Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action
6 Shape and Space
A. Lines and Angles
Type of Lines
Straight line Curve
Note: A line segment is a part of a line which has two end points and a fixed
length. If a line segment has P and Q as its end points, the line segment
×Q
can be named as PQ (or QP).
P×
.
Type of Angles
Acute angle Right angle Obtuse angle
(Greater than 0° and less than 90°) (90°) (Greater than 90° and less than 180°)
Straight angle Reflex angle Round angle
(180°) (Greater than 180° and less than 270°) (360°)
Note: The unit in measuring the size of an angle is degree and the symbol for degree is ‘°’.
.
41 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020
Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action
Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines
Parallel lines Perpendicular lines
Example 1
Name the types of angles marked in the figure.
a: acute angle
b: obtuse angle
c: right angle
d: acute angle
e: straight angle
Example 2
In the figure, ABCD is a rectangle. Name all the line segments
which satisfy each of the following conditions:
(a) parallel to AD
(b) perpendicular to CD
(a) BC
(b) AD and BC
42 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020
Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action
B. Plane Figures
Triangles
side
vertex
Scalene triangle Right-angled triangle Isosceles triangle Equilateral triangle
Quadrilaterals and their properties
Four sides are equal.
Square
Four angles are right angles.
Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
Two pairs of opposite sides are equal.
Rectangle
Four angles are right angles.
Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
Parallelogram Two pairs of opposite sides are equal.
Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
Rhombus Four sides are equal.
Two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
Trapezium
Only one pair of opposite sides is parallel.
Note that:
1. All squares are rectangles.
2. All squares, rectangles and rhombuses are parallelograms.
3. All squares are rhombuses.
Other
Pentagon Hexagon Polygon(s) Circle
43 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020
Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action
Example 3
Classify the following quadrilaterals.
A B C D
E F G H
Square: C and E
Rectangle: B
Parallelogram: A and H
Rhombus: F
Trapezium: D and G
C. Solids
Prism
Cube Cuboid Quadrilateral prism Triangular prism
Pyramid Others
Triangular pyramid Quadrilateral pyramid Cylinder Cone Sphere
A cylinder does not have a vertex, while a sphere has
neither a vertex nor an edge.
44 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020
Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action
Cross-section of solids
Cutting a prism or a pyramid in a direction
Cutting a prism or a pyramid in other angles
parallel to the bases
The cross-section has The cross-section has
the same shape and the same shape but Many different kinds of cross-sections will be
size as the base of the different sizes as the obtained.
prism. base of the pyramid.
All cross-sections of a sphere are circles.
Example 4
Write down the numbers of vertices, edges and faces of the following solids.
(a) Triangular pyramid
(b) Cuboid
(a) Number of vertices: 4
Number of edges: 6
Number of faces: 4
(b) Number of vertices: 8
Number of edges: 12
Number of faces: 6
45 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020
Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action
Example 5
In the figure, if we cut the cylinder along the dotted line, what is the shape of the cross-section?
Draw the cross-section.
The cross-section is a rectangle.
Key Terms / Phrases Pronunciation
line 線 quadrilateral 四邊形 face 面
angle 角 polygon 多邊形 prism 角柱
plane figure 平面圖形 circle 圓形 pyramid 角錐
vertex 頂點 solid 立體圖形 sphere 球體
side 邊 edge 邊 cross-section 橫切面
triangle 三角形
Useful Sentences
Write down the types of angle in the figure. 寫出圖中各角的類別。
所有正方形、長方形和菱形皆是平行
All squares, rectangles and rhombusees are parallelograms.
四邊形。
∠ABC is read as angle ABC. ∠ABC 讀作角 ABC。
The cross-section of the solid is a square. 立體的橫切面是一個正方形。
Exercise 6
1. Write down the types of angles in the following figure.
a: _________________________
b: _________________________
c: _________________________
d: _________________________
46 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020
Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action
2. Which of the following quadrilaterals have four equal sides? Put a ‘’ or a ‘’ in each of the boxes.
(a) Square (b) Rhombus
(c) Rectangle (d) Trapezium
3. Which of the following quadrilaterals have two pairs of parallel opposite sides? Put a ‘’ or a ‘’ in
each of the boxes.
(a) Rectangle (b) Rhombus
(c) Parallelogram (d) Trapezium
4. Name the following plane figures.
(a) (b)
_________________ _________________
(c) (d)
_________________ _________________
5. Draw the cross-section obtained when each of the following solids is cut along the dotted line.
(a) (b)
6. Name the following solids.
(a) (b)
__________________ __________________
(c) (d)
__________________ __________________
47 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020
Bridge Programme P6 to S1 Junior Secondary Mathematics in Action
7. The solid figure on the right is a ___________________.
It has ________ vertices, ________ edges and ________ faces.
8. The solid figure on the right is a ___________________.
It has ________ vertices, ________ edges and ________ faces.
9. The solid figure on the right is a ___________________.
It has ________ vertices, ________ edges and ________ faces.
48 © Pearson Education Asia Limited 2020
