Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 10513–10517

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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A review on the characterization of bio based lubricants from vegetable

oils and role of nanoparticles as additives
Avinash Yadav, Yashvir Singh ⇑, Prateek Negi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In an automotive application it is necessary to use the lubricants between the contacting/ moving sur-
Received 14 December 2020 faces. The world is suffering from the lack of mineral based lubricating oil and the hick in price as well
Received in revised form 30 December 2020 as mineral oil based lubricants effect the environment also. The vegetable oil based lubricants become
Accepted 2 January 2021
the good alternate of the mineral based oils due to its biodegradability, zero green-house effect and
Available online 18 February 2021
non-toxicity behaviour. In this review different types of vegetable oils are studied and the comparative
studied also done between the oils. The thermo-physical parameters, velocity index and other properties
Keywords:
of the oil are also considered. The use of additives and the nanoparticles additives are also considered in
Vegetable oil
Bio-based Lubricants
this paper. The nanoparticles additives enhance the lube properties of base oil due to which the more
Velocity Index reduction in friction and wear are observed.
2D Nanoparticles Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Technological Advancements in Materials Science and Manufacturing.

1. Introduction However wear and heat cannot be fully removed from the con-
tacting surfaces because they generate by the friction, but they can
The synthetically and fossil based lubricants are largely used in be reducing at the acceptable level by using the lubricants. So the
the market, due to the continuous production of mineral based effective lubrication is mandatory to decrease heat and wear
resources they become finite and they also effect the environmen- mostly in locomotive applications. The mineral based oil has been
tal conditions (emit greenhouse gases) which could rise the green- using largely in automotive applications as friction reducer, but
house gases. The biodegradability rate of chemically formed they are finite in the earth and the degradation of mineral oil effect
lubricants are high as well as they are high in cost and toxicity both the oceanic and earth bound ecosystem [4]. It has been
[1]. Development in technical/ scientific solution as the use of already predicted that the continuous consumption of minerals
materials having imponderous, burnout gases once use, fuels oil leads the shortage of minerals oil in future [5].
which are less dangerous and unflappable combustion are a few To overcome the problems many researchers around the world
means that have been proposed as ways to lessen the natural prob- have attempted to replace the synthically and fossil based lubri-
lems those are obtained from the automotive applications [2]. cants into the decomposable, cost-effective and environment
The process of lubrication tends to minimize the friction and approachable lubricants. For the development stability, it is neces-
wear between the one or both surfaces in closeness and propelling sary to use the lubricants having minimum adverse outcome on
comparative to one another, by introduce a ingredient called lube the surrounding [6]. Bio lubricants can be the alternatives’ of the
between the contacting surfaces to bring or to help convey the load minerals oil based lubricants because of their natural technical
among the periphery of the moving body. The lubrications are used properties and bio- degradability. The research shows that the veg-
to protect the wear and heat loss between the contacting surfaces, etable based bio-oils are advantageous as preliminary substance in
protect them from deterioration and shrink oxidation; they also act manufacturing [7-10]. Also, as compare with the mineral oils the
as protecting media in the appositeness of transformer and act as degradation rate of vegetable oils 20–30% higher and they are
stopping opposing agent of dirt, dust and water [3]. 95.00% biodegradable [11].
The researchers compared properties of vegetable oil based
lubes to the lubricants which are obtained from the mineral oils
⇑ Corresponding author. and they manifest clearly the bio-lubricants have high in lubricity,
E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Singh).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.046
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Technological Advancements in Materials Science and
Manufacturing.
A. Yadav, Y. Singh and P. Negi Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 10513–10517

greater point of flash, lesser volatility and greater index of viscos-
Semi-Solid Liquid:- They are suspended in a solid matrix of
ity. The formation of vegetable oils consist with the long series of thickener and additives for example Grease.
fatty acid and polar groups due to this they become appropriate
Liquid:- Vegetable, animal, synthetic oils and petroleum are the
for hydrodynamic and boundary lubrication in machines [12,13]. examples of liquid
The smuttiness of vegetable based bio- oils compared with the die-
sel and the researcher found that animal fats and the organic waste 2.1.2. On the basis of base oil resource
lubricant have higher lubricity [14]. The studies done on the Nahar
oil and the Soyabean oils. Researchers found that the remarkable
Natural Oils:- Oils derived from animal fats and vegetable oils
significance of oil based lubes [15,16].
Refined oils: Oils derivative from unfinished or petroleum
Lubricants play as base role in moving surfaces but with the use reserves, such as paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic oils.
of additives in lubricants they become more effective, the incre-
Synthetic oils: Oils combined as end produces of reactions that
ment in stability of oxidation, good effect of anti-frictional beha- are design as per exaction; examples are synthetic-esters, sili-
viour and wear, and anti-corrosional behaviour, was observed cones, and polyal-phaolefines
[17]. The formulations of additives are very less but they become
important to reduce the negative effect of base oils. 3. Vegetable oil as feedstock for bio based lubricants
Due to the new challenges, the demand of high performing
lubricant additives is increasing to reduce maximum friction and Plants, Fruits and seeds are the source of origin of vegetable oils
wear capabilities [18]. [19–21]. The main characteristics of bio-lubricants are biodegrad-
In this review, the aim is to provide the information to the use able, non-toxic, and renewable so they are capable as starting
of bio lubricants with the additives as well as practise of 2D nano- material for making of bio-lubricants [21–23].
additives in the primary fluid to the industrialist, researchers, engi- Plant based oil are easily susceptible to thermal/ oxidative
neers and policy makers those are involved. This study includes the degradation because they consist of methylene interrupted double
stabilities of vegetable oils as effected lubricant instead of mineral bonds so they shows the pessimistic properties, dietary as well as
oil and they are environmental friendly also. sensory traits, financial dead and pitiable applicability in their
ordinary form for several manufacturing operations [24–26]. The
2. Lubricants and their types plant based oil also consists with the 95–99% of triglycerides, nor-
mal pigments, phytospterols, and phospholipids (with 1–5% of sol-
A substance which is used to reduce the wear and heat and act uble vitamin) [25–27].
as a protective film between the contacting surfaces is known as Many researchers worked on the above mentioned problem and
lubricant. The reasons for lubrication are (i) to reduce the heat reduce the problem by adding different thermal/ oxidative con-
and wear that result from the contact surfaces in motion (ii) to per- stancy makers, they also used the different optimization of pro-
form as insulator in transformer applications (iii) to perform as a cessing conditions to enhance the thermal-oxidative stability of
seal against dust, dirt and water (iv) to avoid rust and reduce oxi- vegetable oils and with the help of different degradation measur-
dation [3]. Fig. 1 shows the schematic image of the process. ing techniques in vegetable oils they got the positive result to
use the vegetable oil as a feedstock for bio based lubricants.
2.1. Types of lubricants The reduction in friction are observed on the four-ball tri-
botester with varying load (40 kg, 80 kg, 120 kg, 160 kg) at the
They can be categorized as follows: [3] rpm of 1200 under room temperature for a period of ten minutes,
the trimethylol-propane ester of palm were used as bio-lubricant
2.1.1. On the basis of their physical appearance with the adding of nanoparticles [28]. It is confirmed from the
study of vegetable oils that they can be recycled as the lube oil

Solid:- They are made up of organic or inorganic compound for and base oil property enhancer, although it was too noticed that
example MoS2, graphite and disulphides of cadmium. oxidative stability of lubricants has manipulate the nature of food-

Fig. 1. Schematic image of the process involving nanoparticles with additives.

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A. Yadav, Y. Singh and P. Negi Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 10513–10517

ing substance those contain these oils [29]. Therefore, it is esti- The result shows in the Table 1. From the investigation it can be
mated from the food manufacture to controls the fat decay in concluded that POME has higher coefficient of lubricity then per-
foods, when processing foods, so as to have an acceptable level of mitted by the ASTM. They also test the important parameter of
steadiness and food shelf life over define period of storage. lubricating oil i.e Viscosity at different temperature. The result
The study has done in korea for the manufacturing of species of shows the POME have higher viscosity compared with other oils
Pyropia, and the thermal/ oxidative constancy of numerous plant [37]. The non-edible oil based bio lubricants when compared with
based oils are analyses at high temperature i.e. 300 °C s1. In this the petroleum or chemical lubricants they offer various technical
examination oil of sesame, olive oil, perilla oil, sunflower oil, rice privileges [38]. Table 1 shows the comparative characteristics of
bran oil and canola oil were studied in the handling processes. mineral oils and vegetable oils based bio lubricants [3,39].
The result shows the high treatment convinced thermic oxidation The thermo physical properties of Sal oil has been investigated,
of oils [30]. In another research the properties (like total oxidation the velocity index calculated according to ASTM-D 2270 as shown
value, tocopherol composition, iodine value, acid value, fatty acid by Eq. (1).
composition and q-anisidine value) of palm oil, camellia oil, and  
peanut oil were compared at constant frying condition. The result LU
VI ¼  100 ð1Þ
shows that, minor change in the composition of camellia oil fatty LH
and the oxidative stability of camellia oil is far better than the palm The result shows that varying temperature (40 °C, 60 °C, 80 °C,
oil and peanut oil [31]. 100 °C) the lubricant of sal oil can resist. Similarly the kinematic
At extreme temperature the oxidative stability of the groups of viscosity, pour point, and dispersion stability were measured
rapeseed oil, palm oil, and sunflower oil were studied in Moroccan which shows the good and stable results [40].
market. In this research the physicochemical parameters are mea- In another research Michelia Champaca with CeO2 (Additives)
sured by frying the oil for each 6 hrs up to 180 °C/ 30hrs. The used as raw oil and the tri-biological properties were investigated.
author confirmed the palm oil more stable than other oils because The result shows the increment in point of flash, by addition of the
after 30 hrs period of heating low polar compound of palm oil nanoparticles (CeO2) the epoxidized oil indicate the improved dis-
observes [27]. The thermal/ oxidative stability of palm, corn, soy- persion stability, at 100 °C maximum viscosity was observed and
abean, canola, sunflower and cottonseed oils are examined for the least friction of coefficient was also observed [41].
the treatment of metal heat quenchants with and without antiox-
idant. The Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimeter (PDSC)
method is used to consider the vegetable oils constancy. The inves- 5. Role of additives
tigation shows the stability of palm oil is better than the another
oils, moreover its concluded that an antioxidant (Propyl Gallet) The modern additive technology helps to satisfy the require-
was extremely operative in alleviating equally soybean and palm ments of high performance lubricating oil. The additives are syn-
based oils [32]. thetic chemical substance that can improve the different
The comparison done between the coconut oil, sesame oil, sun- parameters of lubricants. To increase the properties of lubricating
flower oil, and SAE-20 W-40 to check the thermal-oxidative steadi- oil like stability of oxidation, wear and anti-friction, anti-
ness of the oils. The researcher found that the sesame oil have corrosion, and against biological deprivation suitable additives
better coefficient of friction, good tribological and thermal proper- are required. The final lubricants are made up of almost 10 wt%
ties but there is need of improvement in oxidative steadiness of oil of additives; though the percent can be vary according to the base
[9]. of application [42]. Singh and Rahim [41] used the cerium oxide
In another review the suggestion made by the author frying nanoparticles powder as an additive in Michelia Champaca oil
wasted oils will be an alternative mode of biodiesel and biolubri- the result shows the improvement in the physio-chemical proper-
cant [33]. ties of the oil. Copper oxide nano particles were added in the lubri-
cant of Sal oil, the results shows the enhancement in the thermo-
physical significance of base oil lubricant [40].
4. Characterization of bio based lubricant The neem oil has used as the primary source with the addition
of nanoparticles of SiO2 as additive, and improved in lubricity char-
To characterize the bio based lubricant many researchers com- acteristic has observed at 0.03% concentration of nanoparticles of
pared the coefficient of velocity, there physio-chemical character- SiO2 [43]. On engine oil the nanoparticles of silicon dioxide and
istics and other parameter to the mineral oils. The viscosity is the molybdenum disulfide were introduced the reduction of wear
important parameter which specifies the fluid resistance to run and frictions in the parts were observed [9].
at varying temperature and conclude the film formation between Recently 2D nano-materials have been extensively used as
stationary and moving surfaces [34–36]. novel lubricants additives [18]. Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate
According to the standard of the American Society for Testing (ZnDTP), Molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) and Zinc
and Materials (ASTM-D 6079) for lubricity coefficient for bio- dialkyldithophosphate (ZDDP) are the traditionally used additives
lubricants is 520 mm. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is used as pri- when they compared with the 2D nanoparticles additives the
mary oil and it is merged with the glycerin of varying normality two characteristics of 2D nanoparticles additives were observed.
ranges from 0 to 5 moll/L to investigated the coefficient of lubricity 2D nano-materials are performs better in terms of friction and
of primary oil. Table 1 shows the coefficient of friction of base oil. wear behavior, they have lower toxicity comparative other organic
additives and less injurious emission [44–46]. The 2D nanomateri-
als additives categorize in three ways; Metal dichalogenides, Gra-
Table 1 phene family and others. The investigators concluded that the
Coefficient of lubricity of sample of base oils with varrying normality [37].
extensively research has been done on the graphene because of
Samples Normality of glycerin in samples (mol/l) Lubricity coefficient its superior significances like Mechanical, Chemical, & Electrical
1 0 0.038 [47–50]. Graphene based nanomaterials can be used in water
2 1 0.061 based media [51].
3 2.5 0.063 The metal dichalogenides are categorized as MX2 stoichiometry
4 5 0.088
and rhombohedral structures. The MoS2 and WS2 are the most
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A. Yadav, Y. Singh and P. Negi Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 10513–10517

common metal dichalogenides and they have long been recognized Declaration of Competing Interest
as excellent lubricant additives and solid lubricant [52,53]. Many
researchers carrying out the tribological analysis of Y2O3, a-ZrP The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
and their byproducts in water, grease, oil. They successfully reduce cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
the viscosity of the base fluid and enhance its pursuance [45,54– to influence the work reported in this paper.
56]. Lubrication performance investigated by adding the haexade-
cane additive in base fuel, the reduction in wear and friction is
noted [57]. In engine oil of 10 W-40 long alkyl chains terminating References
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