EARLY 20TH CENTURY

MODULE 2.
● 1941:
COMPUTERS
○ German Inventor and Engineer
COMPUTERS Konrad Zuse completed his Z3
● a machine or device that performs machine, the world's earliest
processes, calculations and operations digital computer.
based on instructions provided by a ○ the machine was destroyed
software or hardware program. during a bombing raid on
● has the ability to accept data (input), Berlin during World War II.
process it, and then produce outputs ● also 1941
● can also store data for later uses in ○ Atanasoff and his graduate
appropriate storage devices and student, Clifford Berry, design
retrieve whenever it is necessary. the first digital electronic
(Techopedia, 2020) computer in the U.S., called the
AtanasoffBerry Computer
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS (ABC).
the history of computers goes back over 200 ○ this marks the first time a
years - theorized by mathematicians and computer is able to store
entrepreneurs during the 19th century, information on its main
mechanical calculating machines were memory, and is capable of
designed and built to solve the increasingly performing one operation every
complex number-crunching challenges; the 15 seconds.
advancement of technology enabled ever
more-complex computers by the early 20th 1ST GENERATION COMPUTERS (1945 - 1959)
century, and computers became larger and vacuum tubes - an electronic device that
more powerful. controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum - it is
used as a switch, amplifier or display screen
19TH CENTURY (CRT); used as on/off switches, vacuum tubes
● 1801: allowed the first computers to perform digital
○ Joseph Marie Jacquard, computations.
○ a French Merchant and Inventor
- invents a loom that uses ● 1945:
punched wooden cards to ○ two professors at the University
automatically weave fabric of Pennsylvania, John Mauchly
designs. and J. Presper Eckert designed
○ early computers would use and built the Electronic
similar punch cards. Numerical Integrator and
● 1821: Calculator (ENIAC) - the
○ English Mathematician Charles machine is the first "automatic,
Babbage conceives of a general-purpose, electronic,
steam-driven calculating decimal, digital computer”
machine that would be able to ○ ENIAC can do arithmetic
compute tables of numbers. operations such as addition
○ funded by the British and subtraction of up to 10
government, the project was digits.
called the "Difference Engine”
 ○ the computer was roughly 167 ● 1964:
square meters in size and ○ the IBM System/360 is a family
weighed 27 tons. of mainframe computer
● 1951: systems.
○ the Univac 1 is the first ○ it was the first family of
commercial computer to computers designed to cover
attract widespread public both commercial and scientific
attention. applications and to cover a
○ created by Presper Eckert and complete range of applications
John Mauchly -- designers of from small to large.
the earlier ENIAC Computer --
○ the Univac 1 used 5,200 vacuum MERITS OF SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS
tubes and weighed 29,000 ● were faster than the First Generation
pounds. ● developed the first operating system
○ Remington Rand eventually ● smaller in size compared to the First
sold 46 Univac 1s at more than Generation Computers.
$1 million each. ● consume less heat and electricity

MERITS OF FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS DEMERITS OF SECOND

● was the fastest in computing work GENERATION COMPUTERS
● due to the vacuum tube, the concept of ● business manufacturing of computers
electronic digital computers of the was expensive.
present era was realized. ● air conditioning was still needed
● counts were done in millisecond
3RD GENERATION COMPUTERS (1965 - 1971)
DEMERITS OF FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS integrated circuit [small scale to medium scale
● were big and clumsy integration - SSI to MSI]
● require large air conditioning
● shows lot of electricity failure before components like transistors and
● punch card was used for resistors were wired together on a circuit board;
input and output. but with the introduction of the IC, these
components are now formed on a smaller and
2ND GENERATION COMPUTERS (1959 - 1965) singular chip.
transistor - a device that regulates current or
voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for ● 1965:
electronic signals; a transistorized computer ○ designed by Engineer Gardner
prototype demonstrates the small size and Hendrie for Computer Control
low-power advantages of semiconductors Corporation (CCC)
compared to vacuum tubes. ○ DDP-116 was announced at the
1965 Spring Joint Computer
● 1959: Conference.
○ the 501 is built on a ‘building ○ it was the world’s first
block’ concept which allows it commercial 16-bit
to be highly flexible for many minicomputer and 172 systems
different uses and could were sold.
simultaneously control up to 63 ○ the basic computer cost $28,
tape drives - very useful for 500.
large databases of information. ● 1968:
 ○ Douglas Engelbart reveals a (CPU) on a single integrated circuit or a
prototype of the modern single chip.
computer at the Fall Joint
Computer Conference, San ● 1971:
Francisco. ○ the first advertisement for a
○ his presentation called “A microprocessor, Intel 4004
Research Center for which appeared in Electronic
Augmenting Human Intellect” News.
includes a live demonstration ○ developed for Busicom, a
of his COMPUTER MOUSE and a Japanese calculator maker -
Graphical User Interface (GUI) the 4004 had 2250 transistors
● 1970: and could perform up to 90,
○ one of the earliest personal 000 operations per second in
computers, the Kenbak-1 is four-bit chunks.
advertised for $750 in Scientific ○ Federico Faggin led the design
American Magazine and Ted Hoff led the
○ designed by John V. architecture.
Blankenbaker using standard ● 1975:
medium -- and small scale ICs. ○ Magazine Popular Electronics
○ the Kenbak-1 relied on switches runs a cover story of a new
for input and lights for outputs computer kit - the Altair 8800
from its 256-byte memory. ○ MITS co-founder Ed Roberts
○ in 1973, Kenbak sold 40 invented the Altair 8800 which
machines then closed sold for $297 or $395 with a
case.
MERITS OF THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS ○ coined the term “personal
● it is smaller in size than the first and computer.”
second generation computers. ○ the machine came with 256
● uses less power consumption bytes of memory.
● uses SSI & MSI technology ● 1976:
● the calculation speed was extremely ○ designed by Sunnyvale,
fast; this computer could also calculate California native Steve Wozniak,
in NANOSECONDS. and marketed by his friend
Steve Jobs;
DEMERITS OF THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS ○ the Apple-1 is a single-board
● air condition still needed computer for hobbyists.
● the technique of making ICs was ○ with an order for 50 assembled
extremely complex systems from computer store
● highly sophisticated technic required The Byte Shop in hand, the pair
started a new company,
4TH GENERATION COMPUTERS (1971 - 1980) naming it Apple Computer, Inc.
➔ integrated circuit (large to very large ○ in all, about 200 of the boards
scale integration) were sold before Apple
announced Apple II.
➔ led to the development of the ● 1979:
microprocessor - incorporates the ○ shortly after delivery of the Atari
functions of a Central Processing Unit VCS game console, Atari
designs two microcomputers
 with game capabilities: the ○ the IBM PC revolutionized
Model 400 and Model 800. business computing by
○ the 400 served primarily as a becoming the first PC to gain
game console; widespread adoption by
○ while the 800 was more of a industry.
home computer. ● 1983:
○ both faced strong competition ○ Apple introduces the Lisa
from the Apple II, Commodore Computer.
PET, and TRS-80 computers. ○ Lisa is the first commercial
personal computer with a
MERITS OF FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS graphical user interface (GUI).
● are much smaller than the older ○ it was thus an important
generation computers. milestone in computing as
● reachable by all due to low cost price. soon Microsoft Windows and
● maintenance costs are very low. the Apple Macintosh would
● uses different types of memories with soon adopt the GUI as their user
very high accessing speed & storage interface, making it the new
capacity. paradigm for personal
● were portable and came in use for data computing.
communication. ○ the Lisa ran on a Motorola
68000 microprocessor and
came equipped with 1 MB of
DEMERITS OF RAM, a 12-inch black-and-white
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS monitor, dual 5.25-inch floppy
● manufacturing of microprocessor latest disk drives and a 5 MB “Profile”
technology was required. hard drive.
● due to ICs in many cases air
conditioning was required. MERITS OF FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
● high quality and reliable systems or ● are used in parallel processing and
technology can only make ICs. superconductors.
● used Artificial Intelligence where they
5TH GENERATION COMPUTERS will use their own IQ to solve a problem
(1980 ONWARDS) at the end.
integrated circuit (Ultra Large Scale Integration ● used for scientific, commercial
ULSI) interactive online application,
● multimedia and network application.
● 1981: ● are used in intelligent robots.
○ IBM's brand recognition ignites
the fast growth of the personal
computer market with the DEMERITS OF FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
announcement of its own ● robots will replace humans in some
personal computer (PC). workplaces.
○ the first IBM PC, formally ● tend to be sophisticated and complex
known as the IBM Model 5150, tools.
was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel ● the manufacturing of robot is very
8088 microprocessor and used expensive
Microsoft´s MS-DOS operating
system. ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER
 ○ only allow for an input of data
to a computer.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

● is also called a microprocessor
● considered as the brain of the ● OUTPUT DEVICE
computer. ○ reproduces or displays the
● interprets and carries out the results of the processing
instructions or commands in each ○ only receives the output of data
program in the software. from another device
● it does arithmetic and logical data
manipulations and communicates with
all other parts of the computer system.

MAIN MEMORY (RAM AND ROM)

● RAM - Random Access Memory
○ is the main memory
○ are integrated circuits (ICs);
○ or chips that can be used to
store program instructions and
data temporarily.
● ROM - Read Only Memory CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTERS
○ non-volatile type memory;
○ because the memory stored
into it is permanent.
○ ROM is also a chip

SECONDARY MEMORY
● is also termed as external memory
● refers to the various storage media on
which a computer can store data and
programs.
● can be fixed or removable

MICROCOMPUTER
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICE
● is a small computer built around a
● INPUT DEVICE
microprocessor integrated circuit (or
○ sends information to a
chip)
computer system for
processing.
 ● typically used microprocessors technology in almost all aspects of
thousands or millions of transistors on a human activity
single chip. ➔ definition continues to change over
● primary called a Personal Computer time as new technologies, user devices,
(PC); also includes desktops and and methods of interaction with other
laptops. people and devices enter the domain
of research and development.
MINICOMPUTERS
● relatively small and inexpensive MEDIA IN THE DIGITAL AGE
● were typically used in a single ● media normally refers to the means of
department of an organization and communication that uses unique tools
often dedicated to one task or shared to interconnect among people.
to a small group. ● forms of media includes television,
● generally had limited computational radio, cellular phones
power, but they had excellent ● and the Internet (involves social media
compatibility with various laboratory sites)
and industrial devices for collecting ● media, in the digital age, can be
and inputting data. considered the MESSAGE, the MEDIUM
and the MESSENGER.
MAINFRAME
● were characterized by having (for their THE MESSAGE
time) large storage capabilities, fast ○ the message itself for those who create
components, and powerful and own the rights of content.
computational abilities. ○ form of content can be user-generated
● were highly reliable, and, because they or professionally produced.
frequently served vital needs in ○ example: blog/vlog
● an organization.
● were sometimes designed with THE MEDIUM
redundant components that let them ○ the tool(s) used in sending a message
survive partial failures. from the source to the destination, and
lately allows for social interaction.
SUPERCOMPUTER ○ example: television, social media sites
● the most powerful computers have
typically been called supercomputers. THE MESSENGER
● have historically been very expensive ○ the one who delivers the message
and the use is limited to high-priority ○ example: Broadcasters being the
computations for messenger of news are called ‘MEDIA’
government-sponsored research, such
as nuclear simulations and weather EVOLUTION OF MEDIA
modelling. the media has transformed itself based on two
things:
DIGITAL AGE, INFORMATION AGE 1. how information is presented
AND COMPUTER AGE 2. how the connection is established

➔ used interchangeably, the above terms OVERVIEW OF CURRENT TRENDS

capture the universal nature of ● IoT and Smart Home Tech
computing and the productive use of the vision of the Internet of Things has
evolved due to the convergence of
 multiple technologies; controlling home
appliances through mobile phones –
switching lights on and off, setting the
timer for ACU, controlling the TV to
record missed shows.

● AUGMENTED REALITY (AR)

AND VITRUAL REALITY (VR)
the release of games such as Pokemon
Go and the anticipated VR headset,
Oculus Rift, served as a turning point for
AR and VR technologies. ● EVERYTHING ON-DEMAND
due to the prevalence of internet
● MACHINE LEARNING connectivity, it is possible to have
is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) information on demand; are made
and computer science which focuses available through apps in smartphones
on the use of data and algorithms to (examples: music, movies, drivers
imitate the way that humans learn, (Grab), etc.)
gradually improving its accuracy.
IMPACT OF ICT AND ETHICAL ISSUES
● AUTOMATION POSITIVE EFFECTS
is the use of technology to perform ● improved access to education
tasks with where human input is ● access to information and
minimized; this includes enterprise communication
applications such as Business Process ● security
Automation (BPA), IT automation,
network automation, automating NEGATIVE EFFECTS
integration between systems, industrial ● reduced personal interaction and
automation such as robotics, and more. physical activity
● job loss or increase in unemployment
● HUMANIZED BIG DATA ● security
big data describes large and complex
volumes of data, and can be analyzed ETHICAL ISSUES
for insights which can help make better ● plagiarism
decisions and come up with more ● exploitation
effective strategic plans. (example: ● libel
waze) ● software piracy

● PHYSICAL-DIGITAL INTEGRATIONS
physical elements are created into
digital forms for more efficient
operation and backup. (example:
paperless company)