“Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on growth and

yield of pea (Pisum sativum) under terai condition”

THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of degree
of
MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE)
In
AGRONOMY
By

Amrit Singh

2024

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
SMRATI MAHAVIDHYALAYA
PREETAMPURWA, MATEHIYA, BHIRA-PALIA ROAD
LAKHIMPUR-KHERI, UTTAR PRADESH (262901)
INDIA
 THE CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE OF EVALUATION COMMITTEE

This thesis entitled “Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on growth and yield of pea
(Pisum sativum) under terai condition” has been prepared and submitted by Amrit Singh, ID. No.
2230226600003 during 2024 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
Master of Science in Agronomy to the Department of Agronomy, Smrati Mahavidhyalaya
Preetampurwa, Matehiya, Bhira-Palia Road Lakhimpur-Kheri, Uttar Pradesh (262901).

Name & Designation Evaluation Signature

1. Mr. Akeen Ali
Assistant Professor Satisfactory/ …………….………
Department of Agronomy Not satisfactory
(Advisor)

2. Dr. Anil Kumar

Assistant Professor Satisfactory/ ………………….………
Department of G.P.B. Not satisfactory
(Co-Advisor)

3. Dr. P. K. Gupta
Assistant Professor Satisfactory/ …………………………
(Member) Not satisfactory

The thesis has been examined by the evaluation committee and found acceptable.

Place: Kheri

Date:
.

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINAL WORK

This is to certify that the studies conducted by Amrit Singh, ID No. 2230226600003,
during 2024 as reported in the present thesis were under my guidance and supervision. The
results reported by his are genuine and the script of thesis has been written by him. His thesis
entitled “Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum)
under terai condition” is therefore, being forwarded for the acceptance in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science (Agriculture) in Agronomy,
Department of Agronomy, Smrati Mahavidhyalaya Preetampurwa, Matehiya, Bhira-Palia Road
Lakhimpur-Kheri, Uttar Pradesh (262901).

Place: Kheri Mr. Akeen Ali

Date: (Advisor)
Assistant Professor
Department of Agronomy
Smrati Mahavidhyalaya, Kheri
 SELF ATTESTATION

This is to certify that I had personally worked on this research entitled “Effect of bio-
fertilizers and organic manures on growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum) under terai condition”.
The data presented in this thesis were obtained during the unfeigned work done and were
collected from the field during the crop growth. Any other information in this thesis, which have
collected or borrowed from outside agency, has been duly acknowledged.

Date: Amrit Singh

Place: Kheri ID. No. 2230226600003
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I am extremely grateful to my supervisors, Mr. Akeen Ali, Assistant Professor

Department of Agronomy and Dr. B. D. Shukla, Principal of Smrati Mahavidhyalaya for their invaluable

advice, continuous support, and patience during my research work. Their immense knowledge and plentiful

experience have encouraged me in all the time of my academic research and daily life. I would also like to thank

Dr. Anil Kumar and Dr. P.K. Gupta for their technical support in my research work.

I would like to thank all the members of Smrati Mahavidhyalaya for their kind help and support that

have made my study and life in the Smrati Mahavidhyalaya a wonderful time. Finally, I would like to express

my gratitude to my parents. Without their tremendous understanding and encouragement in the past few

years, it would be impossible for me to complete my study.

Date:

Place: Kheri (Amrit Singh)

Dedicated
To my
Beloved Parent
And Professors’
 CONTENTS

Chapter Page
Title
No. No.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

I INTRODUCTION

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

III MATERIALS AND METHODS

IV RESULTS

VI CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

% - Percentage
/
- Per
@ - At the rate of
0
C - Degree centigrade
ANOVA - Analysis of variance
C.D. - Critical difference
cm. - Centimeter
cv. - Cultivars
DAS - Day after sowing
d.f. - Degrees of freedom
E. S. S. - Error sum of square
et al. - And others
F. cal. - F calculated
F. tab. - F tabulated
Fig. - Figure
FYM - Farmyard Manure
g - Gram
IBA - Indole-3-butyric acid
MOP - Mourate of Potash
M. R. S. S. - Mean sum of square (Replication)

M. S. S. - Mean Sum of square

M.S.S.T - Mean Sum of squares due to treatment

MESS - Mean sum of square (error)

MTSS - Mean sum of square (total)

NS - Non-Significant

N - Nitrogen

R.B.D. - Randomized block design

S - Significant
S.Em+ - Standard error of mean

S. S. - Sum of square

SSP - Single Super Phosphate

Sqm - Square meter

VE - Error Variance

VT - Treatment variance
 INTRODUCTION

In a country like India, where a large population is vegetarian, the cheap and best source
of protein is still pulses. Pulses constitute an important ingradient in predominantly vegetarian
Indian diet. For the poor people, pea is a popular pulse crop. It provides a variety of vegetarian
dishes and hence it is like throughout the world. India is a major pulse growing country of the
world, accounting roughly for one third of the total area under pulses and one fourth of the
world production. Pulse crops, also called grain legumes, have been valued as food, fodder and
feed. Cereals constitute the staple food, and major source of energy. However, addition of
pulses, which are the main source of vegetable protein in their diet, will provide nutritionally
balanced food.

In developing countries like India, concerted efforts must be made to enhance the
production and productivity of pulses, which in turn will ensure more availability to pulses
on aper capita basis thus; it will ensure nutritional security to the poor masses of the country.

Besides being a rich source of protein, Pulses are also important for sustainable
agriculture as they improve physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Being
leguminous, the pulse plants take so little and given so much to our soils that their significance
in restoring and maintaining the soil fertility what we add through chemical fertilizers. Thus
every pulse plant is a mini-fertilizer plant itself. Being deep rooted; these pulses are highly
adaptive to dry land areas of the country. Their deep roots also open up the soils. Which ensure
better aeration, the short duration pulses also fit well in the various cropping systems without
disturbing the main cereal crops. The pulse crop residues are nutritious feed for livestock and
milch cattle and thus offer an added advantage to the poor farmer’s family.
The productivity of different pulses in quite low, mainly due to several agro-ecological,
biological, institutional and socio-economic constraints. The major causes for low production
are ecological factors; lack of appropriates pulse production and post harvest technology. It is
grown over an area of 10.5 million hectares with a production of about 13 million tones (Singh
1997). Uttar Pradesh is a major pea growing state in India and U.P. alone produces about 75%
of total pea produced in India. Besides U.P., M.P. and Bihar are major pea producing states. In
India pea is grown in Rabi season and it requires a cool growing season, moderate temperature
through out the growing season for germination, pea can be grown successfully in temperate

INTRODUCTION
and semi-arid zones.
Application of balanced fertilizer increases vegetative growth and improves yield and
quality of the produce. As a grain legume, field peas are capable of fixing most of the required
nitrogen from environment. The nutrients available to plant particularly nitrogen and
phosphorus are important constituents of protein and phospholipds. Phosphorus not only
enhances the root growth but also promotes early plant maturity (Mullins et al., 1996).
Potassium is often referred as the quality element for crop production due to its positive
interaction with other nutrients (especially with nitrogen) and production practices (Usherwood,
1985). It promotes synthesis of photo-synthates and transport to fruits and grains, and enhances
their conversion into starch, protein, vitamins, oil etc. (Mengel and Kirkby, 1997)

Application of NPK to pea crop usually promotes vegetative growth and nodulation
(Srivastava and Verma, 1985; Kanaujia et al., 1997; Vorob, 2000), and improves green pod
yield (Naik, 1989; Saini and Thakur, 1996; Verma et al., 1997; Kanaujia et al., 1997 & 1998;
Vorob, 2000). Vine length tended to increase as the rate of all the three nutrients increased
(Cutcliffe and Munro, 1980). In pea, increasing phosphorus levels, generally increases green
pod yield (Dubey et al., 1999) and yield components such as pod length, number of grains per
pod and pod weight (Gupta et aI., 2000). Parsad et al. (1989) applied P205@ 0, 40, 80 or 120 kg
ha' with or without Rhizobium inoculation of seed to pea crop. P205 resulted in significant
increase in growth, growth nodulation and yield, compared with the control. The highest green
pod yield was obtained with combination of 120 kg P205 ha' and Rhizobium inoculation.
However, in separate experiments, Sharma et al. (1997) and Mishra (1999) found that pod yield
increased by 60 kg P205 ha·1in pea and cowpea, respectively with no further significant increase
at the higher Phosphorus rate.

Pea has a relatively high requirement for phosphorus (P). Phosphorus is needed to
promote the development of extensive root systems and vigorous seedlings. Encouraging
vigorous root growth is an important step in promoting good nodule development. Phosphorus
also plays an important role in the N fixation process. Pea planted on soils testing low in
available Phosphorus or under cool or wet conditions may respond dramatically to Phosphorus
fertilizer. As with cereals, yield responses are not always achieved when applying Phosphorus in
the form of phosphate fertilizers. However, a pea crop may benefit from increased frost
tolerance, resistance to disease, improved nodulation and N fixation and drought tolerance as a

INTRODUCTION
result of Phosphorus application.
Therefore, keeping in view of the above-mentioned considerations and problems out
lined, the investigation entitled “Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on growth and
yield of pea (Pisum sativum) under terai condition” was carried out in rabi season of 2023-24
with the following objectives:

1. To study the effect of bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of pea

2. To find out the suitable organic combination for pea crop

3. To work out the economics of different treatments

INTRODUCTION
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Raihan et al. (2023) carried out an experiment during rabi season of 2017−18 to study
the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on growth and yield of garden pea (BARI Motor-3).
The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five
treatments and four replications. The treatments were T1: Control (no fertilizer), T2: Cowdung +
Poultry Manure + Mustard oilcake, T3: Vermicompost + Poultry Manure + Mustard oilcake, T4:
Urea + TSP + MoP + Gypsum and T5: Cowdung + Urea + TSP + MoP + Gypsum. Urea, TSP,
MoP and gypsum were used as a source of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and sulphur @ 45,
90, 40 and 50 kg per ha, respectively. Cowdung, poultry manure, vermicompost and mustard
oilcake were also applied as the organic treatments @30, 25, 2.5 and 0.025 ton per per ha,
respectively. Amongst the organic and chemical fertilizers, combined application of T5
significantly showed the highest values of vegetative growth and yield attributing characters i.e.,
plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, pod breadth,
number of seeds per pod, 100 seeds weight, pod weight, pod yield and seed yield per hectare.
The lowest values of growth and yield attributing characters were recorded from T1. When only
chemical fertilizers (T4) were used for plants, they gave higher performance than T2 and T3.
Moreover, T5 gave higher result than T4. So, for obtaining the highest growth and yield of pea,
T5 is the best combination.

Lalmawiberi K. and Biswarup Mehera (2023) conducted an experiment during rabi

season of 2022 on Field Pea crop at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS,
Prayagraj, (U.P.), India. The soil of the experimental plot was Sandy loam in texture, with a pH
7.2, that was neutral with EC- 0.26 (dS/m), organic carbon (0.72%), available N (178.48kg/ha),
available P (27.80kg/ha) and available K (233.24kg/ha). The treatments consisted of 3 varieties
(Rachana, Aparna and Pant C-5) and Bio-fertilizers (Rhizobium sp. and PSB) and a control. The
experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 treatments and replicated
thrice. Application of Rachana + PSB + Rhizobium sp. produced higher plant height (98.89 cm),
No. of pods/plant (24.04), No. of seeds/pod (5.39), seed yield (1.73 kg/ha) and stover yield (3.80
kg/ha).

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 Farhin Siddiqui and Victor Debbarma (2022) conducted an experiment to determine the
“Effect of Biofertilizers and Organic Manures on growth and yield of Field Pea. (Pisum sativum
L,)”. Three different levels of FYM, Vermicompost, rhizobium and PSB. There are 9 treatments
and each replicated thrice. The result showed T7 [(Rhizobium 10 g/kg) + (PSB 10 g/kg) +
(Vermicompost 1t/ha)] was recorded significantly higher plant height (87.50 cm), maximum
number of nodules/plant (14.60) maximum number of pods/plant (20.60), highest seed yield (2.7
t/ha), highest stover yield (2.19 t/ha) was observed in treatment 7, [(Rhizobium 10 g/kg) + (PSB
10 g/kg) + (Vermicompost 1t/ha)] compared to other studied treatments.

Santosh et al. (2022) laid out an experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design with
three replications at spacing of 60×10 cm in a plot size of 1.8×1.0 m accommodating 30 plants in
each plot. The experiment comprised of seventeen treatment combinations of organic manures
and bio-fertilizers.The results revealed that treatment combination of Rhizobium+PSB+FYM
was best for most of the characters like days to marketable maturity (95.00 days), plant height
(77.66 cm), number of root nodules plant-1 (27.66), number of primary branches plant-1 (13.40),
number of pods plant-1 (23.13), pod length (8.43 cm), pod weight (7.78 g), number of seeds pod-
1 (8.13), pod yield plant-1 (97.06 g), pod yield plot-1 (2.90 kg), harvest duration (27.66 days),
shelling percentage (50.16%) and protein content (11.62%) followed by RDF and combination of
Rhizobium+PSB+Vermicompost. The highest gross income (2, 57, 760 ha-1), net income (`
1,76,720 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (2.18) were recorded by the treatment combination of
Rhizobium+PSB+FYM. Hence, bio-fertilizers viz., Rhizobium and PSB when applied along with
FYM in pea cultivation, they enhance the growth, yield and quality of the produce.

Michi et al. (2022) conducted an experiment to study the effect of different bio-
formulations on performance of garden pea (variety-Sakata, Sweet Pearl) under Namsai
conditions of Arunachal Pradesh in the Agricultural Research Farm of Arunachal University of
Studies. The experiment consisted of 10 treatment combinations involving three doses each of
Bio-N (4, 5, 6 t/ha), Bio-P (2, 3, 4 t/ha) and Bio-K (2, 3, 4 t/ha) with uniform dose of pH
regulator and organic manure in three replications in a randomized block design. Application of
Bio-N:Bio- P:Bio-K @ 4:3:3 t/ha recorded the maximum plant height and maximum number of
branches per plant. Number of pods and weight of pods per 100g was found highest in T2 (Bio-N

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
4t/ha + Bio-P 3t/ha + Bio-K 3t/ha) and maximum length of pods in T1 (Bio-N 4t/ha + Bio-P
2t/ha + Bio-K 2t/ha) which was at par with T2. The maximum yield (6.63 t/ha) was obtained in
T2 (Bio-N 4t/ha + Bio-P 3t/ha + Bio-K 3t/ha), T4 (Bio- N 5t/ha + Bio-P 2t/ha + Bio-K 2t/ha) and
T6 (Bio-N 5t/ha + Bio-P 4t/ha + Bio-K 4t/ha) respectively. The higher quantity of Bio-P and
Bio-K in T2 showed a significant contribution in increasing the yield of crop. Considering the
overall performance and comparative doses the application of Bio-N:Bio-P:Bio-K @ 4:3:3 t/ha
can be recommended for eastern himalayan agro-climatic conditions.

Joshi et al. (2019) conducted an experiment to examine the thirty treatments with five
levels of organic nutrients viz., control (Recommended dose of N as urea), farmyard manure,
vermicompost, poultry manure and neem cake along with six levels of bio-fertilizers viz., seed
treatment with PSB (200 ml/ha), seed treatment with KMB (200 ml/ha), seed treatment with
Azospirillum (200 ml/ha), soil treatment with PSB (500 ml/acre), soil treatment with KMB (500
ml/acre) and soil treatment with Azospirillum (500 ml/acre) were tested in a Randomized Block
Design (with factorial concept) with three replications during the rabi season of the year 2013
and 2014. The results revealed that, the significantly maximum nitrogen content (4.20% and
4.15%) and protein content (26.28% and 25.96%) was recorded with treatment F5
(Recommended dose of N as neem cake) and treatment T1 [Seed treatment with PSB
(200ml/ha)] was found significantly maximum nitrogen content (4.29% and 4.13%) and protein
content (26.86% and 25.88%) during the year 2013 and 2014. The days taken for germination,
germination (%), vine length of 45 & 90 DAS (cm), days taken for initiation of I st flower, length
of pod (cm), thickness of pod (mm) and sugar (%) found non-significant in all treatments.

Anil et al. (2019) found that the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Viz. growth and
yield performance to different organic manures alone and in combination with bio-fertilizers was
evaluated by conducting a field experiment in clay soil. The growth attributes of cowpea viz.
plant height, branches per plant, leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) was found highest in
treatment involving the combined application of FYM + Vermicompost + Rhizobium + PSB
culture. Similarly, the root growth and nodules count were also found higher in the treatment
receiving combined application of organic manures with bio-fertilizers. The yield of cow pea
was increased by 46% under the treatment receiving organic manures and bio-fertilizers as

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
compared to control treatment. The results of the present study revealed that the cowpea crop
responded positively to the combined application of organic manures and bio-fertilizers towards
growth, growth and yield attributes and yield.

Talwinder et al. (2019) conducted an experiment to study the effect of bio-fertilizer and
mulch on pea (Pisum sativum L.)” was conducted during Rabi season 2017-18 at the
Experimental farm, Department of Agriculture, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab,
India. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications.
The treatments consisted of four mulches, M0-No much, M1-Paddy straw@5t/ha, M2-Maize
stubbles@4t/ha, M3-Saw dust@10t/ha and four Rhizobium doses, B0- Rhizobium @0g/kg of
seeds, B1-Rhizobium@20g/kg of seeds, B2-Rhizobium@25g/kg of seeds, B3-
Rhizobium@30g/kg of seeds and their combinations. In Rhizobium, maximum pod length,
number of pods, weight of seeds, pod yield, shelling percentage, ascorbic acid and total soluble
soilds were recorded with application of Rhizobium@30g/kg of seeds. In mulch, maximum
number of pods, weight of seeds, pod yield and shelling percentage were recorded with
application of saw dust@10t/ha while total soluble solids was recorded with paddy straw@5t/ha,
maximum ascorbic acid was recorded with no mulch. In interaction, maximum number of pods,
weight of seeds, pod yield, shelling percentage was recorded with application of
Rhizobium@30g/kg of seeds and saw dust@10t/ha. Rhizobium@30g/kg of seeds and no mulch
resulted in maximum ascorbic acid. Maximum total soluble solid was recorded with application
of no biofertilizer and paddy straw@5t/ha.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted in the year 2023-24 during rabi season to study the “Effect of
bio-fertilizers and organic manures on growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum) under terai
condition”. The details of the materials and methods were adopted during the course of this
investigation are described under various headings, as follows:

Experimental site

The experiment was conducted at Department of Agronomy, Smrati Mahavidhyalaya,

Preetampurwa, Matehiya, Bhira-Palia Road Lakhimpur-Kheri, Uttar Pradesh (262901) during rabi
season 2023-24.

Soil properties of the experimental field

S.No. Soil properties Value

(A) Physical properties

1 Sand% 35.9

2 Silt % 47.13

3 Clay % 17.88

4 Textural Class Sandy-loam

(B) Chemical properties

1 Soil reaction (pH) 7.4

2 Organic Carbon 0.38

3 Electrical Conductivity dsm-1 at 25ºC 0.2

4 Available Nitrogen (Kg/ha -1) 220

5 Available phosphorous (kg/ha-1) 23

6 Available Potash (kg/ha-1) 258.42

Experimental Design and Layout

The experiment consisting of ten treatments combinations of pea crop was laid out in a
Randomized Block Design using three replications. The details of the treatments are given below:

Treatment Combinations

Treatments Combinations

T0 Control

T1 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 1t/ha

T2 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + FYM 6t/ha

T3 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha

T4 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 1t/ha

T5 PSB 20 g/kg seed + FYM 6t/ha

T6 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha

T7 Rhizobium 10 g/kg+ PSB 10 g/kg + Vermicompost 1/ha

T8 Rhizobium 10 g/kg + PSB 10 g/kg+ FYM 6t/ha

T9 Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha

Plan of Layout

The dimensional details of the layout are given below

Design Randomized Block Design

Total no. of Replications 3

Total no. of treatment Combinations 10

Total no. of Plots 30

Net plot size 1mx1m

Main irrigation Channel 1.0 m

Sub irrigation channel 0.5m

Cultural operations

Field Preparation

The experimental field was thoroughly ploughed, harrowed and brought to a fine tilth by a
tractor driver disc plough and harrow. The weeds and stubble was picked up by hand in order to get a
clean field. The field was laid out into plots leaving irrigation channels and bunds between the plots.

Fertilizer application

The required quantities of fertilizers were applied according to the treatment combinations as
given in the plan of layout. A basal dose of the fertilizers was applied to each plot as per the
treatment requirements as a basal dose at the time of sowing.

Seed treatment

Before sowing the seeds was treated with thiram @2.5kg/ha seeds.

Sowing

The seeds were sown in rows @ 80 kg/ha, with a row to row distance of 20 cm and a
plant to plant distance of 10 cm. immediately after sowing the seeds were covered with soil.

Gap filling

In order to maintain uniform stand of crop in each net plot, the dead seedlings was replaced
by new one. The gap filling was continued till 10 days of sowing the seeds.

Irrigation

First light irrigation was given at flowering and second at pod filling stage.

Thinning

Thinning was done to maintain a proper spacing of 10 cm between plants within the
rows.
Weeding

To get the field free from weeds the hand weeding was done at 15, 30 and 45 days after
sowing.

Harvesting

The crop was harvested manually from three rows having one border row on each side ofthe
plot followed by the rest.

OBSERVATIONS RECORDED
Observations were recorded within the net area from randomly selected five plants for
each treatment. All the biometric observations were recorded from these identified and tagged
plants at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after sowing.

Pre harvest observations

Plant population

Till 15 days after sowing the total number of plants was counted in each plot.

Plant Height (cm)

Five plants was selected at random from each plot and tagged. The heights of these plants
were measured from the ground level up to the tip of the plant and the average height was then
calculated.

Number of branches

From the five–tagged plants of each plot, the numbers of branches was counted and average
number of branches per plant was calculated.

Fresh weight of shoot (g)

For fresh weight of shoot five plants was selected randomly from each plot. The average fresh
weight (g) per plant was calculated.
Dry weight of shoot (g)

The five plants uprooted for fresh weight was air dried. They were kept in an oven for 24
hours at 70ºC and their dry weight was determined at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS. The average dry
weight (g) per plant was calculated.

Days to 50% flowering

Five plants were tagged in each plot the time required for complex 50% flowering from time
of sowing was recorded.

Days of maturity

Five plants was tagged in each plot the time required for edible mature pod from time of
sowing to edible mature pods.

Post harvest observation

No. of Pods per plant

The pods number per plant was observed from the five tagged plants from each plot and the
average number of pods per plant was determined.

Pod weight per plant (g)

From the five tagged plants of each plot the average pods weight (g) was counted and average
pods weight (g) was calculated.

Number of grains per pod

The five tagged plants of each plot the number of grains per pod was counted and average
number of grains per pod was calculated.

1000 - grain weight (g)

The 1000 seeds were randomly collected from the seeds of each plot and thus 1000 grain
weight was record.
Biological yield (q/ha)

The yield of each plot was taken and averaged to bind biological yield (q/ha).

Grain yield (q/ha)

The total grain yield was obtained from the harvest area per plot was multiplied by the
conversion factor for obtaining the total yield in quintals per hectare.

Straw yield (q/ha)

The straw yield (above ground portion) of plants from the harvest area was weighed using a
weighing balance and was multiplied by the conversion factor for obtaining the total straw yield
quintals per hectare.

Economics

Cost of cultivation/ha (Rs/ha):

The expenditure from sowing to harvest, including the field preparation, was worked out
and expressed in Rs/ha.
Gross Income (Rs/ha):
Total Income w a s obtained from grain will worked out following the current market
price inputs and produce.

Net Return (Rs/ha):

Net returns were obtained by subtracting the cost of cultivation from gross return.

Benefit cost ratio:

The benefit cost ratio was calculated by using the formula.

Gross return

Benefit cost ratio =

Cost of cultivation
Statistical Analysis

The data recorded during the course of investigation was subjected to statistical
analysis as per method of “Analysis of Variance” (Fisher 1950). The significance and non –
significance of the treatment effect was Judged with the help of F variance ratio test.
Calculated F value (variance ratio) was compared with the table value of F at 5% and 1% level
of significance. If calculated value exceeded the table value, the effect was considered to be
significant, otherwise non – significant.

The significance differences between the means were tested against the critical
differenceat 5% level of significance.

For testing the hypothesis, the following ANOVA table was used.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Table

Source of Variation d. f. S.S. M.S.S. F. cal. F. tab (5%)

Due to Replication

Due to Treatment

Due to Error

Total

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 RESULTS

The present investigation entitled “Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures

on growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum) under terai condition” was conducted in the
Department of Agronomy, Smrati Mahavidhyalaya, Preetampurwa, Matehiya, Bhira-
Palia Road Lakhimpur-Kheri, Uttar Pradesh (262901) during rabi seasons of 2023-24.
The results recorded on different aspects with respect to various treatments are presented
and discussed in this chapter, important treatment effects provided some useful
information which have been described.
Table: 4.1 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on Days to Marketable maturity
Days to
Treatments Combinations Marketable
maturity
T0 Control 104
T1 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 1t/ha 100
T2 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + FYM 6t/ha 97
T3 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 99
T4 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 1t/ha 101
T5 PSB 20 g/kg seed + FYM 6t/ha 99
T6 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 98
T7 Rhizobium 10 g/kg+ PSB 10 g/kg + Vermicompost 1/ha 98
T8 Rhizobium 10 g/kg + PSB 10 g/kg+ FYM 6t/ha 100
T9 Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha 96
C.D. 1.82
SE(m) 0.61
SE(d) 0.86
C.V. 1.06

Earliness is an important parameter which indicates of early yield and ensures

more profit. Data for days to marketable maturity is presented in Table 4.1, which varied
from 97–104 days. Minimum days to marketable maturity (104 days) were recorded in

RESULTS
treatment T0 (Control) which was statistically at par with treatments viz., T4 (PSB 20 g/kg
seed + Vermicompost 1t/ha) for marketable maturity, respectively. Minimum days to
marketable maturity recorded in treatment T9 (Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg
+Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha) might be due to increased availability of nitrogen and
biofertilizers application.

Fig: 4.1 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on Days to Marketable maturity

Days to Marketable maturity

106
104
102
100
98
96
94
92
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

Plant height is an important parameter for growth and yield of crop. Maximum
plant height (78.44 cm) was recorded by treatment T9 (Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg
+Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha). Inoculation of seeds with Rhizobium along with
application of FYM might have improved nitrogen efficiency in rhizosphere, Rhizobium
is symbiotic nitrogen they secrete certain organic acids and some biochemicals and
ultimately resulting in more plant height. Similar results were observed by Negi et al.
(2006) in garden pea who noticed increased plant height with co-inoculation of bio
fertlizers viz., Rhizobium and PSB. Similar finding were also recorded by Gopinath and

RESULTS
Mina (2011), Jaipaul et al. (2011), Meena et al. (2014), Singh and Kumar (2016) and
Singh et al. (2016).

Table: 4.2 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on Plant height (cm)

Plant height
Treatments Combinations
(cm)
T0 Control 53.06
T1 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 1t/ha 65.71
T2 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + FYM 6t/ha 71.77
T3 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 66.86
T4 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 1t/ha 66.26
T5 PSB 20 g/kg seed + FYM 6t/ha 65.68
T6 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 70.50
T7 Rhizobium 10 g/kg+ PSB 10 g/kg + Vermicompost 1/ha 69.09
T8 Rhizobium 10 g/kg + PSB 10 g/kg+ FYM 6t/ha 65.11
T9 Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha 78.44
C.D. 1.23
SE(m) 0.41
SE(d) 0.58
C.V. 1.06

Fig: 4.2 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on Plant height (cm)

Plant height (cm)

100
80
60
40
20
0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

RESULTS
Table: 4.3 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on No. of root nodules plant-1
No. of root
Treatments Combinations nodules
plant-1
T0 Control 14.98

T1 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 1t/ha 17.17

T2 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + FYM 6t/ha 25.61

T3 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 23.90

T4 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 1t/ha 18.92

T5 PSB 20 g/kg seed + FYM 6t/ha 19.25

T6 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 21.41

T7 Rhizobium 10 g/kg+ PSB 10 g/kg + Vermicompost 1/ha 21.67

T8 Rhizobium 10 g/kg + PSB 10 g/kg+ FYM 6t/ha 20.23

T9 Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha 27.94

C.D. 0.39
SE(m) 0.13
SE(d) 0.18
C.V. 1.07

Treatment T9 (Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha)

observed maximum number of root nodules plant-1 (27.94). Seed inoculation with
Rhizobium increased the root nodulation through better root development and enhanced
nutrient availability in soil, resulting in vigorous plant growth, better flowering, fruiting
and pod formation. So, mixed inoculation with Rhizobium+PSB resulted in over all
development of plant, enhanced photosynthesis and production of assimilates and number
of root nodules. Similar results were noticed by Negi et al. (2006) in garden pea who
reported that number of root nodules increased with the application of biofertilizers viz.,
Rhizobium and PSB.

RESULTS
Fig: 4.3 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on No. of root nodules plant-1

No. of root nodules plant-1

30

25

20

15

10

0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

Table: 4.4 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on No. of primary branches plant-1
No. of
primary
Treatments Combinations
branches
plant-1
T0 Control 8.72
T1 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 1t/ha 11.11
T2 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + FYM 6t/ha 11.54
T3 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 10.46
T4 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 1t/ha 10.50
T5 PSB 20 g/kg seed + FYM 6t/ha 10.84
T6 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 11.37
T7 Rhizobium 10 g/kg+ PSB 10 g/kg + Vermicompost 1/ha 11.17
T8 Rhizobium 10 g/kg + PSB 10 g/kg+ FYM 6t/ha 9.76
T9 Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha 13.53
C.D. 0.20
SE(m) 0.07
SE(d) 0.09
C.V. 1.06

RESULTS
 Number of primary branches plant-1 is an important growth attribute which
consequently affects the yield plant-1. Maximum number of primary branches plant-1
(13.40) were recorded in treatment T9 (Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha
FYM 3t/ha). Application of biofertilizers in soil may have helped to enhance the biological
nitrogen fixation and availability of phosphorus for strong vegetative growth. Increase in
accessibility of nutrients in soil, enhanced the number of primary branches plant-1.
Fig: 4.4 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on No. of primary branches plant-1

No. of primary branches plant-1

16
14
12
10
8
6
4

2
0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

The pod bearing capacity is one of the important crop yield component.
Maximum number of pods plant-1 (23.36) were recorded in treatment T9 (Rhizobium 10/kg
+ PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha). Due to better availability of sufficient
amount of nutrients from FYM application along with composite inoculation of seeds
with Rhizobium+PSB have improved nitrogen availability in rhizosphere that ultimately
enhanced availability of nutrients in soil and helped the plants to bear more number of
flowers and more number of pods plant-1. Similar results were noticed by Negi et al.

RESULTS
(2006) in pea who reported that pods plant-1 was significantly increased by co-
inoculation of biofertilizers viz., Rhizobium and PSB. Similar findings were also reported
by Gopinath and Mina (2011); Meena et al. (2014), Singh et al. (2016).

Table: 4.5 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on No. of pods plant-1

No. of pods
Treatments Combinations
plant-1
T0 Control 13.43
T1 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 1t/ha 16.16
T2 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + FYM 6t/ha 21.14
T3 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 19.62
T4 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 1t/ha 18.72
T5 PSB 20 g/kg seed + FYM 6t/ha 19.49
T6 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 20.77
T7 Rhizobium 10 g/kg+ PSB 10 g/kg + Vermicompost 1/ha 15.61
T8 Rhizobium 10 g/kg + PSB 10 g/kg+ FYM 6t/ha 18.14
T9 Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha 23.36
C.D. 0.34
SE(m) 0.11
SE(d) 0.16
C.V. 1.05

Fig: 4.5 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on No. of pods plant-1

No. of pods plant-1

25

20

15

10

0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

RESULTS
 Pod length is directly linked with the yield. Long pods have more number of
seeds and give more yield. Treatment T9 (Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost
5t/ha FYM 3t/ha) observed highest pod length (8.51 cm). Composite inoculation of seed
with Rhizobium along with FYM enhanced nitrogen in soil. Rhizobium is symbiotic
nitrogen fixer and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria is Phosphorus Solubilizer, which
ultimately increased the availability of nutrients and metabolic activity resulting in better
vegetative growth. The increased vegetative growth, balanced C: N ratio and increased
synthesis of carbohydrates, in turn increased the pod length. These results are in
conformity with the findings of Negi et al. (2006) in garden pea who noticed increased
pod length by co-inoculation of biofertilizers. Similar finding were noticed by Gopinath
and Mina (2011) and Singh et al. (2016).
Table: 4.6 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on Pod length (cm)
Pod length
Treatments Combinations
(cm)
T0 Control 7.54
T1 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 1t/ha 7.88
T2 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + FYM 6t/ha 8.26
T3 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 7.93
T4 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 1t/ha 7.69
T5 PSB 20 g/kg seed + FYM 6t/ha 7.87
T6 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 8.19
T7 Rhizobium 10 g/kg+ PSB 10 g/kg + Vermicompost 1/ha 7.78
T8 Rhizobium 10 g/kg + PSB 10 g/kg+ FYM 6t/ha 7.90
T9 Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha 8.51
C.D. 0.15
SE(m) 0.05
SE(d) 0.07
C.V. 1.05

RESULTS
Fig: 4.6 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on Pod length (cm)

Pod length (cm)

8.6
8.4
8.2
8
7.8
7.6
7.4
7.2
7
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

Table: 4.7 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on Pod weight (g)

Pod weight
Treatments Combinations
(g)
T0 Control 6.14
T1 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 1t/ha 6.50
T2 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + FYM 6t/ha 7.31
T3 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 6.94
T4 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 1t/ha 6.28
T5 PSB 20 g/kg seed + FYM 6t/ha 6.57
T6 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 7.25
T7 Rhizobium 10 g/kg+ PSB 10 g/kg + Vermicompost 1/ha 6.80
T8 Rhizobium 10 g/kg + PSB 10 g/kg+ FYM 6t/ha 6.85
T9 Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha 7.86
C.D. 0.13
SE(m) 0.04
SE(d) 0.06
C.V. 1.07

RESULTS
Fig: 4.7 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on Pod weight (g)

Pod weight (g)

9

0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

Values for pod diameter varied from 1.04–1.19 cm. Maximum pod diameter (1.19
cm) was recorded in treatment T9 (Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM
3t/ha). Maximum pod weight (7.86 g) was recorded in treatment T9 (Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB
10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha). Mixed inoculation of seeds with Rhizobium and
Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria along with FYM increased the availability of nutrients in
soil, which that ultimately enhanced the vegetative growth of plant. Availability and
uptake of more plant nutrients resulted in luxuriant vegetative growth with more
photosynthetic area. The increased photosynthetic area and translocation of
photosynthates in plants, accelerated the formation of more number of large-sized pods
with more number of seeds per pod and resulting in increased pod weight. These finding
were supported by finding of Singh et al. (2016).

RESULTS
Table: 4.8 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on Pod diameter (cm)
Pod
Treatments Combinations diameter
(cm)
T0 Control 1.04
T1 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 1t/ha 1.08
T2 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + FYM 6t/ha 1.16
T3 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 1.13
T4 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 1t/ha 1.10
T5 PSB 20 g/kg seed + FYM 6t/ha 1.14
T6 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 1.15
T7 Rhizobium 10 g/kg+ PSB 10 g/kg + Vermicompost 1/ha 1.13
T8 Rhizobium 10 g/kg + PSB 10 g/kg+ FYM 6t/ha 1.14
T9 Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha 1.19
C.D. 0.02
SE(m) 0.01
SE(d) 0.01
C.V. 0.93

Fig: 4.8 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on Pod diameter (cm)

Pod diameter (cm)

1.25

1.2

1.15

1.1

1.05

0.95
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

RESULTS
Table: 4.9 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on No. of seeds pod-1
No. of seeds
Treatments Combinations
pod-1
T0 Control 6.70

T1 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 1t/ha 7.27

T2 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + FYM 6t/ha 7.88

T3 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 7.40

T4 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 1t/ha 7.07

T5 PSB 20 g/kg seed + FYM 6t/ha 7.27

T6 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 7.61

T7 Rhizobium 10 g/kg+ PSB 10 g/kg + Vermicompost 1/ha 7.27

T8 Rhizobium 10 g/kg + PSB 10 g/kg+ FYM 6t/ha 7.33

T9 Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha 8.21

C.D. 0.13
SE(m) 0.05
SE(d) 0.06
C.V. 1.05

Maximum number of seeds pod-1 (8.21) were observed in treatment T9

(Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha), While, minimum number of
seeds pod-1 (6.70) were recorded in T0 (Control). Increase in number of seeds pod-1
might be due to application of Rhizobium, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and FYM that
enhanced the availability of nutrients in soil, which in turn encouraged more vegetative
growth, metabolic activities and chlorophyll content and increased accumulation of more
amounts of carbohydrates in the pods and thereby increasing the number of seeds pod-1.
Similar results were observed by Gopinath and Mina (2011), Meena et al. (2014) and
Singh et al. (2016) in pea.

RESULTS
Fig: 4.9 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on No. of seeds pod-1

No. of seeds pod-1

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

Table: 4.10 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on Pod yield plot-1 (kg)
Pod yield
Treatments Combinations
plot-1 (kg)
T0 Control 1.37
T1 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 1t/ha 2.00
T2 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + FYM 6t/ha 2.24
T3 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 2.19
T4 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 1t/ha 2.06
T5 PSB 20 g/kg seed + FYM 6t/ha 2.10
T6 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 2.15
T7 Rhizobium 10 g/kg+ PSB 10 g/kg + Vermicompost 1/ha 1.60
T8 Rhizobium 10 g/kg + PSB 10 g/kg+ FYM 6t/ha 2.13
T9 Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha 2.93
C.D. 0.04
SE(m) 0.01
SE(d) 0.02
C.V. 1.04

RESULTS
 Data for pod yield plot-1 (kg) varied from 1.37–2.93 kg. Highest pod yield plot-1
(kg) (2.93 kg) was recorded by treatment T9 (Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg
+Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha). Composite inoculation of Rhizobium and Phosphate
Solubilizing Bacteria might have increased the growth, yield attributes and ultimately the
yield, due to increased nitrogenase activity and available phosphorus status in soil as
reported by Negi et al. (2006) in garden pea. Similar finding were also reported by
Jaipaul et al. (2011), Gopinath and Mina (2011) and Sharma and Chauhan (2011).

Fig: 4.10 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on Pod yield plot-1 (kg)

Pod yield plot-1 (kg)

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

RESULTS
Table: 4.11 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on total pod yield (t ha-1)
Total pod
Treatments Combinations yield (t ha-
1)
T0 Control 6.10
T1 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 1t/ha 8.89
T2 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + FYM 6t/ha 9.96
T3 Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 9.74
T4 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 1t/ha 9.15
T5 PSB 20 g/kg seed + FYM 6t/ha 9.33
T6 PSB 20 g/kg seed + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha 9.55
T7 Rhizobium 10 g/kg+ PSB 10 g/kg + Vermicompost 1/ha 7.09
T8 Rhizobium 10 g/kg + PSB 10 g/kg+ FYM 6t/ha 9.46
T9 Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha 13.01
C.D. 0.17
SE(m) 0.06
SE(d) 0.08
C.V. 1.07

Fig: 4.11 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on total pod yield (t ha-1)

Total pod yield (t ha-1)

14

12

10

0
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9

RESULTS
Table: 4.12 Effect of various doses of nitrogen on economics of pea crop
Total cost of cultivation Gross income Net income B:C
Treatments
(ha-1) (ha-1) (ha-1) ratio
T0 39028 70422 31394 1.80
T1 80945 177767 96822 2.20
T2 81451 199305 117854 2.45
T3 146094 194818 48724 1.33
T4 63673 183140 119467 2.88
T5 145991 186736 40745 1.28
T6 81350 191223 109873 2.35
T7 45088 141851 96763 3.15
T8 64280 189425 125145 2.95
T9 81853 260346 178493 3.18

Perusal of data given in Table 4.12, indicated that maximum gross income
(260346 ha-1) was recorded in treatment T9 (Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost
5t/ha FYM 3t/ha) and minimum gross income (70422 ha-1) was observed in treatment T0
(Control) whereas, maximum total cost of cultivation (146094 ha-1) was recorded in
treatment T3 (Rhizobium 20 g/kg + Vermicompost 0.5t/ha+ FYM 3t/ha) and minimum total cost
of cultivation (39028 ha-1) was recorded in treatment T0 (Control). Net income (178493
ha-1) was recorded maximum in treatment T9 (Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg
+Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha) and minimum (31394 ha-1) was recorded in treatment T0
(Control). Highest benefit: cost ratio (3.18) was recorded in treatment T9 (Rhizobium 10/kg
+ PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha) and minimum (1.28) was recorded in
treatment T5 (PSB 20 g/kg seed + FYM 6t/ha). Similar results were recorded by Gopinath
and Meena (2011) and Singh et al. (2016).

RESULTS
 CONCLUSION
Based on above experimental results, maximum value in recorded observations in T9
(Rhizobium 10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha ) found superior than other
treatments.
Therefore, it may be recommended that pea may be grown with application of Rhizobium
10/kg + PSB 10 g/kg +Vermicompost 5t/ha FYM 3t/ha for higher productivity and quality of pea in
terai region regions.

CONCLUSION
 ANOVA
1: Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on Days to Marketable maturity

Source of Variation DF Sum of Squares Mean Squares F-Calculated

Replication 2 0
Treatment 9 136.8 15.2 13.68
Error 18 20 1.111
Total 29 156.8

2: Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on Plant height (cm)

Source of Variation DF Sum of Squares Mean Squares F-Calculated

Replication 2 0.008
Treatment 9 1,114.54 123.838 246.046
Error 18 9.06 0.503
Total 29 1,123.61

3: Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on No. of root nodules plant-1

Source of Variation DF Sum of Squares Mean Squares F-Calculated

Replication 2 0.002
Treatment 9 411.761 45.751 903.076
Error 18 0.912 0.051
Total 29 412.675

4: Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on No. of primary branches plant-1

Source of Variation DF Sum of Squares Mean Squares F-Calculated

Replication 2 0
Treatment 9 42.345 4.705 354.62
Error 18 0.239 0.013
Total 29 42.584

5: Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on No. of pods plant-1

Source of Variation DF Sum of Squares Mean Squares F-Calculated

Replication 2 0.005
Treatment 9 232.271 25.808 669.684
Error 18 0.694 0.039
Total 29 232.97
6: Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on Pod length (cm)

Source of Variation DF Sum of Squares Mean Squares F-Calculated

Replication 2 0
Treatment 9 2.246 0.25 35.569
Error 18 0.126 0.007
Total 29 2.373

7: Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on Pod weight (g)

Source of Variation DF Sum of Squares Mean Squares F-Calculated

Replication 2 0
Treatment 9 7.293 0.81 152.063
Error 18 0.096 0.005
Total 29 7.389

8: Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on Pod diameter (cm)

Source of Variation DF Sum of Squares Mean Squares F-Calculated
Replication 2 0
Treatment 9 0.049 0.005 49.672
Error 18 0.002 0
Total 29 0.051

9: Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on No. of seeds pod-1

Source of Variation DF Sum of Squares Mean Squares F-Calculated

Replication 2 0
Treatment 9 4.761 0.529 87.633
Error 18 0.109 0.006
Total 29 4.87

10: Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on Pod yield plot-1 (kg)

Source of Variation DF Sum of Squares Mean Squares F-Calculated

Replication 2 0
Treatment 9 4.523 0.503 1,081.96
Error 18 0.008 0
Total 29 4.531
11: Effect of bio-fertilizers and organic manures on Total pod yield (t ha-1)

Source of Variation DF Sum of Squares Mean Squares F-Calculated

Replication 2 -0.001
Treatment 9 89.238 9.915 1,013.42
Error 18 0.176 0.01
Total 29 89.413
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