1
2
3 Acid +acid anhydride
Distills off
4
1. NH3
2. RNH2
3. R2NH
4. R3N
1
3
2
3
Transesterification
Reaction of ester with Grignard reagent
Reaction with a reducing agent
Cyclic esters (Lactones )
Cyclic esters are called lactones. In these cases the COOH and OH groups that
combine to form water are part of the same molecule. Lactones are known with rings of
all sizes from 3 to 20 or more, although 3-membered rings are extremely unstable.
Polyesters
When a carboxylic acid with two carboxyl groups is esterified with
an alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups, long chains
called polyesters can be made. Some of these materials have
major industrial uses.
4