharges and for
different canal levels and tailwater levels. Other series of tests have been
carried out for non-standard clearances. These ratings are not required for
operations or normal design purposes because average ratings have been adopted
for the counter gearing. Detailed ratings are, however, available for special
investigations.
5.5.4.1 Costs and quantities of materials
Direct labour and material costs of the installed pre-cast outlet
(excluding fittings) are in Australia approximately:
small meter outlet $A 350
large meter outlet $A 450
‘These costs vary depending on site conditions and access, The costs
of fittings, (wheel, gate, guides, bearings, cyclometer) are $A.43 for a small
meter and $A. 63 for a large meter and are included in the above cost.
Approximate concrete volumes for pre-cast units are:
small meter outlet 0.65 m3 ox 23 £13
large meter outlet 0.99 m3 or 35 #3
5.5.4.2 Maintenance
‘The main item of regular maintenance for the old type of meter was
recoating the wheel with tar, for protection against corrosion. This was done
cach year in the winter months, when there was no irrigation, This has now been
eliminated by using galvanized metal parts, When the canal operator takes a
reading of the counter or adjusts the discharge, he should check that the wheel,
the bearings and counter are operating correctly. Any damage to the galvanizing
should be treated with a cold zine-rich epoxy paint. The farmer's ditch must be
checked to ensure that it is clean of weeds which would increase the water level
and cause high tailwater levels on the meter. 8-9-0N aunbsy
oyouysny
Aujuno9 ‘ voibay 920g
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lusuing ston 3607) 5.
5.
5.
5
7
263
Numerical Example
Design a Dethridge Meter Outlet under free overfall conditions for standard
ratings and setting to deliver during part of the irrigation season 2.5 ft°/'s and in
the other part of the season 3.8 ft3/
Refer to the Tables on Figure 5-8, which show that for standard ratings and
settings (see 5.5.3.2), the large meter outlet will give a discharge of 2.5 £t3/s
with a gate opening of 5g inch and a discharge of 3.8 ft/s with the gate fully open.
Other dimensions and details are as given in 5.5.3 and 5.5.4.
Further Research to Improve the Structure
Experiments have been carried out for some time to try and find an arrange-
mént with better accuracy at low discharge. Tests have included rubber flaps on
the wheel to seal the clearances, A modified emplacement is at present under
test with the downstream section of the flume the same width as the upstream
section, instead of flared, and the floor horizontal. A gate is installed on the
downstream end to control the flow of water and to ensure filling of the volume
between the vanes and drum,
A somewhat similar modified arrangement is used in New South Wales.
Trial aluminium wheels, rivetted and welded, ‘have been installed but are
much more expensive than galvanized steel. Fibreglass wheels have been tried
in New South Wales.
Summary
‘The Dethridge meter outlet can operate with a small head loss, as low as,
7.6 em (or 3 inches) for discharges up to 112 1/s (or 4 t3/s) for a large meter.
A head loss of at least 17 cm (or 7 inches) is required for best accuracy.
The device measures by positive action. The measurement is self-
integrating. Accuracy of the measurement is around 5% which is well within
reasonable limits for irrigation deliveries,
‘The accuracy drops off sharply with high tailwater levels. The water level
in the farmer's ditch must be controlled to keep it at least 7.5 em (3 inches) below 5.6
5.6.
265.
the meter supply level. Even at the 3 inch control level the error increases to
6.7% at 42 1/6 (1.5 ft/s
‘The accuracy also drops off sharply for discharges lower than the minimum
indicated above. For this reason the small meter is not suitable for measuring
flows to areas under 2 ha (5 acres!
Considerable care should be taken to provide accurate setting of the wheel
and clearance between the wheel and emplacement, The bottom clearance is the
most critical. A clearance of 2,54 cm (1 inch) instead of the standard 0, 64 cm
(0.25 inch) would increase the volume passed by more than 10%.
For free outfall conditions, a "Pelton Wheel" situation occurs if the canal
level is more than 76.2 em (30 inches) above the upstream floor. A jet flow
develops under the wheel without completely filling the swept volume beneath the
vanes and drum such that the actual volume passed can be as much as 10% less
than the rated volume.
‘This outlet ia not suitable for canals carrying silt charged water as it
cannot draw its share of the silt.
PLASTIC SIPHON OUTLET FITTED WITH AN INTAKE TuBE+/
General
A Plastic Siphon Outlet fitted with an intake tube has been evolved in Turkey
for delivering water to farm laterals from elevated flumed tertiary canals running
under shooting flow conditions. Elevated flume irrigation systems are being
increasingly used in Turkey because of the reduced construction time necessary
(through prefabrication) and other economic advantages.
Delivery of the water to individual farms is effected by means of plastic
siphons, Plastic siphons enable water to be delivered from any point along
1/ pased on a note prepared by Ozden Bilen, Turkey, and supplied by the Turkish
P y
National Committee, ICID. 266.
7
[
FAO-ICID
pe
5 6
Joy » Depth of submergence , em
\STIC SIPHON FITTED WITH AN INTAKE TUBE|
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISCHARGE
‘AND DEPTH OF SUBMERGENCE
Project , Region, Country
Turkey
Figure No. 5-10 wo * sysbua} aan) ayoiu)
2
z oz st o s °
sutiouars yo weg a_|
aovabiowans jo yidoa ©
souabiowans jo yideo x
aouabseugns jo yidea 9
soustiowane jo widoa ®
FIGURE 5-11, - Plastic siphon fitted with intake tube -
Efficiency of siphon. 5.
5.
6.2
6.3
268.
canals and thus they are adaptable to a wide range of farm layouts.
Econcmically, relatively steep slopes and high water velocities in elevated
ume type tertiaries are desirable; on the other hand, thie creates difficulty in
withdrawing water under shooting flow conditions, To overcome this problem,
ie dyaascic had WE 1 dewnloned be thevrslority offivw inn elevated tive, Has
‘een utilized by connecting intake tubes to the siphons.
Structure
The outlet consists of a plastic siphon with an intake tube 12 em long and
9.3 cm inside diameter (Figure 5-9).
‘The siphon is fixed to the sides of the elevated flume by means of a steel
ring (2 mm thick) and mild steel plates (5 mm thick) as shown in Figure 5-9.
‘The means for fixing the siphon is easily adjusted for different depths of sub-
mergence. The siphon has a free flow and discharges either directly into the
farm lateral or into a small masonry or concrete receptacle from where the
water flows on to the farm lateral. With this device it is possible to withdraw
about 18 1/s of water under shooting flow conditions.
Hydraulics
‘The angle between the siphon inlet and the intake tube has been selected at
90°, The discharge capacity of the
iphon decreases with the increase of this
angle.
Figure 5-10 is a graph, developed {rom experiments, which shows the
relation between discharge and depth of submergence. Figure 5-11 is a graph
showing the relationship between the length of the intake tube and the efficiency of
the siphon (ratio between the actual and theoretical discharges) for dupthe of
submergence from $ cm to 9 em. The graphs are valid for an intake tube length
of 12 cm and siphon of inside diameter of 9.3 em, It will be seen from Figure
5-11 that with an intake tube of 12 cm in length and a depth of submergence of
5 cm (corresponding to (8) = 0,552) gives an efficiency of 98%. In the case
wy
¥
of complete submergence (
1,00) efficiency is 66%. It is advisable
DE) d y 5.6.4
269.
to use a submergence depth between 5 cm and 8 em.
In practice the water velocity under shooting flow conditions in tertiary
canals varies between 2.5 m/s to 3.5 m/s, and the graphs in Figures 5-10 and
5-11 give satisfactory results and are valid for this velocity range.
ai y i
Design
‘The submergence depth for a given dischazge to be passed for a tube with
an inside dlameter of 9,3 emia found from Figure Sail: For this aubmergence
depth and the adopted tube Length, the efficiency of the outlet, a8 explained in
5.6.3, teifouid. Thjsietfictency should be as high a possible,
For example:
let Q of the outlet be 15 fs
diameter of inlet tube be 9.3 em
length of inlet tube 12 em
From Figure 5-10, submergence depth for a discharge of 15 1/8 = 5.5 em.
The efficiency for thie design is about 97.5%.
OPEN FLUME OUTLET (INDIA AND PAKISTAN) 1!
General
The open flume outlet is widely used with success in Punjab, Haryana and
some other states of India, and the provinces of Sind and Punjab of Pakistan.
(See Figure 5-12)
‘The carlier types of outlets developed in India - Kennedy's sill outlet,
Kennedy's gauge outlet, the Harvey outlet, the Harvey Stoddard irrigation
outlet - have been superseded either due to their not having been immune to
+ Based on a note prepared by A.D. Choudhry, Chief Engineer, Irrigation Works,
Haryana (India), and K.C. Gupta, Executive Engineer, Central Designs Irrigation,
Works, Haryana (India). 270.
tampering or due to improved designs. The open flume outlet, a development of
the idea underlying the Harvey outlet, was first introduced by Crump in the
Punjab, and underwent improvements and modifications from time to time. The
two types which finally emerged are: the open flume as used in the Punjab, and
1
the Jamrao type open flume”! as used in the Province of Sind, Pakistan.
FIGURE 5-12, - Photographs of open flume farm outlet
(Punjab type)
i Structural and Design Characteristics
The open flume outlet (a typical design is shown in Figure 5-13) is
essentially a smooth weir with a throat constricted sufficiently to ensure a
velocity above the critical and long enough to ensure that the controlling section
Y/ particulars not furnished in this Handbook. The Jamrao type open flume outlet
requires more working head than the Punjab type open flume outlet. €1-G°ON aunbi4
UO}S)Og pu O1pu)
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sual avy 0g 4 ea Se |e BET
M6 uous S80) 22hy = = E|
pw uidop us 08 01 OF siAWOY> Mddns 10) suoID9g = = E 272,
remains within the parallel throat at all discharges up to the maximum. A flared
upstream head wall and a gradually expanding flume is provided at the outfall to
obtain the maximum recovery of head, The entire structure is built in brick
masonsy;, but to prevent tampering and also to help in the construction of a
precise section of the throat or gullet, an iron base plate of about 6 mm thickness
and about 30 cm long should be fitted in the centre of the controlling section in the
gullet. Cast iron plates, 300 mm x 300 mm x 10 mm, should also be provided on
the side of the gullet in conjunction with the base plate as shown in Figure 5-14.
In case of need to widen or narrow the controlling section at a later stage, check
plates can be adjusted by the required width by means of sliding bolts. Mild
steel plates may also be used, after welding to size. The thickness of the base
plate and the check plate should be 5 to 6mm when mild steel plates are used
and 10 to 12 mm when with cast iron plates.
‘The length of the throat should be equal to 2H/cr4) and the controlling
section starts at a distance of 2H(cr4) from the toe of the side slope of the supply
canal, In order to obtain the maximum recovery of head, the downstream side
walls are splayed at 1:10 for a length of 1.5 m (5 ft), having a width at the end
equal to 30 cm (1 ft) plus bed width of the watercourse or farm canal. At the
downstream end there are wing walls on both sides. The structure is fitted
with a gauge on the upstream side to read H(crt)-
‘The slope of the downstream glacis depends on the bed level of the water-
course or farm canal.
‘The free board on the supply canal water surface up to the downstream end
of the throat ie 15 cm (6 inches). Downstream side walls or wing walls are at
least 15 cm (6 inches) above the water surface level in the watercourse or farm
canal.
The structure is very durable and has a very long serviceable life, It is
immune from tampering when cast iron or steel frame and side cheek plates are
fitted in the throat. It can be adjusted, when required, by dismantling one side
wall, then either raising or lowering the crest level or reducing or increasing
the width of the throat and rebuilding the side wall at the required distance. 273
Gullet of outlet ——}
jr yt
| An varies min. @ cm
5 -——-7—]
Bose plote
Slot in bose plate
Sectional Pi
lon A-A
Bose plates to check plates to be 10 mm to 12 mm thick when
of cast iron and 5mm to 6 mm
4p varies min. 6 cm
im
Check plates adjusted at 87) apart
with the help of sliding bolts and
embeded flush with masonry wing
al
Bock surface to be chequered for
bond with mortar
thick when of mild steel plates
Face of masonry wing walls
A
L- shape check plate to be of cast iron
steel plates welded to shape
x
FAO —ICID
125 mm diameter ny
lat
oe (™ plate
37
Crest level:
Section
‘Showing installation of
bose plate
(AM dimensions ore in centimetres)
ADJUSTABLE PLATE IRON
BLOCK FOR OPEN FLUME OUTLETS
FOR 41 6m TO 20cm
|
B-B
Project, Region , Country
check plates on
Indio ond Pakiston
Figure No. 5-14 274.
‘The structure operates without any control. The gauge at the outlet is
read once a month when the canal supervisor carries out inspection of the outlet.
Hydraulic Characteristics
5.7.3.1 Accuracy
In this outlet discharge can be calculated from the design formula
(see 5.7.4) s0 long as a steady standing wave forms downstream and the water
surface level in the supply canal does not touch the bottom of the roof block, if
the outlet is fitted with one.
8.7.3.2 Flexibility
Flexibility (Fi) (the ratio which the rate of change of discharge of
outlet bears to the rate of change of discharge of the supply canal) of the open
flume outlet is given by:
“a
© eh. Yu
~ 10 Hert)
Where Q, is the discharge of the outlet, Q is the discharge of the supply
canal, and y, is the depth at full supply level in the supply canal.
It will thus be seen that proportionality in discharge can be secured
by fixing the crest of the outlet at 0.9 of the depth of the supply canal. If the
crest be higher than this, the outlet becomes more flexible, i.e. hyper-
proportional, and if lower, it tends towards rigidity, With a fall in the full
supply level in the supply canal, the flexibility would increase and with a rise
in the water level it would decrease.
To decrease the defect of high flexibility, a roof block (Figure 5-15)
is fitted in the gullet of an open flume, at the vena contracta, clear of the water
surface in the gullet when the outlet is drawing its full supply discharge, 275,
(All dimensions ore
Length octows the xls of tow ‘in centimerres)
|
|
Root Block
FIGURE 5-15. - Open flume outlet. Details of roof block.
‘This clearance is generally set at 1,5 cm in the head reach and 3 cm in the tail
reach of the distributing canals, The roof block should be fixed at a distance
equal to H(cp4) below the upstream end of the throat and the bottom of the roof
block should be at a height of 0.75 H(ert) above the crest plus the clearance of
1.5 to 5 cm. The roof block should have a square edge at the bottom and it may
be of brick masonry or reinforced concrete, the height up to the top of the side
walls and length along the flow varying from 12 cm to 23 cm. This device enables
the open flune to start working as an orifice as soon as the supply level in the
parent canal is above the bottom of the roof block
Silt-drawing capacity
‘The higher the crest of the outlet compared with the bed level of the
supply canal, the less is its silt-drawing capacity. In practice, the width of the
throat of the outlet is limited to a minimum of 6 cm (0.2 ft) and, because of this,
it often becomes necessary to raise the crest of the outlet much above the bed AP Hen)»
Fe Mey ©
Mert)
cece sem xt8em
Hn) * @Mert)-
Cistern
Bad protection
FIGURE 5-16, - Arrangement of open flume outlet
upstream of a fall. 277.
level of the supply canal. It is apparent (except in small canals) that it is seldom
possible to place the crest of an open flume outlet with a normal discharge of less
than 56 1/s (2 it3/s) at the bed level of the canal.
5.7.3.4 Range of operation
‘This outlet can work as a semi-module for all heads over the
minimum modular head and for all discharges generally required for outlets.
‘The open flume outlet with its crest set at 0.9y,, (provided Byy)
is not less than 6 cm), can be used with advantage for proportional distribution
of water when the supply canals have to be run below the full supply level. The
working head required for modularity under both full and minimum supply con-
ditions should be derived from the expression:
widmin 7 [898-008 {BE rey
where
is the minimum working head corresponding to Qmin
(Wein
1 18 the depth of water in the supply canal
Qmin is the lowest imit of discharge at which the supply canal is to be run,
Q,
2 Be hy
For 0.55 (wk) main o.42y,
‘Thus, an open flume outlet with its crest at 0.9y, and having a working head of
Pe 1 e
not le:
than 0,42 y, will draw proportional discharge within the limits of 55% to
100% supply in the parent canal.
Open flumes are recommended for use within 300 m (1,000 £¢)
upstream of control points (Figure 5-16), at tail clusters (Figure 5-17) and
where adjustable semi-orifice module outlets cannot be designed with their crest
at or near bed level of the supply canal. Where banks are wide, it is used in
combination with a pipe outlet.
5.7.3.5 Tail clusters
When the discharge of a secondary, tertiary or quarternary canal S137LN0 WUys @
N04 ONY 33YHL‘OML 30
uBLSN70 IW 40 NYE
aqiol-ovwd 281,
diminishes to below 150 1/s, it is desirable to construct all the tail outlets in the
form of a cluster for equal distribution of water. Figure 5-17 shows three
standard designs for open flume outlets in tail clusters.
The crests of the outer flumes in a tail cluster (three-way and four-
way) are sometimes built 0.06 em lower than the inner flume, To compensate
for velocity of approach the standard 30 cm (one ft) gauge should in such cases,
be fixed with its zero at the crest level of the inner flume. With this arrange-
ment the widths of the flume above the full supply level are made proportional
to the designed width of the flume below the full supply level in order to
distribute benefits of any excess water reaching the tail of the canal
proportionately to all the outlets.
Design Formula
‘The design formula used for an open fume outlet i
3
2
Qo = CBE) Feet)
where Q design discharge of the outlet in 1/s or ft?/s;
Bi) width of the throat in em or it (throat width less than 6 em or
0,20 ft must not be adopted);
Hicet) = height of the designed full supply level in the supply canal
above the crest level of the outlet in cm or ft; and
© a coefficient having the following values for different widths
of throat (in metric and British units,
Bi) (em) e Bay (f) c
6 © 9.0 0.0160 0.20 to 0.29 2.90
9.1 10 12.0 0.0163 0, 30 to 0.39 2.95
Over 12.0 0.0166 0, 40 and over 3.00
‘The minimum modular head adopted is 0. 2H(.,4)- When designing, itis
necessary to assume a particular value of Bis) oF Hicy)s then calculate the
other, and work out the minimum modular head, and then see if the latter is less 5.7.
285.
than the available working head, To find By or H(._4) for a given discharge
and a working head, Figure 5-16 may be used.
Numerical Examples
Example | - Design an open flume outlet, with a discharge of 50 litres
per second, for a canal with a full supply depth of 100 cm. The working head
available for the outlet is 15 cm.
Q = 50 Ve
yy = 100 em
bow) = 1S em
Since by), ,, (minimum working head) for an open flume outlet is
0.2 Hieet)y the maximum Hycqq) for the outlet can be 75 em.
With Hicpt) = 75 em, and @ = 50 1/s, the width By) will be 4.8 om,
ive. less than 6 em.
Adopt the minimum value of By) = 6 cm
el
Then 50 = 0.016, 6 Hist) (refer to formula under 5.7.4)
2
Z 50. om
or His) = O08 520.83 or Hert) 64.73
for which, B(x), ,, = 12-9 em against 15 em available. ‘The design is
te 42
suitable but setting of the outlet is $4” 0.647,
‘This is not too high but the outlet will not take its fair share of silt,
Should it be necessary to conduct silt effectively it is possible, though
costly, to build a combined pipe and open flume outlet. (See Section 5. 10)
To save mathematical calculation, reference may be made to the
@iageam in Figure 5-18, It will be seen that for H(ey,) = 75 em the value of
Bq) is less than 6m, For By) = 6emand Q = 50 1/6, Hcp is
64,73 cm. 286,
Example 2 - Assume the outlet in Example 1 is located just above or within
‘a short distance of a fall or drop in the canal which has a depth over crest under
full supply condition of 50 cm. Let the available working head of the outlet be
70 cm. Design a suitable outlet.
By = Wem
(wie)
Since the outlet is above or close to a control point in the canal, Hicy,) of the
open flume outlet should be the same as that of the fall, viz: 50 cm. This will
ensure proportional distribution.
Thus Q = 50 V/s
Hiei AO ig
ap. 2
is = eBay Bert)
or 50 = CB. 353.6
and ¢ = 0.0160
Then By = 8.84 em.
This value of Bij) may also be read from Figure 5-18.
‘The minimum working head required for this size is 10 em, which is much
less than the available working head.
If proportionality is not necessary, a more rigid outlet can be obtained by
designing an orifice semi-module.
Example 3- Design a three way tail cluster open flume outlet in
accordance with the following data:
‘Tail right outlet @ = 501/sand hyyy) = 12m
Tail centre outlet: @ = 801/s and h(wp) = 30 cm
Tail left outlet Q = 301/s and hyyx) = 1S em
The full supply depth of the distributing canal at the tail is 40 cm, and full
supply depth is 100 m.
An examination of the available working heads of the three outlets shows 287.
that If Hycy¢) be 30 cm, all the outlets will work modularly.
(ert)
andy bem
(Fin a
2
Then for Tail right outlet @ CB. Heerty
3
or 50 = By) . 303
(¢ 0.0166)
or Bu) = 18.3em
Adopt crest level = 9964 3
Tail centre outlet 80 = By) . 307
(c¢ = 0.0166)
or Bey = 29.9.0
Crest level = 99.70 (axis assumed parallel to flow
tn supply canal)
- 2
Tail Left outlet 30 = CBy . 20
(c= 0.0163)
Bu) = 11.2 em
Adopt crest level = 99.64
‘The same values of By) can be found for the given data from
(t) #
Figure 5-18.
In cage of three and four-way clusters (Figure 5-17) the erest of the
central outlet with its axis parallel to the flow in the supply canal will be 0.080 m
higher than the other two or three side outlets,
Example 4 - Design an open flume outlet for proportional distribution in a
supply canal, the normal supply of which is 55% of the full supply
Data: ¥ = 120 em
Q = 451/s
biway) = 55 em
As hg, is more than 0.42y,, i.e. 50.4 cm, the open fume will draw
proportional discharge from 55% to 100% of the supply in the main canal. 5.7.6
Hert) 0.9 9, = 108 em
- @ 45, _ 88
Bt) - z [O10 . TT: 3.556
c . 108?
2.51 om
Since B(t)gin ~ 6 em, the value of R¢ort) is 60.3 cm.
Summary
‘The open flume outlet requires only small working heads. It is very
suitable for proportional distributors, and for outlets within 300 m of a control
point, in tail reach clusters and even in head reaches of a supply canal when the
working head available is only small, The structure requires no manual control.
The water surface level in the supply canal above the crest of the outlet is read
and the corresponding discharge obtained.
A disadvantage is that the outlet is not provided with any gate arrangement
and it is not possible to shut it when the supply canal is running.
‘The open flume outlet has been developed for systems in which distributing
canals are run at full supply level with little fluctuation of discharge in the supply
canal. These-systems are usually not equipped with check structures, so that
in the case of low discharges, the outlets would not draw their design discharge.
In many cases the open flume outlet has to be either deep and narrow (in
which case it is easily blocked) or shallow and wide (in which case it is hyper-
proportional and also faile to draw ite fair share of silt). To overcome the
defect of high flexibility, a roof block is fitted in the gullet of an open flume, at
the vena contracta, clear of the water surface in the gullet when the outlet {e
drawing its full supply discharge.
This outlet can be tampered with by placing a thin wooden plank, fitting the
throat, half way between the crest and the water level. This increases the
discharge if the outlet is working as a free fall one by about 16%. 5.
5
5.8
8.1
8.2
289.
ADJUSTABLE ORIFICE SEMI-MODULE (INDIA AND PAKISTAN) uy
General
Adjustable orifice semi-module outlets are widely used in Punjab and
Haryana and other parts of India and in Pakistan.
‘There are various forms of these outlets but the earliest of them is the one
introduced by E.S. Crump in 1922 and called the "Adjustable Proportional Module"
(APM). Crump's design aimed at fixing the crest at a setting of 0.6 of the supply
depth in the parent canal, which ensured exact proportionality. However,
according to past experience in Punjab with this APM canals fitted with it ailted up
badly. The problem was that it could not draw its fair share of silt, an essential
requirement for those Punjab irrigation systems which draw their supplies from
rivers. ‘Thus the APM has now been replaced in India and Pakistan by the
Adjustable Orifice Semi-Module (AOSM) which is neither proportional nor fully
modular, but ensures fair distribution of silt. (See Figure 5-19).
Structural and Design Characteristics
Structurally, the AOSM (Figure 5-20) may be regarded as a long throated
flume with a roof block capable of vertical adjustment in the upstream end of the
parallel throat. It differs from the open flume outlet as regards the length of
the throat and also in that the upstream water level in the supply canal is more than
one third above the bottom of the roof block.
5.8.2.1 Upstream and downstream approaches
‘The upstream face wall or upstream wing wall on the supply canal is
curved and flared, the curvature ending 7.5 cm upstream of the start of the crest.
The downstream face wall, or downstream wing wall on the supply canal, is set
forward inside the canal by a distance, which is generally equal to:
y Based on a note prepared by A.D, Choudhry, Chief Engineer, Irrigation Works,
Haryana, and K.C, Gupta, Executive Engineer, Central Designs, Irrigation Works
Haryana 290.
Q2
=e, (By #
Q
where Q2 = discharge of outlet,
1, By and y, are respectively the discharge, bed width and depth of the
supply canal section just upstream of the outlet. Setting forward should only be
done when the bed width of the canal is reduced below the outlet, keeping the
downstream wing wall at the downstream end and the upstream wing wall at the
upstream toe slope
1GUA# 5-19. - General view of an AOSM outlet to a farm
watercourse (Haryana, India)
‘The Length of the parallel throat is 60 em (2 ft) for all cases. There
is no horizontal crest portion of the throat and a glacis sloping at 1 in 15 starts
right from the upstream end of the parallel sides of the throat. 02-8 ON enb1y
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