Solutions - Kebabs & Kentucky Fried bloc

Oman :
Promotion of International Cooperation: Establishing strong international
organizations, can help facilitate dialogue and cooperation among nations to prevent
conflicts.

Conflict Resolution Mechanisms: Implementing effective conflict resolution

frameworks that encourage diplomacy over military action can help address grievances
before they escalate into war.

Education and Awareness: Promoting education about the causes and consequences
of war, can foster a culture of peace and understanding among future generations.

Disarmament Initiatives: Encouraging disarmament and the reduction of military

arsenals can decrease the likelihood of armed conflict.

Economic Interdependence: Developing economic ties between nations can create

mutual dependencies that discourage war. The economic devastation caused by WWI
highlighted the need for stable economic relationships.

Cultural Exchange Programs: Promoting cultural exchanges can enhance mutual

understanding and respect among different nations, reducing prejudice and nationalism
that often lead to conflict.

Addressing Nationalism: Recognizing and addressing the legitimate aspirations of

national groups can help reduce extreme nationalism, which was a significant factor
leading to WWI.

Support for Democratic Governance: Encouraging democratic governance can help

ensure that citizens have a voice in political decisions, reducing the likelihood of
authoritarian regimes that may resort to war.

Global Health Initiatives: The Spanish flu pandemic illustrated the interconnectedness
of global health; promoting global health initiatives can foster collaboration and
peace-building efforts.

Commemorative Initiatives: Establishing commemorative events for those whose lives

were lost in WWI can serve as a reminder of the costs of war and promote peace by
honoring the memory of those who suffered due to conflict

Strengthening Regional Organizations

Regional Cooperation: Encouraging the development and strengthening of regional

organizations can provide platforms for dialogue and conflict resolution tailored to local
 contexts. Regional organizations can facilitate cooperation among neighboring countries,
addressing regional disputes before they escalate into larger conflicts. This approach
recognizes that local dynamics often require localized solutions and can prevent the kind
of entangling alliance present in WW1.

Promoting Economic Equity

Addressing Economic Disparities: Developing equitable economic development is crucial to

mitigating tensions that can lead to conflict. Initiatives aimed at reducing income inequality
within and between nations can help reduce grievances that often fuel nationalism and unrest.
By investing in sustainable development projects that benefit marginalized communities,
countries can create more stable societies less prone to conflict.

Implementing Comprehensive Peace Education

Global Peace Education Programs: Establishing comprehensive peace education

programs in schools worldwide can cultivate a culture of understanding and tolerance
from an early age. These programs should focus on historical conflicts, including WWI,
emphasizing critical thinking about nationalism, identity, and the consequences of war.
By developing empathy and global citizenship among young people, future generations
may be better equipped to prevent conflict.

Summary

By fostering cooperation, equity, representation, and education, nations can work

towards a more peaceful world.

SOURCES(oman) :

https://www.boell.de https://www.neh.gov

https://www.britannica.com https://study.com/ https://cepr.org/

YUGOSLAVIA

SOLUTIONS

Limiting Military Armaments

1)Arms Reduction Treaties: The institution of treaties to restrict the number of

standing armies and overall quantity of weapons, particularly in the newest
technologies such as tanks and aircraft that had contributed to the scope of WWI.
2)Military Spending Control: Reduction of military budgets in order to avoid an arms
race that may heighten tension between nations.

3)Disarmament Agreements: This could be an extension of the model of the Hague

Conventions whereby nations seek multilateral agreements to forbid the use of
certain weapons.

Economic Measures:

1. Reduced Economic Inequality: Excessive economic inequality is in and of itself a

potential cause of conflict. Progressive taxation, social welfare policy, and education
and vocational training could be policies to reduce social friction and create more
stable societies.

2. Encouraging International Trade and Cooperation: International trade and

cooperation can reduce the likelihood of conflict by making nations more
economically interdependent and cooperative. In this respect, we will reduce the risk
of trade wars and create more stable economic relations by establishing
international trade arrangements and encouraging economic cooperation.

3. Creation of International Mechanisms for Dispute Resolution: Establishment of

international mechanisms for dispute resolution, including arbitration and mediation,
can help to check the escalation of economic disputes into overall conflict. In doing
so, a framework is laid down for solving disputes peacefully, hence reducing the
chances of economic conflict and paving the way for more stable economic
relations.

World Health Care Measures.

1. Coordinated Global Response:. By creating international protocols on disease
surveillance, reporting, and response, we can lessen the chances of pandemics and
make the world more health secure.

2. Encouraging International Collaboration: The necessity of collaboration on the

part of scientists, health professionals, and policy makers will be a boost in
accelerating treatments and vaccines.

GREECE

Solutions

Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: Diplomacy should always be the first choice when
addressing international disputes. Encouraging nations to engage in peaceful negotiations and
dialogue can help prevent conflicts from escalating.

Conflict Prevention: Identifying and addressing the root causes of conflicts, such as inequality,
resource scarcity can help prevent conflicts from emerging in the first place. Early warning
systems and conflict prevention initiatives can play a crucial role in this regard.

Promote Open Communication btw countries: Governments should maintain open channels of
communication to address misunderstandings and tensions before they escalate.

Trade Agreements: Encourage economic interdependence through trade agreements so that

nations benefit more from peace than from conflict.

Reduce Military Spending: Redirecting military funds to social programs can reduce the
incentive for aggressive posturing and conflict.
CHINA :
We the nations of the world will set up an independent organization with members of different
countries working united to solve major and minor conflicts that occur on a global scale which
has negative impact all over.

The organization’s goals will be the following :

WAR

1) Setting up a conference with diplomats all around the world.

a) This conference would be to highlight the major crises each country is dealing
with.

b) If there are any differences among foreign policies that threaten global
security the issue will be addressed immediately.

c) A separate meeting will be held to address and acknowledge the dispute

between nations.

d) The conference will suggest negotiation and cooperation among members.

e) Any nation threatening to wage war will be condemned.

f) If they continue with the war there will be consequences.

2) If a war cannot be prevented by the countries even after negotiation the organization will
prioritize immediate aid to the injured.

3) Aid money will be provided to countries for the use and help of the wounded and disabled if
the situation demands.

4) Countries found violating this rule and using the loan provided for engaging and continuing
in warfare will :

a) Be penalized

b) Imposed with trade restrictions.

c) Restricted Entry / Banning those citizens by member nations

 d) Travel Permit Cards will not be authorized by governments.

e) Thorough check-ins for anyone entering another country.

5) A well drafted and thorough warfare rules and regulations will be written by a separate
committee set up by the organization. It would be discussed and signed upon by members.

a) This document would replace the Hague conventions ( 1899 and

1907 )

b) It would lay the foundation and ethics to be maintained during war

c) Any country found violating this agreement would :

· Be penalized

· Imposed with trade restrictions.

· Pay a heavy fine and compensation for all the damage caused
to all countries involved.

· Must agree if the opposing nation asks for a document of sorts

to be signed.

6) Civilians and neutral countries must not be involved at any cost.

7) If attacked or involved :

a) Pay a heavy fine and compensation for all the damage caused to all
countries involved.

b) They must give away 30% of their land to the involved countries, divided
equally to all. Eg. Germany involving Belgium to infiltrate France. Belgium
had a neutral stance and did not want to be involved. As a compensation
Germany must give 30% of their land to Belgium.

8) If the war does not end and there is no clarity in the given situation the organization will
interfere and present treaties that both parties must agree to.

9) If the nations agree and still do not show diplomacy

a) Be penalized
 b) Imposed with trade restrictions.

c) Pay a heavy fine and compensation for all the damage caused to all
countries involved.

d) Must agree if the opposing nation asks for a set of demands.

AWARENESS AND EDUCATION

1) The organization will pass a document where there will be education compulsory for all
children up to the age of 14.

2) Every country must implement this as a law so that there will be no lack of understanding.

3) Awareness must be raised in order for radicalization to completely stop.

4) The education system must also focus on teaching differences and diplomacy.

5) It should highlight the consequences of wars and the immense damage it has to the overall
growth of a country.

6) There must be emphasis on understanding different cultures and religion to promote peace
and unity among diversity.

7) The pen rule will be a priority.

The education and molding of young minds plays a significant role in our future peace. These
children will be the next leaders of our world so educating them and teaching diplomacy has to
be prioritized.

8) Every newspaper issued will show the number of deaths and casualties that have occurred
due to the world war, to teach people on how much of a disastrous affect it has left the world
with.

MILITARY AND ARMS REGULATIONS

1) A committee will be set up which will test new weapons and guns used in warfare. The
weaponry must meet a set of conditions. If not, they will be banned from being used during
any wars to keep the damage done to a minimum. phosgene, d
2) All armed forces must attack only at the border lines.

3) There must be no use of missiles or any such similar weapons in public locations where
civilians are present.
4) Humanitarian laws like the Geneva convention and Hague convention will be amended in
order to lay the foundation of a strong international law.

5) Taking inspiration from the Indian penal code(1860)

a) Criminalizing acts of assault, unlawful confinement and murder.

6) Introducing a strict law regarding arms trade.

7) The law would be made of such nature that it would be difficult to supply arms from one
country to another to reduce engagement in warfare activities.

8) The law will only be an exception if a country is in severe need of aid and are acting in a line
of defense.

9) The troops sent from one country to another will only be authorized if the country receiving
them are defending themselves.

10) Naval warfare will have a separate set of rules and regulations so that there aren’t any
civilian lives lost on international waters.

WORLD HEALTH CARE

An international committee will be set up and it will consist of different teams working on
different things. Their main objective would be global health and how to cure diseases.

1) There will be a set of researchers to find how diseases spread.

2) A group of scientists and doctors finding vaccines to diseases.

3) A team specially made for the prevention of a disease spreading.

For example , lets say this team existed when the influenza virus first occurred. It would do
everything in it’s power to warn all countries and ask them to take appropriate measures to
prevent it from spreading in their respective countries.

4) The committee will also be provided with funds for research and advancements in the
medical field.

THE INTERNATIONAL HOUSE OF MONEY

This would be specifically set up for the purpose of sending money to member countries in time
of need.
1) The money here will be provided by 10% of each member country’s GDP.

2) The countries are expected to pay on a yearly basis.

3) The purpose of this bank would be to provide immediate aid and food for countries who are
affected by severe natural disasters or a complete economical breakdown.

4) The money will simply be a loan for time being and the country will be expected to pay it
back at the interest rate of 6% per annum.

5) If the country does not manage to pay back within the span of 5 years The international
house of money will stop providing cash until everything is repaid.

AUSTRIA

*THIRD PARTY MEDICATION - Having neutral countries to negotiate and find agreeable
solutions to territorial conflicts

*Regional unification - regional economic and political unification can transform territorial
disputes into opportunities for cooperation and joint prosperity , as states benefit more from
peaceful unification than from war.

*Promote education and awareness to youth and children - through public education, youth
and children can be taught the importance of tolerance, empathy, and understanding of diverse
cultures.
*Imposing heavy penalty on unnecessary mobilisation and usage of arms.

*reducing military and arms can prevent wars by

BULGARIA
Q2)How can public education and awareness contribute to long-term
peace?
Reduces Misinformation and Fear: Awareness campaigns can help combat
propaganda and misinformation, reducing the spread of fear, distrust, and
division in society.
Encourages Conflict Resolution Skills: Education can teach non-violent
communication, mediation, and negotiation techniques, equipping individuals
with tools to resolve disputes peacefully.
Promotes Critical Thinking: Encouraging critical thinking and open-mindedness
helps individuals assess situations rationally, avoiding emotional reactions that
can escalate conflicts.
Creates a Peace-Oriented Culture: Ongoing public awareness campaigns can
normalize peacebuilding practices and attitudes, making peace a central value in
society.

Q3) Can military and/or arms limitations impact prevention of wars?

Encourages Diplomacy: Arms limitations create a framework where countries are
almost forced to resolve conflicts through diplomacy rather than military force.
Minimizes Military Aggression: With fewer weapons and reduced military
capacity, nations are less likely to provoke or initiate conflicts, knowing they lack
the resources to wage large-scale wars.
Reduces Military Funds: By capping arms expenditures, countries can reallocate
resources toward social development, education, and infrastructure, addressing
root causes of conflict like poverty and inequality.
Limits Arms Sales to Potential Aggressors: Arms control agreements can prevent
the sale or transfer of weapons to parties that might use them to provoke or start
conflicts, thereby limiting the chances of military aggression.
Promotes Transparency Amongst Nations: Arms control would result in the
formation of allies, bonds and treaties to prevent any unexpected war related
aggression or instigation.

Q4.What economic measures must be implemented to prevent armed

conflicts?
Promote Economic Development: Invest in infrastructure, education, and
healthcare to improve living standards and reduce poverty, which are often
underlying causes of conflict.
Support Job Creation and Youth Employment: Providing employment
opportunities, especially for young people, can reduce the rate of younger
extremists who are fascinated with an ‘idea of purpose’
Debt Relief and Financial Support: For developing countries, debt relief (and war
loss related funds) and financial aid can stabilize economies, reduce economic
pressures, and prevent situations that might lead to conflict.
Promote Economic Integration: Create regional economic unions or partnerships
that foster collaboration and collective prosperity, reducing the likelihood of
conflicts over borders or resources.
Encourage Private Sector Growth and Foreign Investment: Support businesses
and foreign investments that can stimulate local economies, provide jobs, and
reduce the economic grievances that might fuel conflict.

Q6) To what extent can worldwide healthcare measures, particularly with

regards to influenza, contribute to peace movements?
Global Collaboration is fostered: Joint efforts to combat influenza require
countries to cooperate across borders, fostering diplomatic relationships and
trust between nations.
Resource Distribution: Post the Great War, sharing of medical resources like
vaccines, machinery, etc. would help reduce inequality (within and outside the
nation.) This lack of inequality and promotion of a sense of unity could further
reduce the overall risk of conflict.
Social Unity: Common public health measures can bring together communities
within nations, reducing social divides and tensions that might otherwise
contribute to internal conflict.

JAPAN
1. We require leaders who promote and support war to personally participate
in the hostilities. This would provide a critical threshold as it requires some
actual personal sacrifice of leaders.
1. Rise up as a people and demand that one’s government follow its
Constitution, cut off funding for war and find a way to peace.
2. Citizens should also demand that the country exercise its power of the
purse to prevent war, including not giving financial support to a president
attempting to bribe other countries to participate in an illegal war.
3. Neutral organizations should be present as mediators in disputes, offering
fair solutions and maintaining balance in international relations​.
4. Platforms need to be provided to address grievances like when Japan
advocated for racial equality at the Paris Peace Conference ensuring that
no nation feels marginalized, reducing the likelihood of conflict​.

RUSSIA (white army)

Commitment to Diplomacy
All nations shall commit to resolving disputes through diplomatic channels, including
arbitration, mediation, and international dialogue.

Establishment of a League of Nations

A League of Nations shall be formed to facilitate cooperation among states, oversee
peaceful dispute resolution, and hold nations accountable for aggression.

Arms Reduction
Nations shall agree on a phased reduction of armaments to levels sufficient for national
defense, prohibiting excessive stockpiling and the production of weapons intended for
offensive purposes.

Mutual Guarantees of Security

Member states shall pledge mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity,
refraining from acts of aggression. An attack on one shall be considered an attack on all
to deter future conflict.

Economic and Humanitarian Cooperation

Efforts shall be made to promote international economic stability and address the root
causes of conflict, including poverty, inequality, and shortage of resources.

Education for Peace

Nations shall promote education that fosters understanding, tolerance, and cooperation
among peoples to combat the ideologies that fuel conflict.

Sanctions Against Aggressors

Any nation initiating armed conflict shall face economic and political sanctions imposed
collectively by the League of Nations to ensure compliance with this resolution

Periodic Review
This resolution shall be reviewed every five years to adapt to changing circumstances
and strengthen its provisions.

Australia

Promote Education and Awareness

1)Encourage education that promotes critical thinking, tolerance, and understanding of different
cultures and religions.
2)Provide alternative narratives to extremist ideologies through schools, media, and community
programs.

Strengthen Social and Economic Opportunities

1)Reduce poverty and unemployment, as lack of opportunities can drive people towards
extremist groups.

2)Provide vocational training and support for young people to help them integrate into society
productively.

Promotes Tolerance and Understanding

1)Teaching about the causes of World War I and the devastating consequences of conflict can
encourage people to value peace and avoid future wars.

2)Education can help different nationalities and cultures understand each other better, reducing
the chances of future tensions.

Promotes Global Education Awareness and Unity

1)Education can help people understand the interconnectedness of the world and how global
peace benefits everyone.

2)Awareness campaigns can show the importance of working together across borders to
prevent future wars and address common challenges, like poverty and disease.

SWITZERLAND
Diplomatic Solutions

1. International Diplomacy: Encourage open communication and negotiation between

nations to resolve conflicts peacefully.

2. Conflict Resolution Mechanisms: Establish mechanisms for resolving disputes, such

as mediation, arbitration, and adjudication.
3. International Cooperation: Foster cooperation between nations on issues like trade,
environment, and security to build trust and reduce tensions.

Economic Solutions

1. Economic Interdependence: Encourage economic ties and trade relationships

between nations to create mutual interests and incentives for peace.

2. Poverty Reduction: Address poverty and inequality, which can be drivers of conflict,
by promoting economic development and social justice.

3. Resource Management: Encourage sustainable management of resources, such as

water and minerals, to reduce competition and tensions.

Social and Cultural Solutions

1. Education and Cultural Exchange: Promote people-to-people diplomacy, educational

exchanges, and cultural understanding to break down stereotypes and build empathy.

2. Promoting Tolerance and Understanding: Encourage tolerance, understanding, and

respect for diversity to reduce tensions and conflicts.

3. Empowering Women and Minorities: Promote the empowerment of women and

minorities to reduce inequality and promote social justice.

Technological Solutions

1. Early Warning Systems: Develop early warning systems to detect potential conflicts
and provide timely interventions.

2. Cyber Diplomacy: Use digital platforms to promote diplomacy, dialogue, and conflict
resolution.
Institutional Solutions

1. Strengthening International Institutions: Strengthen international institutions, such as

the United Nations, to provide a framework for cooperation and conflict resolution.

2. Regional Organizations: Support regional organizations, such as the European Union

and the African Union, to promote cooperation and conflict resolution.

3. National Institutions: Strengthen national institutions, such as parliaments and

judiciaries, to promote good governance and reduce the risk of conflict.

Italy

2) Public awareness is integral to the well-being of our future. Children are the future of
the world, and tomorrow, they will be the ones discussing solutions. Therefore, they
must be educated and made aware of the horrors of war and of their current affairs, and
be taught critical thinking, teamwork, collaboration and debate at a young age.

Promote Empathy and Understanding: Education can expose people to different

cultures and viewpoints to help foster empathy and reduce prejudice. Teaching people
conflict resolution skills can help people navigate disagreements peacefully.
Encouraging communication between communities can break stereotypes and build
bridges of understanding.

Fostering Critical thinking and Historical awareness: Educating the people on the
history, causes, consequences, and outcomes of the war could be useful to the future
helping to develop critical thinking skills to the people empowers them to make good
choices and come up with peaceful solutions.

4)To reduce armed conflicts, some economic actions can be made:

Arms Trade Regulation. International agreements such as the Arms Trade Treaty
(ATT) can be used to control and limit the trade of arms to countries or groups that are
likely to engage in violent conflict.
Investment in Development and Stability Changing funds that would normally be used
for military spending in programs supporting economic development, education,
healthcare, and job creation can reduce the likelihood of conflict. This is because a
more richer and stable society has very minimal chances of getting entangled in violent
conflict.

Encouraging Disarmament: Money rewards for disarmament, such as removing

sanctions for countries that lower their military spending or reduce their weapons, can
reduce nations military actions.

Trade Agreements and Economic Cooperation: Economical cooperation, such as

through trade agreements, can make countries rely on each other, so war becomes less
appealing since countries benefit more by not fighting.
Economic inequality is usually the one that causes disturbance and, consequently,
conflicts. Problems of poverty, unequal resources, and fewer economic opportunities fix
many of the complaints which might lead to armed conflict.

Investment in Economic Growth

Specific investments should be made to generate jobs and decrease poverty, helping
economic growth in weak areas. Economic growth is connected to less conflict since
some issues that lead to violence can be partly solved through economic growth.
Some programs that make trade between countries better because countries that trade
with each other tend not to go to war with each other.

Conclusion
A more stable environment from the point of view of reducing possibilities for armed
conflicts can be reached through economic measures that might include specific
sanctions, investments in development, resolving inequalities, improving arms control,
and encouraging social dialogue among other strategies. It will focus on the actual
cause of violence rather than its symptoms, hence constructing permanent peace and
safety.

6)The connection between global healthcare efforts, especially about influenza, and
peace movements is complicated and has many parts. Good healthcare programs can
help peace by dealing with health emergencies, encouraging teamwork between
countries, and improving social stability, especially in areas affected by conflict. Here's a
look at how these efforts can affect peace movements:
i) Health as a Base for Peace
Health is not separable from peace. In a war-torn area, a health system that is not
well-organized can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, thus worsening the
tensions and instability. Hence, through better health outcomes, such as flu control and
other health programs, communities become stable, which is essential in bringing
peace.
ii) International Collaboration and Unity
Health measures against influenza require international cooperation.
This cooperation can help in reducing hostilities between nations and build trust as a
result of dialogue. For instance, the coordination of efforts in preparing for pandemics
can be done in a way that pools resources and knowledge together for the benefit of all
in solidarity that goes beyond politics.
iii) Managing Vulnerabilities in Theatre of War
Health structures are often weak, yet particularly within low-income and conflict affected
communities, influenza disproportionately impacts vulnerable populations. Such
international actors can lessen humanitarian impacts of influenza by supporting
healthcare initiatives that address health issues in these groups-especially women and
children-focusing on the well being of those populations in terms of health outcomes
while lessening grievances that might escalate conflict and contribute to lasting
peacebuilding efforts.
iv) Strengthening the Community
Engaging local communities in healthcare delivery enhances ownership and acceptance
of health services. Programs that involve community participation in influenza
vaccination campaigns or health education can strengthen social cohesion. When
communities feel empowered to manage their health needs collaboratively, they are
less likely to resort to violence as a means of addressing grievances or conflicts.
v) Economic Stability through Health Security
Investment in health infrastructure in combating influenza leads to greater economic
benefits. A healthier population is more productive and therefore more stable, an
essential aspect of peace. The shift in the resource allocation toward public health could
divert the attention away from military expenditure and bring a culture of investment in
human development rather than conflict.
6. Making Health Threats a Priority
Pandemic influenza, couched in security terms, has reshaped the nature of international
governance arrangements. It has secured funding and interest from governments
regarding preparing for pandemics, helping regions on the brink of becoming conflict
zones stabilize these places by preventing health problems from becoming more
systemic problems affecting society at large. Yet it must be approached so that it does
not deepen the divisions.

Conclusion
Measures addressing influenza health around the globe will greatly help in ensuring a
peace movement through promotion of cooperation, community preparedness,
identification of flaws in conflict-prone conditions, and economic security. Public health
must be of concern in international relations in efforts toward conflict resolution as a
peaceful world.

USA:

Establish an International Authority:

Suggest the formation of the League of Nations to resolve disputes, and foster peaceful
settlement of international controversies.

Reduce Armament:
Seek disarmament to national levels for internal security without armaments and arms
competition.

Establish Open Diplomacy:

Demand abolition of secret treaties and open negotiations to achieve confidence among
nations.

Provide Freedom of Navigation:

Emphasize free navigation of seas during peace and war, respecting international laws.

Fair Adjustment of Colonial Claims:

Support the equitable resolution of colonial claims, respecting the rights of both imperial
powers and indigenous populations.

Support Self-Determination:
Advocate for the right of oppressed populations to self-governance, reducing global
tensions and fostering stability.

Restore Sovereignty to Occupied Nations:

Demand for the withdrawal of occupied lands like Belgium and their re-establishment as
independent countries.

Territorial Arrangements for Justice:

Suggest territorial arrangements including the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France and
redrawing the Italian frontiers according to nationality.
Reorganisation of the Ottoman Empire:
Recommend sovereignty for Turkey while granting autonomy to other nationalities within
its former territories.

Establish Economic Stability:

Provide plans for economic reconstruction of war-torn regions in order to avoid conflicts
based on instability.
President of the United States of America - Woodrow Wilsons 14 points:

1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international
understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.

2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in
war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the
enforcement of international covenants.

3. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality
of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for
its maintenance.

4. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest
point consistent with domestic safety.

5. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a
strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the
interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the
government whose title is to be determined.

6. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia
as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for
her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own
political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of
free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of
every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister
nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of
her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish
sympathy.
7. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to
limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act
will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have
themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without
this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired.

8. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to
France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the
world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made
secure in the interest of all.

9. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of
nationality.

10. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded
and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.

11. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia
accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one
another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and
nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and
territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.

12. The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty,
but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted
security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the
Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all
nations under international guarantees.

13. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited
by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea,
and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by
international covenant.

14. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of
affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small
states alike.