ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SUSPENSION BRIDGE

OVER CHITROPTALA RIVER IN ODISHA

by
NIHAL KUMAR CHOUDHARY RA1611001010212
AKSHAY VERMA RA1611001010228
SK IJAZ AHMAD RA1611001010239

B.TECH CIVIL ENGINEERING – 15CE496 L - Major Project

Viva Voce Batch no-19 Date: 02/06/2020
UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF
Dr. L. KRISHNARAJ
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR(Sr.G)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
JUNE 2020
 INTRODUCTION
 A suspension bridge makes use of cables, chains or ropes in suspending the
roadway which is supported by two tall towers. Such towers bear the brunt of the
weight as compressive force presses down on the surface of the suspension bridge
and then move up the cables, chains or ropes to pass the compressive force back to
the towers.

 The cables used for support bear the tension forces acting on the bridge. These
supporting cables are stretched across the two supporting anchorage systems.

 Suspension bridges are known to span great distances with their range being
generally 600 to 2000 plus metres and their design structure enables them to span
through lengths which are beyond the possibility of any other type of bridge.

 Considering the complex engineering involved and the materials required, these
bridges are surprisingly a costly construction but when it comes to the area
covered by them, this is an economically feasible option.
 INTRODUCTION
 Suspension bridges have been traced as early as 1532, with remains of bridges being
found in Peru and they were generally made using materials such as twisted grass
and these bridges were spanning a length of around 150 metres.

 This shows that these bridges are not a modern engineering marvel but an adoption
of an advanced method of early engineering.

 The earlier bridges don’t stand for a long time as the materials needed to be
continuously replaced in order to facilitate the smooth and safe functioning of the
bridge and this problem has been massively reduced with the usage of modern and
much durable materials.
 OBJECTIVES

• To plan the bridge with the help of AutoCAD.

• To analyze the bridge using SAP2000.
• To design the structural components of the bridge to bear the load
safely.
 SCOPE
• The study will be focused on the modeling of a suspension
bridge using software and analyzing its behavior when
subjected to external loads.
• The various loads acting on the bridge will be calculated
based on the Indian Standard Code books.
 NECESSITY

• Chitroptala river doesn’t have a bridge that connects it to

National Highway and transportation lanes.
• This bridge is constructed for the passage over the river
Chitroptala.
• It would reduce the time of travel from Section Bazaar to
Uttarkul.
• It will save about 16 kilometers of additional journey on a
over route.
METHODOLGY
Selection of site

Literature review

Preparation of plan

Structural Analysis and Design

Result and Discussions

Conclusion

Report Preparation

Figure 1 Methodology followed

 MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE
1. Design of Bridge Deck
2. Design of Steel Columns and Girders
3. Design of Steel cables
REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
.
Economic: The area covered by a suspension bridge is very
long in proportion to the amount of materials required to
construct bridges.

Social: It will increase the interaction of the locals on either

side of the river.

Safety: The area is mildly windy and occasionally

experiences turbulence winds due to cyclones in the region.
APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORKS
Table 1 Application of earlier course works
Subject Code Subject name For what context

15CE302L Computer aided structural analysis Software Analysis

15CE301 Structural Analysis Structural Analysis

15CE204 Structural design (Masonry and RCC) Bridge deck design

15CE303 Design of Steel Structures Bridge component design

15CE311 Highway Engineering Bridge deck design

15CE203 Mechanics of Solids Bridge Design

15CE202 Strength of Materials Bridge Design

REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS

Table 2 Reference to codes and standards

Code / Standard Description of the code / standard
IS 800:2007 Design of Steel Sections
IS 811:1987 Design of Steel Sections
IS 875(Part 1):1987 Bridge Loading Cases
IS 456-2000 Deck Slab Construction

IRC6-2016 Deck Slab Construction

 MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND TEAM WORK

• Discussion with the Assistant Engineer, Panda Contractors

about the project and its features.
• Discussion with Junior Engineer, Public Works Department,
Govt. of Odisha.
 SOFTWARE /EQUIPMENT USED

1. AutoCAD 2019
2. SAP2000 v14
3. Microsoft Office Suite 2016
 LITERATURE REVIEW
STUDY ON DESIGN OF BRIDGES

Bathrust et.al (2014) have made a study on the design of bridges. In this they have
discussed the essentials of bridge construction and the parameters and factors to be
considered while designing a bridge. This includes the structural safety and the
economic feasibility and the regional stability due to the new construction.

Sohel Ahmed Quadri (2015) has made a study on the historical steel bridge over
the River Seena in Ahmedabad. This is an insight of the historical and early modern
engineering of bridges. This was an important bridge that was constructed across
the River Seena and it’s made up of steel fully.

John Matteo (2007) et.al have made a study on the safety analysis of the
suspension bridge cables. This includes structural testing of the cables and their
testing against torsion; a common phenomenon in the bridge cables. This may lead
to flexural damage if ignored and shouldn’t be left at any cost. This may lead to the
collapse of the entire bridge if not adequately strengthened.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
STUDY ON SUSPENSION BRIDGES

Ahmed Adham Abdullah (2012) has made a study on Analysis and Design of
Suspension Bridge using CSi Bridge software and the analysis has been done using
AASHTO loading specifications and Iraqi specifications and standards for bridge
loadings and detailing. He has taken an Iraqi suspension bridge built in 1963 as
inspiration and case study. The actual loading data was used and 12 input in the
software. After the analysis was done, the data obtained was tabulated and used for
further reference and opportunity to continue research.

Gohel Pinkal et.al (2017) have made a study on Analysis and Construction criteria
of a suspension bridge and discussed the loading patterns and the types of suspension
bridges that are possible for construction at a place. They have discussed about cable
stayed bridges also and also about the materials to be used. The loading patterns vary
depending on the types of vehicles that are to pass through the bridge and a different
approach is taken when heavily loaded vehicles are required to pass.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
STUDY ON BRIDGE CABLES AND TOWERS

Murat Gunaydin et.al (2014) have made a study on the structural behaviour of the
Bosporus suspension bridge considering construction stages and 14 different soil
conditions. This study shows the inclusion of the foundational strength which
allows for a greater stability to the tower that stands above it.

Erdal Ergul et.al (2014) have made a study on the Caisson foundation of the tower
taking into account the Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge Project. The caisson
foundation helps in taking care of the bridge load and this also helps in reduction of
wastage. Caissons are a good choice for soft soil conditions where the river soil is
too loose.

R. Betti et.al (2005) have made a study on the corrosion and embrittlement of wires
in suspension bridges. They have focussed on the need of continuous greasing of the
bridge cables and regular maintenance is the only way to prevent the cables from
falling down due to corrosion.
 LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY
 The basic design of our bridge was made using “The theory of suspension
bridges” and “Study on Suspension Bridge: Analysis and Construction
criteria” gaining understanding about the concepts, functioning and use
of a suspension bridge under specific conditions and its benefits.

 The towers and other load bearing components were designed using
“Analysis and Design of Suspension Bridge”, Independent Research”,
“Simplified Analysis for Preliminary Design of Towers in Suspension
Bridges” and “Tower design for Cable Bridges”

 The foundation was chosen after consulting the paper “The Caissons of
the Tower Foundation – Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge project” and since
the water body was not very deep and the sea floor soil is not strong
enough to handle the weight of the structure deep penetration well
foundation was chosen to secure the structure to the sea bed.
 PROJECT DETAILS
 This bridge across river Chitroptala, connecting Section Bazaar in
Patkura and Uttarkul in Kandarpur.
 The bridge provides easy access linking the above mentioned districts.
 This is a steel cable suspension bridge.
 This bridge spans over a length of 330m having deck slab of RCC.
 The deck width is 16m.
 The Carriage way width is 14m.
 BRIDGE GEOMETRY

Table 3 – Bridge Geometry

Total Span 330 Metres

Center Span 180 Metres (60 Divisions)

Side Span 85 Metres (20 Divisions)

Tower Height Above Deck 24 Metres

Tower Height Below Deck 5 Metres

Deck Width 16 Metres

Center Sag 5 Metres

 3D VIEW

Figure 1 – 3D view of the Bridge

 BRIDGE LOADING
Dead Load
1. Self-Weight of the Truss
2. Weight of Slab over the deck

Live Load
1. Road Live load

Loading used as per IRC 6, Clause 207.4

a. One lane of class 70R
b. Two lanes of class A

Table 4 – Bridge Loading

Load Type Value in kN/m

Live Load 5.53
Dead Load 9.85
BRIDGE LOADING
 3D VIEW

Figure 2 – 3D view of the Bridge under Loading condition

 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Figure 3 – Bending Moment under loading condition

Figure 4 – Axial Deformation under loading condition

 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Figure 5 – Cross-Section of Bridge

Figure 6 – Typical Dead load Bending Diagram

 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
GIRDER DESIGN
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Table 5– Maximum moment towards the mid-span

Table 6– Maximum axial force towards the ends

 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
STRINGER DESIGN
 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
TOWER DESIGN
 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
BEAM DESIGN
 STEEL CABLE DESIGN
Table 7 – Steel Cables
Conventional Cable Steel Structural Steel

Unity 7 mm Wires Mild High

Strength
Yield Stress Mpa 1180 240 690
Tensile Strength Mpa 1570 370 790
Strain at Breaking % 4 24 28
Modulus of Elasticity Gpa 205 210 210
Typical Chemical Composition
Si 0.20% 0.30% 0.25%
C 0.80% 0.20% 0.15%
Mn 0.60% 0.80%
Ni 0.05% 0.80%
Cu 0.05% 0.20% 0.30%
S 0.02% 0.04% 0.03%
Cr 0.05% 0.30% 0.50%
P 0.03% 0.04% 0.03%
 STEEL CABLE DESIGN
Considering the usage of structural steel :

1. Main Cables
Total diameter : 0.46 m
Total area : πd2/4 = π × 0.462/4
= 0.166 m2
Seven-strand Wire

2. Suspender Cables
Total diameter : 0.16 m
Total area : πd2/4 = π × 0.162/4
= 0.02 m2
Five-strand Wire
 STEEL CABLE DESIGN

Table 8 – Max loading on Cables near Tower

The Suspenders are under maximum load near the towers.

The Main Cable is under maximum load at the mid-span of the bridge.
 DECK SLAB DESIGN

Slab span: 1500 mm

Live load considering Class 70R of IRC 6 : 35 T

Effective width for live load needs to be calculated:

lo : 1500 mm
a : 750 mm
bl : 4720 mm
b : 7475 mm
b/lo : 4.9833
α : 2.6 (here in case of continuous slab)
Effective value of b : αa(1-a/lo)+bl = 5695 mm
Thickness of Slab : 200 mm
Wearing coat thickness : 100 mm
Concrete grade used : M40 : 40 N/mm2
 DECK SLAB DESIGN

Self-weight of Slab : 24 × 1.5 = 3.6 kN/m2

Self-weight of Wearing coat : 13 × 0.1 = 0.13 kN/m2
Self-weight of Crash barrier : 0.8 kN/m2
Live load on slab of 5695 × 1500 : 3.5 kN/m2
Impact of 25% : 1 kN/m2
Total load : 3.6 + 0.13 + 0.8 + 1 = 5.53 kN/m2

Considering two adjacent edges discontinuous

Type of panel and moment considered αx αy
For Negative moment at continuous edge 0.091 0.047
For Positive moment at mid-span 0.069 0.035
Mx = αx w lx2
My = αy w lx2
 DECK SLAB DESIGN

Type of panel and moment considered Mx My

For Negative moment at continuous edge 2.264 1.169
For Positive moment at mid-span 1.717 0.87
Taking maximum moment into consideration
Mulim = 0.138fckbd2
deffective : 118.2 mm
Overall D : 174.8 mm
D provided = 200 mm which is > 174.8 mm (Hence, fine.)
Now, d = 152 mm
Mu = 0.87fy Ast d {1 – [(Ast fy)/(fck bd)]}
Case Ast required mm2/m Dia. and Bars Count Ast provided mm2/m
Mx (1) 1241.23 16Ø 8# @ 160c/c 1607.68
Mx (2) 897.47 12Ø 8# @ 120c/c 904.32
My (1) 712.84 10Ø 10# @ 110c/c 785
My (2) 511.39 10Ø 8# @ 150c/c 628
 CONCLUSIONS
From the analytical study the following conclusion can be drawn,

 The analysis and design of the bridge supposed to be built over Chitroptala River has
been completed and the results tabulated and detailed with figures.

 The structural components of the bridge have been designed and the usage of steel
and concrete is defined throughout the bridge.

 The Structural analysis of this suspension bridge can be extended for any other
suspension bridge using SAP2000. However, the interface of the software may vary
depending on the version used.

 SAP2000 was used here, but CSi; the developer of this software has introduced a
better and cleaner interface specifically for bridge designing purposes known as CSi
Bridge, which is a part of the SAP2000 suite but specifically separated for bridge
designing only.
 CONCLUSIONS
 Full design of the bridge can be done using other designing features in-built in
SAP2000. These will cater to the component designing constraints.

 The analysis has been performed based on Indian Standard Codes and thus the
loading cases and patterns followed accordingly.

 The main cable experiences a maximum tension of 33184.203 kN at the support of

the tower. The maximum average stress is 368.7 N/mm2. The stress is within
permissible limits and the structure is safe. The cables are subjected to pure tensile
stresses.
 The loading is maximum for the main cables at the mid-span region while the loading
is maximum for the suspenders at the tower region.

 The bridge towers are subjected to pure compressive forces above the deck. The
maximum compressive force experienced is 27220.898 kN.
 REFERENCES

 Bathrust and Richard (2014), The Bridge and Structural Engineer, Royal
Military College of Canada, Canada.
 Sohel Ahmed Quadri (2002), Study on Historical Steel Bridge in Ahmad
Nagar, JNEC Aurangabad, Maharashtra.
 Ramankutty Kannankutty and Donald J. Flemming (2007), Bridge
Engineering, Committee on General Structures, City of Minneapolis
Department of Public Works, Minneapolis.
 A.M.S. Freire, J.H.O. Negrao and A. V. Lopes (2006), Geometrical
Nonlinearities on the static Analysis of highly flexible steel cable-stayed
Bridges, Journal on Computers and Structures, International Journal of
Science and Research, Vol. 84, page 2128-2140.
 John Matteo, George Deodatis and David P. Billington (2004), Safety Analysis
of Suspension-Bridge Cables, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE,
Vol.120, page 20-21.
 REFERENCES
 C.Neeladharan and J.Rasigha (2017), Analysis and Design of Suspension Cable
Bridge, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering
and Technology, Vol.6, page 1142-1210.
 John A. Ochsendorf (1999), Self-Anchored Suspension Bridges, Journal of
Bridge Engineering, ASCE, Vol.17, page 1943-1972.
 Majid Barghian and Gholamreza Zamani Ahari (2004), Theory of suspension
Bridges, International Association of Universities, Vol.65, page 211-267.
 P.K Chatterjee, T.K Datta and C.S Surana (1994), Vibration of Suspension
Bridge under Vehicular Movement, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE,
Vol.54, page 733-814.
 Erdal Ergul, Hasan Tasan, Baris Nacar (2014), “The caissons of the Tower
Foundations – Izmit Bay Suspension Bridge Project”, Volume 94 Issue 2,
ISSN: 1458-6658.
THANK U