4/3/24, 12:56 Ruso/Gramática/Caso preposicional - Wikilibros, libros abiertos para un mundo abierto

Contenido
Uso
Preposiciones
En un lugar
Sustantivos
Singular
Plural
Adjetivos
Pronombres
Personal
Posesivo
Esto y aquello
Referencias

Uso
Las palabras declinan en un caso por dos razones amplias: porque coinciden con la función
principal de ese caso (el nominativo denota el sujeto verbal, el acusativo denota el objeto verbal,
etc.), o porque vienen después de una preposición que gobierna ese caso particular ( у gobierna el
genitivo , между gobierna el instrumental , etc). El caso preposicional se llama así porque sólo se
usa después de preposiciones. Históricamente, el caso preposicional se llamaba caso locativo
porque su función principal era denotar la ubicación de algo. Este uso ha sido asumido por las
preposiciones, por lo que se cambió su nombre en consecuencia. Sin embargo, es posible que
todavía escuches referirse a él por su antiguo nombre, y algunas palabras todavía llevan el sello del
antiguo caso locativo.

Preposiciones

Las cuatro preposiciones que llaman a este caso son о/об/обо ('acerca de'), при ('en') в ('en') y
на ('en'). Observe que estos dos últimos tienen significado locativo cuando llaman al caso
preposicional.

О/об/обо significa 'sobre' y denota la persona o cosa sobre la cual se hace algún verbo
('estaban hablando de él', они говорили о нём ).

Cuando la siguiente palabra comienza con vocal, о se convierte en об ('Me enteré del
autobús', я послышал об автобусе ).
Antes de grupos incómodos de consonantes, se convierte en обо ('Boris leyó sobre
mí', Борис читал обо мне ).

При means 'on' or 'on one's person' ('She has an umbrella on her', У неё есть зонтик при
себе), and 'during' ('This happened during the reign of Peter I', Всё это случилось при
Петре первом). As you might guess, this preposition is quite rare
В means 'in' or 'at', referring to the location of a person or thing ('I'm in Moscow', я в Москве).

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На means 'on' or 'at', and like в refers to the location of something ('He's on the roof', Он на
крыше).

At a place

The word 'at' is translated using в + prep', на + prep', and у + gen.

If you wish to say someone or something is at an enclosed building, such as 'He is at the theatre',
use в + prep, as he is in that particular place: Он в театре. To say someone or something is at a
particular street, such as 'She lives at Tverskaya street', use на + prep, as she is on something,
rather than in it: Она живёт на Тверской улице. In general, if the place where someone or
something is 'at' is an inanimate structure that humans normally go inside, use в + prep (e.g.,
'They were at the theatre', 'He was at Moscow for the meeting'), otherwise use на + prep (e.g.,
'They were at the field'). If the place is animate, instead use у + gen, meaning 'by someone's place'
(e.g., 'They were at Sasha's')

В and на can also call the accusative case to refer to the direction towards which something is
moving into or onto ('I'm walking into Moscow', 'He climbed onto the roof'). As a memory aid,
recall that when в and на refer to the location of something, they use the prepositional case, which
was once called the locative case. О/об/обо calls the accusative to mean 'against' or 'upon'
something ('He leant upon the wall').

Examples:

Let's talk about the weather - Дава́ йте говори́ ть о пого́ де

They'll read about Aeroflot tomorrow - Они́ прочита́ ют об Аэрофло́ те за́ втра
She told a story about me - Она́ рассказа́ ла расска́ з обо́ мне
Boris lives in Liverpool - Бо́ рис живёт в Ливерпул́е
Tatya is at work - Та́ тя на рабо́ те

Nouns
Forming the prepositional case is arguably easier than any other case.

Singular

To form the prepositional case, in general, you add е (pronounced yeh):

Masculine and neuter nouns ending in a consonant add e, and nouns ending in й, o, or ь,
replace that letter with е. Nouns ending in ий instead become ии.

About the garden - Сад --> О саде

About the train - Поезд --> О поезде
About the museum - Музей --> О музее
About the letter - Письмо --> О письме

Feminine nouns ending in а or я replace that letter with е. Those ending in ь instead replace
that letter with и. Feminine nouns that end in ия become ии.

About the book - Книга --> О книге

About the bird - Птица --> О птице
About the pig - Свинья --> О свинье
About mother - Мать --> О матери - note the addition of -ер- when мать declines

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Neuter nouns ending in е are unchanged, unless they end in ие, in which case they become
ии. Those that have the exceptional ending мя become ени (though this is fortunately quite
rare).

Exceptions:

As you might have guessed from the above, always write ии instead of ие
Some nouns have a stressed у or ю after в + prep and на + prep, but not after о/об/обо +
prep. This is the final hallmark of the old locative meaning of this case, as it can be seen as an
ending that only occurs after locative prepositions ('in' and 'on'). See here (http://www.study-lan
guages-online.com/grammar_comments/locative-case.html) for a list of such words.

In general, add or replace with е, but always have ии instead of ие.

Plural

The two plural endings, ах and ях, follow the same rules as the instrumental and dative plurals:
after consonants, o, or а, use the ending ах. If such a noun has an irregular nominative plural
ending in я (e.g., друг --> друзья), or if the noun ends in ь, й, е, or я, the ending is ях (e.g.,
друг --> друзья --> друзьях).

About the gardens - Сад --> Садах

About the trains - Поезд --> Поездах
About the museums - Музей --> Музеях
About the letters - Письмо - Письмах
About the books - Книга --> Книгах
About the birds - Птица --> Птицах
About the pigs - Свинья --> Свиньях
About the mothers - Мать --> Матерях

One exception is feminine nouns ending in мя, which instead take the ending енах. Again, this
ending is fortunately quite rare.

Prepositional Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural

е а, я --> е
е ах ях
Nouns (ие --> ии) ь --> и
(ий --> ии) (мя --> енах)
(мя --> ени) (ия --> ии)

Rules in italics are rare exceptions to the more general rules.

Adjectives
Adjectives modifying masculine or neuter nouns in the prepositional case usually end in ом. For
adjectives with the soft ending (ний), or for those whose stem ends in the 5-letter rule (ш, щ, ч,
ж, ц) and unstressed, the ending is ем.

For feminine adjectives, the endings are the same as those in the genitive, dative, and instrumental
cases: ой, or for those with the soft ending or which end in the 5-letter rule, ей.

Like nouns, adjectives in the prepositional plural end in "х", and in fact take the same endings as
the genitive plural: ых or, for those which normally end in ий, их.

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Prepositional Masculine/Neuter Feminine Plural

Adjectives ом ем ой ей ых их

I heard about your beautiful new wife - Я слышал о твое́ й красивой новой жене
They're talking about those old Russian cars in the big red garage - Они говорят об этих
старых русских машинах в большом красном гараже

Pronouns

Personal

The personal pronouns in the prepositional case are as follows:

Singular Plural
First person Мне Нас

Second person Тебе́ Вас

Third Person Нём/Ней Них

The third person singular personal pronoun нём is masculine and neuter, and ней is feminine.

Possessive

The possessive pronouns are as follows:

Masculine/Neuter Feminine Plural

My Moём Мое́ й Мои́ х
Our На́ шем На́ шей На́ ших

Your (sg., informal) Твоём Твое́ й Твои́ х

Your (pl., formal) Ва́ шем Ва́ шей Ва́ ших

Reflexive Своём Свое́ й Свои́ х

As ever, possessive pronouns conjugate almost exactly like adjectives. The possessive pronouns in
the third person are его for masculine and neuter owners ('his' and 'its), её for feminine owners
('her'), and их for plural owners ('their'). These are the same in all cases.

Examples:

I am reading about them - Я чита́ ю о них

I am reading about their children - Я чита́ ю о их де́ тях

This and that

Masculine/Neuter Feminine Plural
About this Э́ том Э́ той Э́ тих

About that Том Той Тех

Remember that о ('about') becomes об before the vowel э.

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Back to Table of Contents

References
Exhaustive explanation of Russian prepositions: [1] (http://www.alphadictionary.com/rusgramm
ar/prepprep.html)
List of nouns that decline irregularly in the prepositional case: [2] (http://www.study-languages-
online.com/grammar_comments/locative-case.html)
Russian language · Русский язык
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Números · Casos ( Nom . · Gen. · Dat . · Acc . · Inst . · Prep . ) · Adjetivos · Preposiciones ·
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