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Topography WE
The study and description of the surface features of land which includes both natural and
artificial features.
Topographical Areas of Pakistan
1. The Northern Mountains and North-Western Mountains
The Northern Mountains and North-Western Mountains
The western mountains The Baluchistan plateau
Potwar plateau and salt The Indus plain Desert Areas
range
North-Wrestern
Mountains
Hindu Kush
The Northern Mountains
Central Himalayas
The Himalayas
Northern Mountains Lesser Himalayas
the Siwaliks
2. The Western Mountains
Wrestern
Mountains
Safed Koh
Ranges
Waziristan Sulaiman
kirthar Range
Hills Range
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3. The Baluchistan Plateau
Plateau
Balochistan Potwar
plateau plateau
4. The Indus plain
Indus
plain
Lower Upper
Indus Indus
plain plain
5. Desert Areas
K
Deserts
Kharan Thar
desert desert
Thal
desert
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Importance of the Northern Mountains I
Source of irrigation for river Indus and its tributaries
Historical passes connect Pakistan to China and Afghanistan
A natural border to China and Central Asian Republics
Source of valuable minerals, timber and fruits
Protection to Pakistan against the cold winds from CA
Tourism
Environmental Issues
Deforestation
a
I
Overgrazing
Construction
Topographical/ Relief Features of the Northern Mountains
Parallel ranges run mainly from West to East
Height increases from South to North
Altitude rise to over 6000m up to 8475m
High passes, Khunjrab Pass, Lawarai Pass and Shandur Pass
Snow fields, glaciers
Snow-capped peaks and steep slopes
Drainage Features of the Northern Mountains
Natural drainage means the natural run off of water from an area in rivers and streams
River Indus and its tributaries originate from Northern Mountains
River Indus originates from Manasarovar Lake in the Karakoram range
River Kabul joins River Indus at Attock
It enters plains at Kalabagh
Eastern tributaries Ravi, Chenab, Sutlej and Beas originate from Himalayas and joins
it in the plains
Economic Activities and lifestyle in the Western Mountains
The mountains are mostly bare of vegetation
Canal irrigation is not possible due to mountainous and rugged landscape
Most of the area is not connected with air or rail networks
Insufficient availability of basic needs
Nomadic lifestyle is common
Natural Topographical and Drainage Features of Potwar Plateau
The Surface Landforms Description
They rise to 1200m. residual hills made
Ridges and residual hills up of resistant rocks.
Residual hills are the hard rocks which
are left behind after erosion
Ravines and small rivers Small rivers erode the land and take away
the alluvium during the rainy season. A
feature common in most of the landscapes
Troughs and depressions Soft rocks eroded by water and wind
create troughs and depressions
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Dissected and faulted land Land showing cracks due to the uplift of
the Northern Mountains during the
mountain building process
Economic Activity and Lifestyle in the Potwar Plateau
Rich in non-metallic minerals, limestone, marble, rock salt, clays and soapstone
Various oil and gas fields in the area, Attock Oil Refinery
Main crops are wheat, maize, barley and gram
Overall productive region
The Balochistan Plateau
Located in the South-West of Pakistan
Area 347,190 sq.km with altitude of 600-3010 m
Topographical and Drainage Features
Basin of Northern
Balochistan
Basin of Western
The Coastal Areas
Balochistan
Mountain Ranges
µYfÉyg
For each of the following, give the name of the physical feature and describe its main
physical characteristics:
A,
Active flood plain/bet/khaddar
Flooded every/most years/frequently
New alluvium/alluvium deposited every year/meanders/oxbows/ levees
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(up to 2 from this line)
Dry/braided channels
10-18 km/around 15 km wide
2-3 m above river level
Flat/level/plain
B,
10-15 m wide/around 12 m
Flooded every 7/8 years/when severe floods occur
Old alluvium (old) levees/abandoned channels/dhoros/meander
(scars)/dried ox-bows/dhands
(up to 2 from this line)
3-5 m above river level/around 4 m
C, [2]
Steep slope/5-11 m high
5-8 m wide/around 6 m
D. [2]
Old alluvium/bhangar/Sindh Sagar is covered by sand
10-12 m above river level/around 11 m
25-30 km wide
Eto
Flat/level/plain
(b) Compare the natural topographical and drainage features of the Upper
Indus Plain with those of the Lower Indus Plain. [6]
Topography:
Both areas are flat/gently undulating
Land higher in Upper Indus Plain/lower in Lower Indus Plain
Both areas mainly alluvial/have active flood plain/old flood plain
Doabs mainly a feature of the Upper Indus Plain /not or rarely found in Lower Indus
Plain
Bar uplands/alluvial terraces in Upper Indus Plain only
A few low hills in both areas
Quartzite/slate hills in Upper Indus Plain whereas limestone hills/cuestas in Lower
Indus Plain
Piedmont plains and alluvial fans in both
Both areas have rolling sand dunes
Drainage:
Indus has many tributaries in Upper Indus Plain but few in Lower Indus Plain
Indus has 4/5 large left/east bank tributaries in Upper Indus Plain
Indus has 1 large and several small right/west bank tributaries in Upper Indus Plain’
Tributaries contribute a huge amount of water to Indus in Upper Indus Plain but very
little water to Indus in Lower Indus Plain
Meanders/braiding/oxbows/swamps/etc common in both areas
Indus delta at southern end of Lower Indus Plain not in Upper Indus Plain
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Wider river in Lower Indus Plain /narrower in Upper Indus Plain /LIP over 1.6 miles
wide – Upper Indus Plain 1.4-1.6 miles wide
State the number of degrees East of longitude A, [1]
76 (°E)
Name the mountain range B, [1]
Karakoram
Name the plateau C, [1]
Balochi/Balochistan
Name the desert D, [1]
Cholistan
Name country E. [1]
Afghanistan
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Name the city A,
Karachi
Name the line of latitude B,
Tropic of Cancer/23½° N
Name the river C,
Dasht
Name the area D,
Indus delta/Thatta district
Name the province E. [5]
Balochistan
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Name country A,
China
Name city B,
Peshawar
Name the river C,
Chenab
Name the plain D,
Upper Indus (Plain) / Punjab
State the number in °N of the line of latitude E.
28,29
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aligit .
Name the range of mountains in which this valley is situated. [1]
Karakoram Range
Name the town A. [1]
Gilgit
Name the highway which follows this valley north to China. [1]
Karakoram Highway Karakoram
Highway
Name the Federally Administered Area in which this valley is situated. [1]
Northern Area(s)
Notion Areas
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solder
Hyderabad
pooh
Thapar
Name the cities A, B and C.
A – Karachi
B – Hyderabad,
C – Sukkur,
Name the desert D.
Thar(parkar)
Name the river E. [5]
Indus
Explain the physical reasons for a high density of population in
area Y. [4] agriculture
NOT ‘GOOD CLIMATE’ fertile soil for
Ithave good
Alluvial/rich/fertile soil for good agriculture Theyhavewelldrained soil for agriculture
building water
Well drained soil for good agriculture, travel, building available
is
for irrigation domestic use
Flat land for use of machinery, travel/building/irrigation
Water available for irrigation, domestic use, industry
Flatland is good
(ii) Explain the low population density in area X. [3] industry
Delta/Indus delta
build to infrastructure
Salt water/saline soil – difficult to farm/poor soil
Low river flow/lack of fresh/clean water – so unsuitable for farming, domestic use
Flooding – so causes problems to farming, industry
Swamp/marsh – difficult to build/poor foundations delta
is locatednear Indos
Mangrove trees – so lack of farmland water
The saltyavailable is
Tropical storms/typhoons/cyclones – dangerous which suitableforB on farming
Lack of roads – so difficult to move around and domestic use Flood
Lack of other named infrastructure – so no industry, improved living standards causes
problems tofarmers tropical
storms are normal here but
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they are reallyinfrastructure
dangerous
A hare lot of
links so it is Jeffscolt to
move around
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A map showing three major cities and two major roads
ii
Lahore
Iterated
(i) Name the cities A, B and C. [3]
A – Hyderabad
B – Lahore
C – Peshawar
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so
OH
Kobol
Geta
Koran
For
State the number of degrees north of latitude A (Murree is 34°N), [1]
36 (°N)
Name the mountain range B, [1]
Himalaya(s) Himalayas
Name the river C, [1]
Kabul
Name the desert D, [1]
Kharan
Name city E. [1]
Quetta
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FasGgranwala
pastiest
P O
Name the city A,
Gujranwala
State the latitude in degrees north of line B,
32
aabt veryhotsommnas IE
Name the river C,
Hab
State two main features of the climate in area D. [2]
Arid/very dry/desert
Mild winters
(Very) hot summers
Dust storms/hot, dusty winds May – September Duststormsin
ptember
(i) What problems are there for road construction and maintenance in mountain
areas?
(In your answer you may refer to Photograph A and Figs 3 and 4.) [4]
Construction
Steep gradients
I steep area
Rain/snow/ice
Deep valleys/crossing rivers/gorges
Showcappedmointaos
Remote from supplies
Lack of suitable workforce
HighCosts
High costs
EEEEtramases
MIAN SHAHID MAHMOOD TEACHER O LEVEL PAKISTAN STUDIES (2059,0448) BMI03336610587 Earthquakes
bybadweater
avecommonpangerosplate
to hve
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Difficult to move machinery
Maintenance
Damage by bad weather
Blockages restricting access
High cost, remote, labour etc. (only credit once)
Earthquakes
Dangerous place
O
Mangla
Jehlom
O
Sulaiman
Name the dam A,
Mangla
Name the river B,
Jhelum
State the number in degrees East of the line of longitude C,
68
Name the city D,
Sukkur
Name the range of hills shaded at E. [1]
Sulaiman
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Desert Describe
1
Scene
6
Source
O
G
Name the deserts X and Y. [2]
X Thar/Nara/Cholistan/Tharparkar
Y Thal
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Describe the scene in Photograph A. [4]
Dry/desert It is a
dry area Sandy
Camels
ground not suitableforfarmers
small trees No cloudland
Bare/sandy ground/ barren
Low bushes or sparse vegetation
II
Small trees/larger bushes
Flat are travelling
No clouds
A map of North West Frontier Province
n.F
Afshems
football
Emperors
Safed
to
Eden
Name area A,
FATA
Name the country B,
Afghanistan
Name the river C,
Mastuj
Name the range of mountains D,
Safed Koh/Waziristan Hills
Name the major pass through these mountains E. [5]
Khyber
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00 0 0
Explain how topography and drainage cause problems for farming in Baluchistan. [4]
Topography
I
lack of fertility, soil erosion, use of machinery, irrigation
mountains
-plateaux
cadofftiity insoil
-steep slopes cases soil erosion steep
-stony soil
-thin soil slopes makes itdiriall
-barren land
-‘mountains/rugged topography unsuitable for farming’
for farmingRugged
Drainage topography is unsuitablefor
-inland drainage basins/salt lakes
-few/small rivers forming
-rivers dry up/evaporate
-much percolation/loss of water through soil Riverdiesupcasts
‘lack of water for farming toss of waterinland
a map of Pakistan
drainage into basing
Balochistan
Name the province A.
Balochistan
Name the river B.
Sutlej Sutlej
Name the plateau C. [3]
Potwar
Pofoor
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Practice work Sheet
Balochistan
plateau
Karakoram
range
ginger
rage
bat
Himalayas
The land features of a area
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(a
)
Name the Province A
the main road B, [1]
Country C, [1]
River D, [1]
City E. [1]
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